Hypothesis types of hypothesis characteristics of hypothesis functions of hypothesis formulation of hypothesis

1. HYPOTHESIS
PRESENTED BY
TOOBA YASIN (05)
MALIHA SARWAR ( 33)
TASBEEHA SHAFIQUE (49)

2. Hypothesis
 Define
 Example
 Types of hypothesis
 Characteristics of hypothesis
 Formulation of hypothesis
 Sources of hypothesis
 Function of hypothesis

3. “
”
A hypothesis can be defined as a logically assumed
relationship between two or more variables expressed in the
form of testable statement
DEFINITION OF HYPOTHESIS
 independent variable (what the researcher changes) and the dependent variable (what the
research measures).
 Relationship between cartoon addiction and executive functioning in school going children.
It was hypothesized: cartoon addiction would negatively relate to poor executive
functioning in school going children; cartoon addiction is likely to predict poor executive
functioning in school going children, age ranged 5 to 12 years.

4. “A hypothesis serves as a powerful beacon that lights the way for the
research worker.”
Setting a hypothesis when we start our research is necessary as it
provides the direction and objective of our research work.
According to Van Dalen:

5. Types of Hypothesis
 Descriptive Hypothesis
 Relational Hypothesis
 Null Hypothesis
 Alternative Hypothesis
 Research Hypothesis

6. “
”
Propositions that state the existence, size, form or
distribution of some variable.
Variable can be object, person, organization, situation or
event.
Descriptive Hypothesis contain only one variable therefore it
is called univariate Hypothesis.
DESCRIPTIVE HYPOTHESIS
Example: Smokers have high level of Psychological distress as compared to non smoker
university students.

7. Relational Hypothesis
• Relational hypothesis describe the association between two
variables

8. Types of Relational Hypothesis
 Co-relational Hypothesis
Co-relational hypothesis states that two
variables are systematically associated
without implying that one causes the other.
Directional Non Directional
 Example: Early childhood development is
linked with and inseparable from mothers’
mental health. (Non Directional)
 Mothers’ mental health would be positively
related to the early childhood development
and mental health of their
children.(Directional)
 Casual or Explanatory Hypothesis
(cause and effect relationship between two
variables)
It describes the effect of independent variable
on dependent variable.
Directional Non Directional
 Example: Social Support has an effect on
Psychosocial Adjustment to Prosthesis Use in
Unilateral Lower Limb Amputees (Non
Directional)
 Social Support has a positive effect on
Psychosocial Adjustment to Prosthesis Use in
Unilateral Lower Limb Amputees
(Directional)

9. “
”
Null Hypothesis states that there is
no relationship between two
variables.
It is denoted by H 0.
NULL HYPOTHESIS
EXAMPLE:
H 0 = Fear of Missing Out and Self-image are not related in Adults using Social Media

10. “
”
Alternative Hypothesis is formulated contrary to null
hypothesis.
Alternative hypothesis states the presence of
relationship between two variables.
It is denote by H1.
when null hypothesis Is rejected by statistical test
,alternative hypothesis is accepted.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
EXAMPLE:
H1= Fear of Missing Out and Self-image are related in Adults using Social Media

12. “
”
Research hypothesis are formulated to state a
relationship between variables with the
direction of relationship
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
EXAMPLE:
Exercise and good nutrition are positively related to good health.
Attention and beauty are related

13. Characteristics of Hypothesis
 Clarity
 Testability
 Relevant to problem
 Specific
 Relevant to available Techinques
 Fruitful for new Discoveries
 Consistency and Harmony

14. CLARITY
• A Hypothesis must be conceptually clear.
• It should be clear from ambiguous information’s.
• The terminology used in in it must be clear and acceptable to everyone.

15. Testability
• A good hypothesis should be tested empirically.
• It should be stated and formulated after verification and deep
observation.
• Thus testability is the primary feature of good hypothesis

16. Relevant to Problem
• If a hypothesis is relevant to a particular problem , it would be considered
as good one.
• A hypothesis is guidance for the identification and solution of a problem ,
so it must be accordance to the problem

17. Specific
• It should be formulated for a particular and specific problem.
• It should not include generalization.
• If generalization exists , than a hypothesis cannot reach to correct
conclusions.

18. Relevant to Available Techiques
• Hypothesis must be relevant to the techniques which is available for
testing.
• A researcher must know about the workable techniques before
formulating a hypothesis

19. Fruitful for new discoveries
• It should be able to provide new suggestions and ways of knowledge.
• It must create new discoveries of knowledge J.S Mill , one of the eminent
researcher says that “Hypothesis is a best source of knew knowledge it
creates new ways of discoveries.”

20. Consistency and Harmony
• Internal harmony and consistency is a major characteristic of good
hypothesis.
• It should be out of contradictions and conflicts .
• There must be a close relationship between variables which one is
dependent on other.

21. Formulation of Hypothesis
A testable hypothesis is not a simple statement. However , there are some
important things to consider when building a compelling hypothesis.
 State the problem that you are trying to solve.
Make sure that the hypothesis clearly defines the topic and the focus of
experiment.
 Try to write the hypothesis as an if then statement .
Follow this template: if specific action is taken , then a certain outcome
is expected.

22. Formulation of Hypothesis
 Define the variables
 Collect as many observations about the topic or problem as you can.
 Evaluate these observations and look for the possible causes of problem.
 Create a list of possible explanations that you might want to explore.

23. Sources of Hypothesis
 Theory
 Personal Experience
 Observation
 Culture
 Previous study
 Intuition or Hunch
 Consultation

24. Theory
• Theory is capable in explaining all the facts relating to the problem.
• Scientific theory is a fertile source of hypothesis formulation.
• The theory which is used by researcher may satisfied the needs of making it,
because theory explains the known facts.

25. Personal Experience
• On the basis of his personal experience he uses his mind and suggests some points
for eradication of a social problem through developing a good hypothesis.
• Greater the researcher experience lead to higher degree of formation

26. Observation
• In consideration and undertaking a research problem , observation is necessary .
• The collection of previous facts and current facts related to the problem lead to the
formulation of good hypothesis.

27. Culture
• Culture is the accumulation of ways of behaving and adoption in a particular place
and time.
• While formulating a hypothesis for a problem , culture should be studied.
• If we want to study trends towards female education in a particular area , for this
purpose we will study traditions, family system, Norms , Values , region and
education system of that area.

28. Previous study
• Previous study is also a source of developing a concrete hypothesis.
• If a researcher uses previous knowledge about a phenomenon for a particular
place, than another researcher followed his techniques and formulates his own.

29. Intuition or Hunch
• A person may get ideas to develop hypothesis due to ones own intuition or hunch.

30. Consultation
• The researcher can hold discussion with experts to develop hypothesis.

31. Functions of Hypothesis

32. It guides direction of study

33. It suggests which form of design is
likely to be most appropriate.

34. It provides framework for organizing the
conclusion of the findings

35. It identifies facts that are relevant and
those that are not relevant.

36. Thanks For your patience