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An Invitation to Health: Building Your Future, Brief Edition, 9e
Dianne Hales
Major Diseases
10
2. © Cengage Learning 2016
After reading this chapter, the student
should be able to:
• List the risk factors for cardiovascular
diseases
• Summarize the risks and signs of
metabolic syndrome
• Explain the impact and treatment of
diabetes
Objectives
3. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Discuss the risk factors and management
of hypertension
• Specify the effects and management of
blood cholesterol levels
• Outline the patterns and consequences of
cardiovascular diseases
Objectives (cont’d.)
4. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Identify the risk factors and common
causes of strokes
• Review the causes, risk factors, and types
of cancer
• Describe the agents of infection and their
effects on human health
Objectives (cont’d.)
5. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Risk factors
– Overweight/obesity
– Body fat
– Waist circumference
– Physical inactivity
– Tobacco use
– High blood pressure
– Blood glucose and cholesterol
– Family history, race, and age
Your Cardiometabolic Health
6. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Cluster of disorders of body’s metabolism
• Risk factors
– Large waist circumference
– High triglyceride level
– Lower than normal HDL level
– Higher than normal fasting blood sugar
• Obese people who lose seven to ten
percent of body weight
– May reverse metabolic syndrome risk
Metabolic Syndrome
7. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Insulin secretion deficient or nonexistent
– Result: glucose unable to enter body cells
– Unused glucose passes through kidneys and
out of the body in urine
• Insulin resistance
– Body produces insulin but does not use it
properly
• Prediabetes
– Indicated by higher than normal blood glucose
Diabetes
9. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Elevated blood pressure over time
– Stage 1
• Systolic pressure from 140 to 159
• Diastolic pressure from 90 to 99
– Stage 2
• Systolic pressure 160 or higher
• Diastolic pressure 100 or higher
• Can cause deterioration of the heart,
brain, and kidneys
– Family history has an influence
Hypertension
11. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Total cholesterol
• LDL (bad) cholesterol
– Builds up plaque in the arteries
• HDL (good) cholesterol
– Helps prevent cholesterol buildup
• Triglycerides
– Blood fats released into the bloodstream after
a meal
Your Lipoprotein Profile
12. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Reduction of blood flow to the heart
• Affects more than 65 million Americans
• Young athletes face special risk
– Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
• Excessive heart muscle thickness that causes
dangerous irregularities
• Psychological risk factors for heart disease
– Depression, anger, and “type A” personality
Cardiovascular (Heart) Disease
13. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Coronary artery disease
– Impairment of blood flow through the vessels
• Atherosclerosis
– Plaque buildup in arteries
– Can produce angina (chest pain)
• Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
– Affects 1.5 million Americans yearly
– Symptoms include chest pain, anxiety,
sweating, and shortness of breath
Crises of the Heart
14. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Blocked blood supply to the brain
• Ranks as third most prevalent cause of
death in the U.S.
– 80 percent are preventable with lifestyle
modification
• Many risk factors exist
• Types of stroke
– Ischemic
– Hemorrhagic
Stroke
15. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Uncontrolled growth and spread of
abnormal cells
– Without treatment, cancer cells crowd out and
replace healthy cells
• Cancer cells may metastasize, or spread
to other parts of the body
• One-third of cancers related to tobacco
use
• Heredity is a factor
Cancer
16. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Triggered by various pathogens
– Countered by body’s natural defenses
• Viruses
– Cause colds, flu, herpes, hepatitis and AIDS
• Bacteria
– Most plentiful in the body but can also be
most pathogenic
• Fungi
– Example: athlete’s foot caused by fungus
Infectious Diseases
17. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Skin
– Keeps out most potential invaders
• White blood cells (lymphocytes)
– Consume antigens
• Human body produces antibodies against
specific antigens
– After a vaccine or fighting an infection
• Stress response dampens immunity
How Your Body Protects Itself
20. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Common cold
– Can strike any time of year
– Rhinoviruses tend to cause more symptoms
above the neck
– Adenoviruses tend to affect trachea and
bronchi
• Cold viruses spread by coughs, sneezes,
and touch
• Antibiotics not effective against colds
Upper Respiratory Infections
21. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Attacks membranes around brain and
spinal cord
– Can result in hearing loss, kidney failure, and
brain damage
– Most common in first year of life
• Can be prevented by vaccination
• Symptoms
– Sudden, high fever
– Severe, persistent headache
Meningitis
22. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Five different viruses
• Hepatitis A
– Less serious
– Transmitted by poor sanitation
• Hepatitis B
– Potentially fatal disease
– Transmitted through blood and body fluids
• Hepatitis C
– Blood transfusion or drug use
Hepatitis
23. © Cengage Learning 2016
• Lyme disease
– Spread by ticks
– Treated with antibiotics
• West Nile virus
– Transmitted by mosquitos and other methods
– Causes inflammation of brain tissue
• MRSA
– Resistant to antibiotics
Insect- and Animal-Borne Infections
Hinweis der Redaktion Figure 10.2 How diabetes affects the body
Diabetes affects almost every organ system of the body in complex and often subtle ways. Figure 10.3 Consequences of high blood pressure
If left untreated, elevated blood pressure can damage blood vessels in several areas of the body and lead to serious health problems Figure 10.11 The human lymphatic system and its functions
The lymphatic system helps filter impurities from the body. Figure 10.12 The immune response
Some T cells can kill infected body cells. B cells churn out antibodies to tag pathogens for destruction by macrophages and other white blood cells.