Role of Indian Meteorological Department in the Prediction of cyclone presented by Yasir Siddiqui at the department of geography,Aligarh Muslim University Batch-2020-2023

1. Name-Md Yasir
Roll-20GGB220
Enrollment-GM3192
Semester-6
Department of Geography, Aligarh
Muslim University

2.  HAZARDS AND DISASTERS
 TYPES OF DISASTER
 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
 DATABASE & METHODOLOGY
 CYCLONE
 CYLONE IN INDIA
 INDIA METEOROGLOGICAL DEPARTMENT
 ROLE OF IMD IN THE PREDICTION OF CYCLONE
 CONCLUSION
 SUGGESTIONS
 REFERENCES

3. • A hazard is any phenomena that has the potential to cause destruction
to life and property. A hazard become a disaster when the potential to
cause destruction is fulfilled.
• The origin of the word hazard is actually from a game of chance called
‘Hasard’, a game of throwing die to see who wins the toss.
• Hazards can be geophysical, like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
cyclones, storms floods and droughts. All having the power to cause
disasters.
• Hazards can be biological, like disease and infestation. Plagues that
have the potential to cause mass devastation and disaster.

4. A disaster is defined as a sudden, destructive occurrence that
disrupts a community’s or society’s functioning and causes
human, environmental damage, economic and material losses.
When hazard and vulnerability meet, the outcome is usually a
disaster.
VULNERABILITY+ HAZARD = DISASTER

5. • A natural disaster is an event that is caused by a natural hazard and
leads to human, material, economic and environmental losses.
• Examples: Earthquake, Flood, Drought,Tsunami, Avalanche, Cyclone
etc.
• Serious Disruption of normal life triggered by a human-induced hazard
causes human, material, economic and environmental losses.
• Hazardous material spills, Nuclear and Radiation accidents,
Bioterrorism, Civil Unrest,Wars etc.
NATURAL DISASTERS
•MAN MADE DISASTERS

6. • All disasters are hazards, but all hazards are not disaster.
• Hazards do not necessarily cause any destruction.
• When there is harm to life and property of humans, the hazard
is termed a disaster.

7. NATURAL DISASTERS

8. MAN-MADE DISASTERS

9. • To analyze about the IMD i.e. India Meteorological Department
in the prediction of cyclone.
• To analyze the main strategies and techniques which is used by
IMD in the prediction of cyclone.
• To suggest some of the innovative and preventive ideas.

10.  Most of the data collected for the project that I have used
is secondary data including online sources such as
Wikipedia, Byjus, National Geographic, Earth Eclipse,
World map, IMD official websites, blogs, you tube videos
,newspapers and magazines and also there is a little bit of
primary data that I have collected on my own.

11. • Cyclone is among the one of
the major natural disaster.
• The word cyclone is derived
from the Greek word “Cyclos”
meaning the coils of a snake
because the tropical storms in
the bay of Bengal and the
Arabian sea appear like coiled
serpents of the sea, and it was
coined by Henry Peddington.

12. A cyclone is a large air mass that
rotates around a strong center of low
atmospheric pressure,
counterclockwise in the Northern
Hemisphere and clockwise in the
Southern Hemisphere.
Cause
Cyclones are caused by atmospheric
disturbances around a low-pressure
area distinguished by swift and often
disruptive air circulation.

13.  Cyclones are known by different names in the different regions of the world
• Caribbean sea Hurricanes
• China sea Typhoons
• Indian ocean Tropical cyclones
• Japan Taifu
• Northern Australia Wily willies
• Philippines Baguio
• USA Tornadoes
 According to studies, every year there are 70 to 90 cyclonic systems developed across the globe.
 The cyclonic systems are not formed in the equatorial regions because the Coriolis force is
negligible between the latitudes 5 degrees north and 5 degrees south.

14. Here are some of the factors responsible for cyclone formations
 Warm temperature at sea surfaces.
 Coriolis force impact area that forms a low-pressure zone.
 Atmospheric instability.
 Increased humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere.
 Low vertical wind shear.
 Pre-existing low-level disturbance or focus.

15. 1. Tropical Cyclone
2. Temperate Cyclone
•There are two types of Cyclone;

16. • Tropical cyclone develop in the region between tropic of cancer and
Capricorn.
• Tropical cyclone originate over oceans and move over coastal areas.
• Impact of tropical cyclone:
 Violent Storms
 Large scale destruction
 Heavy Rainfall

18. • Temperate Cyclone are develop in both hemispheres,
these are active above the mid-latitudinal zone between
35° and 65° latitude.
• It is most noticeable during the winter months and the
movement of temperate cyclone is from west to east.
• It's also called as extratropical cyclone.
• Temperate cyclones can be formed on both land and sea.

19. • Tropical cyclones, move from east
to west.
• A tropical cyclone has an effect on
a comparatively smaller area.
• Tropical Cyclone forms only on
seas.
• A tropical cyclone doesn’t last for
more than 7 days.
• Temperate cyclones move from
west to east.
• Temperate cyclone affect a much
larger area.
• Temperate cyclones can be
formed on both land and sea.
• Temperate cyclone can last for a
duration of 15 to 20 days.

20. • India lie in the North of Indian Ocean and that is why India is most
vulnerable to getting hit by tropical cyclones in the basin, from the east or
from the west.
• On average, 2–3 tropical cyclones make landfall in India each year, with
about one being a severe tropical cyclone or greater.
• Most of the tropical cyclones impact the east coast of Indian states of West
Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
• The West Coast of India is less prone to cyclones and with one cyclone out
of 2 to 4 hits the west coast with majority of them attacking the state of
Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala.

21. Some of the cyclones which hit India in past and in recent years.
• The 1970 Bhola cyclone is considered to be the strongest cyclone in
India, With a death toll of 5 lakh.
• 1999 Odisha Cyclone
• Cyclone Nargis 2008
• Cyclone Thane 2011
• Cyclone Hud Hud 2014
• Cyclone Amphan 2020
• Cyclone Tauktae 2021
• Cyclone Yaas 2021
The most severe cyclone
to make landfall in India
in the past 12 months was
"Cyclone Asani'. It reached
a wind speed of up to 94
km/h on May 11, 2022.

22. Cyclone Prone Regions of India
The eastern coast is more prone to cyclones. It includes the
coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and
West Bengal.
• Factors Influencing Cyclones in West Bengal:
• Geo-physical and topographical condition of the place.
• Low pressure created over the Bay of Bengal causes cyclones in the
coastal parts and nearby cities in West Bengal.
• Factors Influencing Cyclones in Odisha:
• Climate change has caused a rise in temperature, which made Odisha
one of the cyclone-prone states in India particularly on the east coast.

23. • Factors Influencing Cyclones in Tamil Nadu
• The physiographic location of Sri Lanka causes most cyclones developed
over the Bay of Bengal to be deflated towards the north. Subsequently, the
north coast of Sri Lanka along with Indian states including Tamil Nadu are
more prone to cyclones than the southern part.
• Factors Influencing Cyclone in Andhra Pradesh
• When the ocean temperature cools down in the month of October-
November, it causes fluctuations in the upper air level, causing cyclones.
• Climate change is another factor that changes the pattern of cyclones
making the tropical cyclones more intense. Increase in the temperature in
the Bay of Bengal.
• The West coastal areas are less prone to be impacted by cyclones but
areas including Mangalore, Kerala, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat have
been affected by Cyclones.

24. • Cyclone Tauktae is the most recent cyclone which hit the
Western coast of India, which made landfall in Goa on May 13, in
Maharashtra on May 15 and in Gujarat on May 17, has
devastated these three coastal states. It is the third consecutive
cyclone after Vayu in 2019 and Nisarga in 2020.At least 59
people lost their lives so far and around 50 are missing.

26. • Strong winds cause damages to infrastructure, trees and other damages.
• Torrential rainfall leads to unprecedented floods and damages to houses
and buildings.
• Due to storm surge, seawater levels rise, and the coastal areas are exposed
to floods.
• The rise in seawater level also erodes beaches and embankments.
• In addition to this, cyclonic storms result in the loss of human, plant and
animal lives and affect the country's economy.

28. • Indian Meteorological Department was established in 1875 with its
headquarters at Calcutta. But Later it was shifted to Shimla in 1905, to
Pune in 1928 and then to Delhi in 1944.
• It is the principal agency responsible for meteorological observations,
weather forecasting and seismology.
• IMD operates hundreds of observation stations across India and
Antarctica.
• Its Regional offices are in Mumbai, Kolkata, Nagpur and Pune.
About IMD:

29. • The IMD issues warnings in four stages for the Indian coast;
Stage 1- Cyclone watch- Before 72 Hours
Stage 2-Cyclone Alert-Before 48 Hours
Stage 3-CycloneWarning-Before 24 Hours
Stage 4-Landfall Outlook-Before 12 Hours

30. • The First Stage warning known as "PRE CYCLONE WATCH" issued 72
hours in advance contains early warning about the development of a
cyclonic disturbance in the north Indian Ocean, its likely intensification
into a tropical cyclone and the coastal belt likely to experience adverse
weather.
• This early warning bulletin is issued by the Director General of
Meteorology himself and is addressed to the Cabinet Secretary and
other senior officers of the Government of India including the Chief
Secretaries of concerned maritime states.

31. • The Second Stage warning known as "CYCLONE ALERT" is issued at
least 48 hrs. in advance of the expected commencement of adverse
weather over the coastal areas.
• It contains information on the location and intensity of the storm likely
direction of its movement, intensification, coastal districts likely to
experience adverse weather and advice to fishermen, general public,
media and disaster managers.
• This is issued by the concerned ACWCs/CWCs and CWD at HQ.
• ACWC stands for Area Cyclone Warning Centres (ACWCs) located at
Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata and CWC stands for Cyclone Warning
Centres (CWCs) located at Ahmedabad, Thiruvananthapuram,
Visakhapatnam and Bhubaneswar.

32. • The Third Stage warning known as "CYCLONE WARNING" issued
at least 24 hours in advance of the expected commencement of
adverse weather over the coastal areas. Landfall point is forecast
at this stage.
• These warnings are issued by ACWCs/CWCs/and CWD at HQ at
3 hourly interval giving the latest position of cyclone and its
intensity, likely point and time of landfall, associated heavy
rainfall, strong wind and storm surge alongwith their impact and
advice to general public, media, fishermen and disaster
managers.

33. • The Fourth Stage of warning known as "POST LANDFALL
OUTLOOK" is issued by the concerned ACWCs/CWCs/and
CWD at HQ at least 12 hours in advance of expected time of
landfall.
• It gives likely direction of movement of the cyclone after its
landfall and adverse weather likely to be experienced in the
interior areas.

34. Following are some of the other steps of IMD in the prediction of
cyclone:
• The Department also issues "Fleet Forecast" for Indian Navy.
• Coastal Bulletins for Indian coastal areas covering up to 75 km from the coast
line.
• Sea area bulletins for the sea areas beyond 75 km.
• Then IMD also issue the special warnings for fishermen four times a day in
normal weather and every three hourly in accordance with the four stage
warning in case of disturbed weather.
• Cyclone warnings are issued to the All India Radio (AIR) and the Doordarshan
for broadcast/telecast in different languages.
• Forecasts and warnings are simultaneously communicated to the States and
the Districts likely to be attached. Ports, airports and other user agencies also
receive the forecasts and warnings at the same time.

35. Instruments used by IMD in the prediction of cyclone
• Doppler Weather Radar: It helps in providing information about the intensity, location, and path of the cyclone.
• Cyclone Detection Radar: It helps in detecting the formation of cyclones.
• Automatic Weather Stations: These stations provide real-time weather data, including temperature, wind speed, and
precipitation, which is used to predict cyclones.
• High-Resolution Satellite Imagery: This helps in providing accurate and timely information about the cyclone.
• example of satellites-Kalpana1, INSAT3D, OCEANSAT2, Megha Tropiques.
• Computer Models: IMD uses computer models to simulate the behavior of the atmosphere and predict the movement
of cyclones. These models use data from various sources, including satellites, radars, and weather stations, to predict
the intensity, location, and path of the cyclone.
• Cyclone Warning Systems: IMD has developed a Cyclone Warning System, which is a communication network that
disseminates cyclone-related information to the public and other agencies. The system includes various
communication channels, including radio, television, and social media.
• Kalpana 1 satellite used by IMD in past and the images capture by this satellite are black and white in color. During
Cyclone Phailin, which hit the east coast, images captured from Kalpana1 played a vital role.
• INSAT 3D is the most recent satellite launched by ISRO in July 2013 and played an important role during the cyclone
Hudhud. The images from the INSAT 3D give better resolution and allow more precise forecast. INSAT 3D not only
gives colour imageries, but also images of better resolution compared to Kalpana 1.

36. This is Doppler Radar used by IMD
It's a tool for
 Tracking cyclone.
 Cloud development and movement.
 Structure of rainfall and its intensity.
 Precipitation accumulation.
 Wind speed and direction.
In radars, a beam of energy- called radio waves-
is emitted from an antenna. When this beam
strikes an object in the atmosphere, the energy
scatters in all directions, with some reflecting
directly back to the radar. The larger the object
deflecting the beam, the greater is the amount of
energy that the radar receives in return.
This Doppler radar was named after the Austrian
physicist Christian Doppler who discovered it.

37. Some of the Recent role played by IMD;
• ROLE OF IMD IN CYCLONEAMPHAN:
• IMD, or the Indian Meteorological Department, played a critical role in tracking
and predicting the path of Cyclone Amphan, which hit India and Bangladesh in
May 2020.
• The IMD's accurate forecasts helped the authorities to evacuate around three
million people from the coastal areas of West Bengal and Odisha, minimizing the
loss of life. The authorities also made necessary arrangements, including
deploying rescue teams and setting up temporary shelters, based on IMD's
forecasts and alerts.
• Overall, the IMD played a crucial role in managing the impact of Cyclone Amphan,
by providing timely and accurate information to the authorities and people in the
affected areas.

38.  Role of imd in CYCLONETAUKTAE:
 The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) played a crucial role in forecasting and
tracking Cyclone Tauktae, which hit the western coast of India in May 2021. IMD
provided regular updates on the cyclone's location, intensity, and movement to the
authorities, enabling them to take timely and effective measures to minimize the
damage caused by the cyclone.
 The department's accurate predictions of the cyclone's intensity and direction also
helped the authorities to prepare and mobilize resources, such as relief materials,
medical teams, and rescue personnel, in advance.
 Overall, IMD's proactive approach to cyclone forecasting and tracking was
instrumental in minimizing the damage caused by Cyclone Tauktae and saving lives

39.  Role of IMD in cyclone Yaas
 IMD (India Meteorological Department) played a crucial role in tracking and
monitoring Cyclone Yaas that hit India's eastern coast in May 2021.
 The IMD issued pre-cyclone warnings to Odisha and West Bengal governments,
advising them to take all necessary precautions, including evacuation of people
from low-lying areas, suspension of fishing activities, and closure of ports. The IMD
also worked closely with the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and other
agencies to ensure preparedness for the cyclone.
 During the cyclone, the IMD continued to provide regular updates on its movement
and intensity, helping the state governments and other agencies to respond
effectively to the situation.
 In summary, the IMD's role in tracking and monitoring Cyclone Yaas was critical in
minimizing its impact on the affected communities

40. • Since in the East of India there lie Indian Ocean and in the West there is
Arabian sea and because of this about 2-4 cyclones hit India every year,
especially in the East Coast. But now it's observed in recent years, that
cyclone also hit the Western coast like Gujarat, Goa, Kerala, Maharashtra.
• Because cyclones are natural disasters and it is not possible for the human
beings to stop it completely, But at least we humans can reduce the damage
caused by this by taking some innovative and preventive steps.
• And so by keeping this in mind Indian Meteorological department was
established in 1875 and this organization use to warn the people who live in
the cyclone-affected areas, to fishermen, to navy and to government officials
etc. before the disaster, which helps in reducing the loss of life as well as
property.

41. • Indian Meteorological Department is doing good work but IMD should also
have to take some more steps to make the people living in cyclone prone area a
little bit more aware about the cyclone.
• Apart from this, IMD should have to launch some instrument at cheap price for
detecting the cyclone and other natural calamities so that the people living in
the cyclone prone area can get an idea about the cyclone at the right time.
• And the IMD along with the state Governments of cyclone affected areas like
West Bengal, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Gujarat etc. should
have to launch a special course in the education system about cyclones.

42. • https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/upper-
air.php#:~:text=Radars%20are%20used%20in%20IMD,and%20tracking%20of%20cycloni
c%20storms
• https://www.allthescience.org/what-are-meteorological-instruments.htm
• https://www.worlddata.info/asia/india/cyclones.php#:~:text=The%20most%20severe%20
cyclone%20to,in%20diameter%20at%20the%20time
• https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/india/imd-used-isro---s-satellites-to-keep-eye-on-
amphan.html
• https://www.javatpoint.com/disaster
• https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/cyclone-19
• https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/hurricane.html
• https://eartheclipse.com/environment/natural-disaster/blizzard-causes-effects-facts.html
• https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/avalanche/
• https://www.worlddata.info/asia/india/cyclones.php#:~:text=The%20most%20severe%20
cyclone%20to,in%20diameter%20at%20the%20time

43. THANK YOU
Presented by Md Yasir