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18: Plant Function
Key Concepts
Plant Hormones
Five major types
• Apical dominance: Apical dominance is the inhibition of
lateral buds by auxin from the apical bud; the effect is
therefore the apical bud becomes active.
• Cotyledon: The seed leave(s) that can be used to classify
plants.
• Endosperm: Generated from fertiliztion of the central
cells. All endosperm cells contain 3N nucleus and supply
nutrients for embryo development and/or seed
germination.
• Hypersensitive response: When a plant is infected by a
pathogen, it often triggers a hypersensitive response to kill
the infected cells; therefore, the pathogen would not
spread.
• Macronutrients: 9 elements required in large quantity
that plants absorb from air and soil to support their growth.
These include C,H, O, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S.
• Micronutrients: 7 elements required in small quantities
that plants absorb from air and soil, inculding boron,
copper, iron, chloride, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc.
• Systemin: The signal molecule a plant synthsizes in
response to wounding
• Transpiration: Evaporation via the stomata on the lower
surface of leaves that pulls up water/minerals from roots.
This force makes water to go upwards from root to leaves.
• Auxins:
o Stimulate cell elongation
o Stimulate cell division
• Effects on plants:
o Apical Dominance
o Phototropism
o Gravitropism
o Inhibit Leaf Abscission
o Leaf Formation
o Embryonic Development
o Fruit Development
o Root Initiation
• Cytokinins
o Stimulate cell division
o Promote growth of lateral
buds
• Gibberellins
o Promote stem elongation
o Breaks seed dormancy
• Abscisic Acid
o Bud dormancy
o Seed maturation and
dormancy
o Abscission of leaves and fruits
o Closing of stomata
Plant Reproduction
Stigma
sepal
Ovary
• Ethylene
o Promote fruit ripening
o Stimulates senescence and
abscission in leaves and
fruits
Anther
Filament
Pedal
Plant Defense
Structure of a flower
• Female organs -- carpel
o Stigma on top
o Ovary (containing megaspores)
Natrual Physical barrier:
o
Cuticle: a layer of wax on surface of leaves
o
Trichomes: extension of plant cells
o
Spines (modified leaves)
o
Bark
• Male organs -- stemina
o Filament
o Anther (containg microspores)
Natural Chemical barier
o Isoprene
o Phenolic compounds
o Alkaloids
• Leave-like Structure
o Sepal
o Pedal
• Double pollination
o Pollen contains 2 sperms, one pollinate one egg cell -->
embryo
o Another sperm pollinate central cell --> endosperm
• Seed
o Seed coat
o Cotyledon(s)
o Endosperms
CH2=CH2
Inducible Response:
o Response to wound --> systemin
o Response to pathogen --> SAR, systemic acquired
resistance
o Gene-for-gene theory: To every pathogen avirulence
(avr) gene, there is a coresponding R gene (resistance
gene) in plant to trigger HR
How to Use This Cheat Sheet: These are the keys related this topic. Try to read through it carefully twice then recite it out on a
blank sheet of paper. Review it again before the exams.
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