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Materi Pelatihan
PRODUCT KNOWLEDGE
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Daftar Isi
A. Pendahuluan
B. Definisi & Sifat Baja
C. Klasifikasi Baja
D. Identifikasi Produk Baja
E. Proses Pembuatan Baja di PTKS
F. Spesifikasi & Aplikasi Produk Baja
3
A. Pendahuluan
 Pengertian Produk
 Baja Sebagai Kebutuhan Dasar Industri
 Pohon Industri Baja
 Produk Baja Krakatau Steel & Grup
 Konsumsi Baja Nasional
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Pengertian Produk
 Kata produk berasal dari bahasa Inggris product yang
berarti "sesuatu yang diproduksi oleh tenaga kerja atau
sejenisnya".
 Bentuk kerja dari kata product, yaitu produce, merupakan
serapan dari bahasa latin prōdūce(re), yang berarti (untuk)
memimpin atau membawa sesuatu untuk maju.
 Produk adalah barang atau jasa yang dapat
diperjualbelikan.  Dalam dunia bisnis
 Produk adalah apapun yang bisa ditawarkan ke sebuah
pasar dan bisa memuaskan sebuah keinginan atau
kebutuhan.  Dalam dunia marketing
 Produk dibeli dalam bentuk barang mentah dan dijual
sebagai barang jadi.  Dalam dunia marketing
Sumber : wikipedia
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Baja sebagai Mother of industry untuk
banyak sektor industri lain diharapkan
mampu menjadi:
• Katalis untuk meningkatkan
pertumbuhan ekonomi, kemandirian,
dan produktifitas industri dengan
melakukan optimalisasi sumber daya
alam secara berkesinambungan.
• Penggerak pembangunan infrastruktur
nasional
BAHAN BAKU
Iron ore / pellet
Scrap
ENERGI
Gas alam
Listrik
INFRA-
STRUKTUR
Pelabuhan
Jalan
TEKNOLOGI &
SDM
INDUSTRI BAJA
Konstruksi
Transportasi
Lain-lain
INFRASTRU
KTUR
Pertahanan
Manufaktur
Otomotif
Perkapalan
Minyak & Gas
Packaging
Pipe & Tube
Home & Office
Appliances
Lain-lain
INDUSTRI
Baja Sebagai Kebutuhan Dasar Industri
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Bar
Billet
Bloom
Slab
Round
Billet
Hot Rolled
Coil
Plate, Heavy- Plate
Welded Pipe, Welded-
Profile
Seamless Pipe
Cold Rolled
Coil
Heavy Profile, Rail
Wire Rod
Profile & Deformed Bar
Stainless
Steel Slab
Stainless
Steel HRC
Stainless
Steel Billet
Stainless
Steel Bar
PC-Wire, Wire Rope,
Electrode Wire
Rod, Bold, Nut
Wire
Shaft Bar
Plate, Welded-Pipe,
Welded-Profile
Coating :
GI-Sheet, Galvanized -
Aluminized -Coated-
Sheet, Tin plate
Stainless Steel Sheet
Stainless Steel Rod,
Shaft Bar
Plate
Stainless
Steel CRC
Jalur kereta & Jembatan Oil & Gas Pipe Line
Gedung Konstruksi
Shipbuilding Otomotif
Panser
Kendaraan Pertanian
Peralatan Rumah & Kemasan
makanan
Indust ri Sudah Ada Industri Belum Ada
CRUDE STEEL COLD ROLLED FINISHED PRODUCT
HOT ROLLED
Konstruksi
Engineering
Pertahanan
Kapal Perang Kendaraan
angkut
JembatanBailey
Roket&
Senapan
APLIKASI
TabungGas
LPG
AlatBerat
Struktur Boile r
Menara/ TiangListrik
Bendungan Pelabuhan Bandara
Atap Rumah
Mold n Dies
Pohon Industri Baja
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Produk Baja Krakatau Steel & Grup
Produk
KSG
Produk
Utama
Hot Rolled
Coil, Sheet, Plate, Recoiled,
Slitted, Pickled Oil
Cold Rolled Coil, Sheet, Slitted
Wire Rod
Produk AP &
JV
KHI
Welded Pipe
(Spiral & ERW)
KWT Bar & Section
KOS Bar & Section
KNSS
Cold Rolled Coil, Galvanized &
Galvannealed CR
KP Slab, Plate
Produk Hilir
Baja Ringan, Tower, Welded
Beam, Tiang Listrik
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Konsumsi Baja Nasional
9
B. Definisi & Sifat Baja
Definisi Baja & Besi
Bahan Baku Pembuatan Baja
Sifat & Karakteristik Baja
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Sifat-Sifat Baja:
 Mudah teroksidasi (karat)
 Konduktor panas dan listrik yang baik
 Cenderung lunak dan ulet, namun menjadi lebih kuat dan keras jika berpadu dengan
unsur karbon, mangan, silikon atau paduan (alloying element) lainnya
 Dapat memiliki berbagai macam sifat-sifat yang unggul : tangguh (toughness), ulet
(ductile), keras (hardness), mampu las (weldability), mampu pengerasan (hardenable,
heat treatable), tahan aus (wear-resistance), tahan peluru (bullet-proof)
 Umumnya memiliki fasa ferrit, austenite, cementite, pearlite
BAJA :
Paduan ferrous (logam berbahan dasar besi) dengan kadar unsur C
(karbon) 0,008 ~ 2%, dengan sedikit tambahan unsur-unsur paduan
lain seperti Mn (Mangan), Si (Silikon), Al (Aluminium), V (Vanadium) , Cr
(kromium) ,Ti (Titanium), dan lainnya.
Baja Ringan
Plain Carbon Steel Stainless Steel
Tool Steel
Definisi Baja
JENIS PRODUK BAJA :
Baja Karbon (plain carbon), Baja Paduan Rendah (HSLA), Baja Paduan (alloy steel),
Baja Tahan Karat (stainless steel), Baja Perkakas (tool steel), dan sebagainya.
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Definisi Besi
Besi adalah unsur kimia dengan
 Simbol Fe (dari bahasa Latin: Ferrum)
 Nomor atom 26
 Terbesar keempat penyusun kerak bumi
Jenis Produk Besi :
 Besi Cor atau Besi Tuang (cast iron)
 Besi Kasar (Pig Iron, Sponge Iron)
Sponge Iron Pig Iron
Besi Cor
Bijih Besi
Sifat-Sifat Logam Besi :
 Mudah teroksidasi (karat)
 Konduktor panas & listrik yang baik
 Bahan baku melimpah di alam
 Lunak dan ulet
Dapat berpadu harmonis dengan unsur lain (alloying element) menghasilkan
sifat-sifat unggul, yaitu menjadi logam baja
Dalam bentuk besi cor (cast iron) mengandung fasa grafit yang getas,
sehingga besi cor cenderung kurang ulet dibandingkan baja
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1539
910
1130
723
0.83 2.08 4.3 %C
Lunak
Lunak,
Ulet
Baja
Kuat,
Keras,
Getas
Besi Cor
100%Fe
Titik Lebur
Makin Rendah
Makin Tinggi
Baja Cor Baja Tempa Baja Canai
Temperatur,
O
C
Besi Cor Nodular Besi Cor Tempa
Diagram Besi - Besi Karbida
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Bahan Baku Pembuatan Baja
 Pig Iron (besi pig): produk
yang dihasilkan oleh proses
peleburan bijih besi dalam
tanur tinggi (blast furnace).
 Komposisi kimianya:
Fe ~ 85-90%
C ~ 3.5 - 4%
S ~ 2 - 4%
Ash 2%
• Sponge Iron (besi
spons): produk yang
dihasilkan oleh proses
reduksi pellet bijih besi
dalam reaktor DR (direct
reduction).
• Komposisi kimianya:
Fe ~ 85-95%
C ~ 1-2%
residual 2-4% (oksida)
• Steel scrap (baja bekas): berbagai
barang bekas dan produk sisa yang
terbuat dari baja.
• Kategori:
HMS-1, HMS-2, Shredded scrap,
Wire scrap, dsb.
• Fe-Mn (Ferro Mangan): sejenis
produk ferro-alloy yang
dihasilkan dari peleburan
(smelting) MnO2 dan Fe2O3.
• Komposisi kimianya:
– Fe ~ 10-15%
– Mn ~ 85-90%
– residuals
• Fe-Si (Ferro Silikon) : produk
sejenis ferro-alloy yang
dihasilkan dari reduksi (smelting)
SiO2, C & scrap.
• Komposisi kimianya:
– Fe ~ 10-55%
– Si ~ 45-90%
– residuals
• Fe-Cr (Ferro Krom) : produk
sejenis ferro-alloy yang
dihasilkan dari reduksi (smelting)
Cr2O5, C dan scrap.
• Komposisi kimianya:
– Fe ~ 30-50%
– Cr ~ 50-70%
– residuals
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Bahan Baku Pembuatan Baja
• Fe-V (Ferro Vanadium) :
produk sejenis ferro-alloy yang
dihasilkan dari reduksi
(smelting) V2O5, C dan scrap.
• Komposisi kimianya:
–Fe ~ 20-40%
–V ~ 60-80%
–residuals
• Fe-Nb (Ferro Niobium):
produk sejenis ferro-alloy
yang dihasilkan dari proses
aluminothermic Nb2O5,
Fe2O3 dan Al.
• Komposisi kimianya:
– Fe ~ 30-40%
– Nb ~ 60-70%
– residuals
• Fe-Ti (Ferro Titanium) :
adalah produk sejenis ferro-
alloy yang dihasilkan dari
proses aluminothermic TiO2
(ilmenite), scrap Fe, dan Al.
• Komposisi kimianya:
– Fe ~ 25-80%
– Ti ~ 20-75%
– residuals
• Fe-Ni (Ferro Nikel): produk ferro-
alloy yang dihasilkan dari proses
melting logam nikel dan scrap.
• Komposisi kimianya:
– Fe ~ 10-20%
– Ni ~ 80-90%
– residuals
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Sifat & Karakteristik Baja
1. Kekuatan / Strength
2. Ketangguhan / Toughness
3. Kekerasan / Hardness
4. Mampu Las / Weldability
5. Mampu Perlakuan Panas (Heat Treatment)
6. Ketahanan Korosi / Corrosion Resistance
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• Kekuatan (Strength)
Kemampuan material untuk menahan
beban atau tegangan
• Diperlukan jika baja digunakan untuk
aplikasi struktur
• Kategori sifat kekuatan: yield strength (YS),
tensile strength (TS), elongasi, rasio YS/TS
• Metode: uji tarik / tensile test
Kekuatan
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Tensile Test
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• Carbon (C)
• Cobalt (Co)
• Chromium (Cr)
• Copper (Cu)
• Manganese (Mn)
• Molybdenum (Mo)
• Nickel (Ni)
• Niobium (Nb)
• Phosphorous (P)
• Silicon (Si)
• Tantalum (Ta)
• Tungsten (W)
• Vanadium (V)
Secara umum, semakin tinggi %C dan unsur paduan,
kekuatan baja semakin tinggi dan elongasi semakin turun
Unsur paduan /alloying elements yang berperan
meningkatkan kekuatan baja, a.l. :
 Pengaruh Unsur Paduan Terhadap Kekuatan Baja
 Pengaruh Ukuran Butir Terhadap Kekuatan Baja
• Baja tersusun atas butir-butir
struktur mikro
• Semakin kecil ukuran butir,
maka kekuatan baja semakin
meningkat
Struktur mikro baja spec
SPHC terdiri atas butir-butir
fasa ferrite
Model 3D butir
pada baja
Yield
Strength
Rata-rata
diameter
butir
Persamaan Hall-Petch
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• Ketangguhan (Toughness)
Kemampuan baja menyerap energi dan
terdeformasi plastis sebelum patah
• Semakin tinggi kekuatan dan elongasi baja, maka
ketangguhan semakin meningkat
• Ketangguhan baja diketahui dengan metode uji
impak
Ketangguhan
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• Tahapan uji impact:
• Hammer dengan beban standar dijatuhkan dari ketinggian tertentu
• Hammer memukul specimen
• Impact energy terbaca pada scale
• Bisa dilakukan pada beberapa temperature uji  untuk mengetahui
ketangguhan baja pada temperature yang berbeda-beda
Impact Test
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Ketangguhan Baja vs Temperatur
Semakin rendah
temperatur, energi yang
bisa diserap baja
semakin kecil 
ketangguhan menurun
Ketangguhan baja untuk ship plate kategori higher strength produksi PTKS
Contoh kasus :
perbandingan ketangguhan baja aplikasi shipbuilding pada kapal Titanic dan di era modern
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• Kekerasan (Hardness)
Ketahanan material terhadap deformasi plastis
• Semakin tinggi kekuatan material, maka
kekerasan juga semakin tinggi
• Untuk material baja, metode uji kekerasan
yang sering dipakai adalah dengan metode
indentasi (Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, dsb)
Kekerasan
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Konversi Tensile Strength ke Skala Kekerasan
Contoh Kasus :
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• Mampu las (Weldability)
Kemampuan material untuk disambung / dilas
dan menghasilkan lasan yang baik
• Kriteria lasan yang baik:
• Daerah lasan tidak getas
• Tidak terjadi retak setelah proses pengelasan
selesai
• Weldability pada baja sangat dipengaruhi oleh
jenis dan jumlah unsur paduan
• Kriteria untuk mengetahui weldability baja
adalah dengan Carbon Equivalent
Mampu Las
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• Semakin tinggi nilai Carbon
Equivalent, baja semakin sulit dilas
• Pada baja dengan aplikasi critical
(misal pipa API series, welded
structure & building), kualitas lasan
adalah faktor penting yang
menentukan kualitas akhir. Oleh
karena itu, weldability dipersyaratkan.
Weldability VS Carbon Equivalent
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Graville diagram menunjukkan
hubungan antara %C & CE
dengan kerentanan terhadap
munculnya retak terkait proses
pengelasan
Graville Diagram
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Steel Heat Treatment
Hardening
Direct
hardening
Austenizing &
quench
Selective
austenize &
quench :
flame,
induction,
laser, electron
beam
Diffusion
treatment
Carburizing
Nitriding
Boronizing
Carbonitriding
Special diffuse
(V, Si, etc)
Softening
Annealing
Process
annealing
Full annealing
Normalizing
Spheroidizing
Tempering
Austemper
Martemper
Conditioning
Stress relieving
Spring aging
Steam treating
Cryogenic
treatment
Perlakuan Panas
(Heat Treatment)
Pemanasan dan pendinginan
terkendali dengan tujuan untuk
mengubah sifat material
(strength, ductility, hardness,
toughness, dll)
Mampu Perlakuan Panas
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• Secara alamiah, baja mengalami proses korosi atau karat
karena unsur Fe pada baja bereaksi dengan oksigen di
lingkungannya
• Untuk aplikasi dengan paparan cuaca, ada jenis baja yang
dikhususkan agar memiliki ketahanan korosi cuaca
(weathering corrosion resistance)
• Unsur paduan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan korosi
cuaca : P (dalam jumlah sedikit), Cu
• Spec baja tahan korosi cuaca:
• Corten A, Corten B
• JIS3125 SPAH
• BTKCA, BTKCB, BTKCC
Ketahanan Korosi
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• Laju korosi bisa dihitung dengan (1) penetrasi karat ke dalam base metal, atau (2) metode weight loss
(kehilangan berat)
• Laju korosi corten steel jauh lebih rendah dari pada baja carbon
1. Rural environment, 8
km east of Pretoria city
center
2. Semi-industrial
environment, 8 km east of
Pretoria city center
3. Rural-marine environment, 30
km south of Richards bay, 100 m
above sea level and 500 m from
the beach
Laju Korosi Corten Steel
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Weathering corrosion
steel desain PTKS
dinamai dengan spec
BTKCA, BTKCB, BTKCC
Baja Tahan Korosi & Cuaca Buatan PT KS
31
C. Klasifikasi Baja
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Klasifikasi
Baja
Chemical composition
Ultra Low Carbon, Plain Carbon, Low Alloy, Stainless,
etc.
Manufacturing Method Open Hearth, EAF, BOF, etc.
Casting Product Ingot, Bloom, Billet, Slab
Finishing Product Hot Rolled, Cold Rolled, Wire Rod, Section Bar
Deoxidation Practice Rimmed, Capped, Semi-killed, Killed
Application
Structural, Boiler & Pressure Vessel, Ship Plate, Oil &
Gas Pipe, etc.
Microstructure Ferritic, Pearlitic, Martensitic, Austenitic, Bainitic
Strength Level Low, Medium, High
Heat Treatment Process Annealed, Q&T, TMCP, etc.
Etc.
Tahukah Kamu….
80-90% produk baja yang
digunakan di dunia adalah dari
jenis plain carbon steel: untuk
aplikasi struktur umum
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1. Carbon steel : tidak menggunakan paduan lain untuk
meningkatkan sifatnya
• Ultra low carbon steel
• Low carbon steel
• Medium carbon steel
• High carbon steel
2. High strength low alloy steel (HSLA) : baja carbon rendah
yang menggunakan paduan mikro Nb, V, Ti, atau Mo untuk
meningkatkan sifat kekuatan atau ketangguhannya
3. Tool steel : baja yang digunakan untuk memproses material
(missal untuk dies/cetakan, knife blade, cutting tools, dll),
memiliki kekerasan dan ketahanan abrasi tinggi, biasanya
mengandung unsur paduan Ni, Mo, V, W
4. Stainless steel : baja anti karat yang mengandung Cr (min.
10.5%), dan atau Ni (min. 8%)
5. Maraging steel : baja dengan ultra-high strength yang
diproduksi dengan transformasi martensitic, mengandung Ni (17
~ 19%), Co (min 7%), Mo (min 3%), dan Ti.
Based on Chemical Composition
» Sebagian besar desain produk PTKS tergolong
Baja Low C untuk aplikasi seperti automotive
parts, oil & gas pipe, pelat kapal, dsb
» Aplikasi produk PTKS yang tergolong Baja
Medium C seperti Quenched & Tempered Steel,
Casing Tube Pipe, dsb
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Elemen Pengaruh
Aluminium (Al)  Sebagai deoksidiser
 Pengontrol pertumbuhan butir
 Meningkatkan hardenability
 Meningkatkan ketahanan korosi dengan membentuk lapisan Al2O3
Boron (B)  Meningkatkan machinability dan kapasitas cold forming
 B, 0.001 – 0.003% : merupakan unsur powerful untuk hardenability
 B > 0.003% : akan bersifat merusak
 Untuk mendapatkan pengaruh sifat kekerasan yang diinginkan dari B, elemen pembentuk nitrida yang kuat seperti Ti harus
ditambahkan dengan ratio Ti/N ≥ 3.4
Chromium (Cr)  Meningkatkan ketahanan korosi dan oksidasi
 Cr 0.5 – 2.0% : meningkatkan hardenability dan kekutan pada temperatur tinggi
 Cr 4 – 18% : meningkatkan ketahanan korosi melalui pembentukan permukaan oksida yang stabil
 Pembentuk karbida yang kuat (Cr7C3 and Cr23C6)
 Meningkatkan grain growth
Cupper (Cu)  Cu > 0.2% : meningkatkan ketahann terhadap korosi cuaca
 Meningkatkan hardenability dan kekuatan melalui precipitation hardening
 Menurunkan kualitas permukaan dan menyebabkan problem hot working
Mangan (Mn)  Unsur untuk deoksidasi dan desulfurisasi baja cair
 Meningkatkan kekuatan, kekerasan (tidak sebaik C), dan hardenability
 Membentuk MnS yang meningkatkan machinability (TAPI MnS ini adalah inklusi!)
 Menurunkan kerentanan hot shortness, ductility, dan weldability
Silikon (Si)  Sebagai deoksidiser
 Meningkatkan kekuatan tanpa menurunkan ductility
 Meningkatkan hardenability dan toughness (jika dikombinasikan dengan Mn)
 Meningkatkan karakteristik magnetis
Pengaruh Unsur Paduan
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Elemen Pengaruh
Molibdenum (Mo)  Mo 0.2 – 5% : pembentuk karbida (Mo2C, Fe4Mo2C, Fe21MoC6; mencegah pertumbuhan butir dan meningkatkan ketangguhan
 Karbida Mo akan meningkatkan ketahanan mulur (creep) pada temperatur tinggi
 Meningkatkan hardenability
Nikel (Ni)  Meningkatkan kekuatan melalui mekanisme solid solution strengthenin
 Tidak membentuk karbida
 Meningkatkan ketahanan korosi, hardenability, ketangguhan
 Dengan Cr menghasilkan baja paduan dengan kemampuan kekerasan tinggi, ketahanan impak dan fatigue yang tinggi
Niobium (Nb)  Meningkatkan kekuatan dan ketangguhan dengan menghambat proses rekristalisasi
 Sebagai elemen precipitation strengthening
 Sebagai grain refiner (mengontrol pertumbuhan butir)
Vanadium (V)  Meningkatkan kekuatan dan hardenability tanpa menurunkan ductility
 Meningkatkan ketangguhan (impact temperature transition)
 Sebagai precipitation strengthening
 Pembentuk karbida dan nitrida  mengurangi austenite grain growth
Titanium (Ti)  Pembentuk presipitat karbida yang kuat dan stabil pada temperatur tinggi
 Menghambat pertumbuhan butir dengan membentuk karbida dan nitrida yang terdispersi merata yang tidak larut pada temperatur
tinggi
 Menurunkan kecenderungan intergranular corrosion
 Meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap fenomena aging
Pengaruh Unsur Paduan
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• Rimmed Steel : low carbon steel dengan proses oksidasi parsial sehingga menghasilkan lapisan rim (besi
murni) di bagian luar dan impurities di bagian dalam produk baja
• Caped Steel : hampir sama dengan rimmed steel, dengan level keseragaman komposisi antara rimmed dan
semi-killed steels.
• Semi-killed Steel : proses oksidadi baja secara parsial dengan level keseragaman komposisi antara caped
dan killed steels
• Fully-killed Steel : atau disebut “Killed Steel” saja, adalah baja yang diproses dengan deoksidasi penuh
dengan unsur deoksidasi (Al atau Si). Istilah “killed” dipakai karena penambahan unsur deoksidasi tsb
menyebabkan baja “tenang” selama proses solidifikasi
PTKS memproduksi baja fully killed dengan
menggunakan Al dan atau Si sebagai unsur deoksidator
Based on Oxidation Level
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Aluminium sering digunakan sebagai unsur deoksidator
pada baja yang diproduksi PTKS, terutama pada flat
product, karena:
• Memiliki afinitas yang tinggi terhadap oksigen sehingga
merupakan unsur deoksidator yang efektif
• Al2O3 sebagai produk dari proses deoksidasi memiliki
floatability yang lebih baik (lebih mudah mengapung) dari
pada SiO2 sehingga menghasilkan baja yang lebih bersih
• Penghalus ukuran butir yang efektif untuk mencapai
kekuatan tinggi
Aluminium Killed Steel
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• Ingot : logam tuang (metal cast) semi-finished dalam bentuk
yang mudah untuk penyimpanan dan transportasi
• Bloom : baja semi-finished long product dengan penampang
persegi atau persegi panjang berukuran 36 inchi persegi
atau lebih
• Billet : baja semi-finished long product dengan penampang
persegi atau persegi panjang berukuran kurang dari 36 inchi
persegi
• Slab : baja semi-finished tebal 200 ~ 250 mm sebagai bahan
baku flat product
Casting Product (Semi Finished)
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Steel Product (Finished)
• Hot Rolled : produk baja dari proses hot
rolling, biasanya dalam keadaan “as-rolled
condition”
• Cold Rolled : produk baja dari proses cold
rolling
• Wire Rod : baja long product dengan
penampang yang biasanya bulat dan disuplai
dalam bentuk coil atau panjang tertentu
• Section Bar : baja long product dengan
penampang L, H, I, T, persegi atau silindris
PTKS memproduksi hot rolled coil, cold rolled coil, dan wire rod coil. Section bar
diproduksi oleh salah satu anak perusahaan PTKS yaitu PT KWT & PT KOS
40
C. Identifikasi Produk Baja
 Persyaratan Produk Baja
 Pengenalan Spesifikasi Baja
 Identifikasi Barang Besi & Baja
 Identifikasi Produk Hot Rolled & Cold Rolled
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Persyaratan
Produk Baja
Standar
Cust.
Req.
Aplikasi baja sangat luas, dan tidak terbatas pada area tertentu saja,
sehingga perlu dibuat standar untuk menyeragamkan kualitas
Hal yang paling pokok pada standar baja adalah standar material,
komposisi kimia, sifat mekanis, metode pengukuran, delivery condition,
dll
Negara industri umumnya punya standar sendiri. Misal JIS (Jepang), DIN
(Jerman), ASTM (Amerika Serikat), SNI (Indonesia), dsb. Standar-standar
tsb bersifat interchange tetapi tidak identik.
Dasar penamaan spec standar bisa berbeda-beda, misal standar untuk baja konstruksi:
• Di Jepang berdasarkan tensile strength  contoh : JIS G 3101 SS400 mempersyaratkan tensile strength min 400 Mpa
• Di Eropa berdasarkan yield strength  contoh : BSEN S275 JR mempersyaratkan yield strength min 275 Mpa
Technical
Agreement
Persyaratan Produk Baja
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SNI 07 3567 BjD
 Simbol Grade
 Komposisi Kimia
Simbol
Komposisi Kimia (%)
C
(maks) Mn (maks)
P
(maks)
S
(maks)
BJDC 0,12 0,50 0,040 0,045
BJDD1 0,10 0,45 0,030 0,025
BJDD2 0,08 0,40 0,030 0,020
BJDD3 0,06 0,40 0,030 0,020
 Sifat Mekanik
Pengenalan Spesifikasi Baja
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Contoh Standard ASTM
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Contoh Standard JIS
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Nomor Standard Judul
SNI 07-2052-2002 Baja tulangan beton (BjTP)
SNI 07-0053-2006 Batang kawat baja karbon rendah (Bj Bk.R)
SNI 07-0075-2006 Batang kawat baja karbon rendah untuk inti kawat las
listrik (BjKE)
SNI 07-0601-2006 Batang lembaran, pelat, & gulungan canai panas (BjP)
SNI 8784:2019 Baja lembaran, pelat dan gulungan canai panas lunak
(BjPL)
SNI 8522:2020 Baja lembaran, pelat dan gulungan canai panas
aplikasi struktur umum dan struktur las (BjPS)
SNI 3567:2018 Baja lembaran dan gulungan canai dingin (BjD)
SNI 07-0377:1989 Batang kawat baja karbon untuk cold heading dan cold
forging (Bj BKCH)
Contoh Standard SNI
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Contoh Referensi Standard Spesifikasi Baja di dalam SPDS
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Identifikasi Barang Besi & Baja
Besi Baja
Bentuk cenderung khas produk coran (fondry): ukuran relatif kecil-
sedang, permukaan relatif kasar (kecuali hasil permesinan), relatif
lebih tahan karat,
Bentuk cenderung khas produk canai (rolling): ukuran relatif besar,
panjang atau lebar, permukaan relatif halus, jika tidak dilapis maka
lebih mudah karat,
entuk barang relatif membulat, persegi atau pejal tak beraturan, dan
cenderung simetris, meskipun sudah mendapat perlakuan
permesinan (machining)
bentuk awal selalu pipih lebar atau bulat panjang, namun setelah
proses manufaktur (forging, welding, forming, machining) dapat
menjadi bermacam-macam bentuk dan ukuran
Contoh: pipe connector, pipe flange, pipe elbow, machine block,
dies, punch, roll, working tools, etc
Contoh: hot rolled coil/plate/ sheet, cold rolled coil/sheet, wire rod,
steel bar, steel section, line pipe, fasteners, wire, nail, working tools,
etc
Besi Baja
Cari kata kunci:
cast iron, iron, fondry, gray cast iron, nodular cast iron, malleable
cast iron,
Cari kata kunci:
steel, rolled steel, forged steel, hot rolled coil, sheet, plate, cold
rolled coil/sheet,
Satuan barang: single, kg
Unit, item, heat number
Satuan barang: package, ton, kg
Heat number, coil number, packing/package number
HS code:
Perhatikan kesesuaian kata kunci di label dan dokumen dengan
keterangan HS code
HS code:
Perhatikan kesesuaian kata kunci di label dan dokumen dengan
keterangan HS code
Berdasarkan Pengamatan Visual
Berdasarkan Dokumen, Label & Code
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Identifikasi Barang Besi & Baja
Besi Baja
Komposisi kimia tipikal:
C > 2.0 %
Si > 1.0 %
S > 0.1 %
Komposisi kimia tipikal:
C <= 2.0 %
Si < 0.5 % (baja karbon)
Si 0.5 – 1.5 % (silicon steel)
P, S < 0.050 %
Struktur mikro:
Fasa graphite (flake, nodular)
Fasa dendritic, ferrite , cementite
Butiran khas proses fondry (coring structure)
Struktur mikro:
Tidak ada fasa graphite
Fasa ferrite, pearlite, cementite, austenite, martensite
Butiran khas proses rolling
Sifat mekanik:
Umumnya hanya nilai kekerasan (Brinnel, Vickers, Rockwell)
Sifat mekanik:
Nilai kekerasan dan kekuatan tarik sesuai spesifikasinya
Berdasarkan Hasil Uji Laboratorium
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Identifikasi Produk Hot Rolled & Cold Rolled
Hot Rolled Cold Rolled
 Warna permukaan lebih gelap, abu-abu gelap sampai hitam
(lapisan FeO / mill scale), warna tidak merata (discoloured)
 Untuk Hot rolled pickled & oiled (HRPO) warna lebih terang, abu-
abu terang (tidak ada lapisan FeO), warna lebih merata
Warna cenderung terang, abu-abu metalik sampai putih mengkilat,
tidak ada lapisan FeO (mill scale), warna lebih merata
 Permukaan lebih kasar
 Untuk HRPO permukaan tetap kasar namun merata, ada lapisan
oil (rust preventive) di permukaan
 Permukaan lebih halus dan merata
 Umumnya permukaan dilapisi oil (rust preventive oil)
 Kondisi coil tidak dibungkus
 Kondisi plate/shate terkadang dibungkus kertas atau metal
 Kecuali HRPO selalu dibungkus
Kondisi selalu dibungkus (kertas atau metal packed)
Tebal 1.6 – 60 mm
(kebanyakan 2.0 – 25 mm)
Tebal 0.2 – 5.0 mm
(kebanyakan 0.3 – 3.0 mm)
Struktur mikro:
1. Fasa Ferrite, Acicular Ferrite
2. Fasa Pearlite di batas butir, fasa degenerated Pearlite
3. Tidak ada fasa cementite
4. Presipitat (karbida, nitrida) di batas butir
Struktur mikro (soft grade):
1. Fasa Ferrite (Normal, equiaxial, pancake structure, elongated)
2. Fasa Pearlite di batas butir dan di dalam butir
3. Cementite (pada grade tertentu)
4. Presipitat (karbida, nitrida) di batas butir dan di dalam butir
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Identifikasi Produk Hot Rolled & Cold Rolled
ferrite
pearlite
ferrite
pearlite
ferrite
spot
cementite
Hot Rolled
(Plain Carbon Steel)
Cold Rolled
(Soft – ex-Continuous Annealing)
Cold Rolled
(Soft – ex-Batch Annealing)
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Contoh Label Produk Baja PT KS
52
E. Proses Pembuatan Baja di PTKS
 Sejarah Proses Pembuatan Besi & Baja
 Fasilitas Produksi PT KS
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Sejarah Proses Pembuatan Besi & Baja
Bessemer
Thomas
EAF
Open Hearth Furnace
Middle-age
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Sejarah Proses Pembuatan Besi & Baja
Pergeseran Teknologi Casting
Ingot Casting Continuous Casting
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55
Teknologi Pembuatan Baja: Konvensional BF-BOF vs Modern DR-EAF
Contoh Teknologi Pembuatan Baja
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Slab Steel Plant 2
Slab Steel Plant 1
Billet Steel Plant Wire Rod Mill
Cold Rolling Mill
Direct Reduction
Plant
2xEAF
130 ton
4xEAF
130 ton
4xEAF 60 ton
1xLF, 1xRH 1xCCM
2xLF 2xCCM
2xCCM
1xLF
DRI
Steel
Slab
1.74 mtpy
2.1 mtpy
0.65 mtpy 0.45 mtpy
Cold Rolled
Coil/Sheet
Hot Rolled
Coil/Plate
Wire Rod
Bars & Sections
Hot Strip Mill 1
0.85 mtpy
Wire Rod
0.2 mtpy
PT Krakatau Steel
Slab Steel Plant
1xKR
300 ton
1xLF,
1xRH
1xCCM
Plate Mill
Plate
1.5 mtpy
Steel Slab
3.0 mtpy
1.5 mtpy
PT Krakatau Posco
PT MJIS Rotary Kiln
2xRK
0.315 mtpy
1.2 mtpy
3.0 mtpy
Blast Furnace
Blast
Furnace
2.4 mtpy
Hot Strip Mill 2
Mtpy = Metric Ton Per Year
HM/PI
DRI RK
Steel
Billet
HM/PI
1.5 mtpy
Bars & Sections
HRC
3.9 mtpy
Fasilitas Produksi PT KS
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Kegiatan pengendalian:
• Analisa komposisi kimia iron ore pellet (IOP)
• Kontrol proses / kondisi operasi : analisa kualitas gas alam, gas
reformasi, gas proses, temperature control
• Analisa sponge iron / direct reduced iron (DRI)
Reforming Reduction
Iron
Ore
Pellet
Total Fe : 67% min
SiO2 : 1.4% max
CaO : 1.0% max
H2O : 2.0% max
…
Size distribution, LTD,
Reducibility, Sticking Index
Direct
Reduced
Iron
Total Fe : 90% min
Fe metal : 83% min
Metalisasi : 92% min
CaO / SiO2 : 0.7 min
C : 3 – 4 %
P : 0.05% max
S : 0.03% max
Iron Making : Direct Reduction Plant
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Kegiatan pengendalian:
• Kualitas bahan baku
• Kualitas material in-process: Ore (iron, lump, pellet, sintered, mixed, return), Coal (crushing, PCI, blending), Coke (wharf, screening, BF
intermediate belt, breeze dry and wet), Flux Fluorspar, Sintered Fines, Dedusting (BF gas, ore bunker, casting yard), Hot Metal, Hot Slag
Sinter Ore
Coke
Hot Metal
Iron Making : Blast Furnace Complex
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Interface Blast Furnace Complex ke Steel Making Plant
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RAW & SUPP.
MATERIAL
• Chemical
composition
MELTING
• Charging ratio
• Chemical comp.
• Temperature control
• Dephosphorization
• Tap to tap time
SECONDARY
METALLURGY
• Decarburization
• Deoxidation
• Desulphurization
• Alloying
• Inclusion shape control
• Temperature control
CASTING
• Temperature
control
• Shrouding &
insulation
• Casting parameter
(mold oscillation,
casting speed)
SLAB INSPECTION
(+EXTERNAL SLAB
INCOMING INSPECTION)
• Surface quality
• Internal quality by sulphur
print / macro-etch
• Shape & dimension
tolerance
Observer
Inspector
Struktur makro slab
Slab
Steel Making : Slab Steel Plant
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RAW & SUPP.
MATERIAL
• Chemical
composition
MELTING
• Charging ratio
• Chemical comp.
• Temperature control
• Dephosphorization
• Tap to tap time
SECONDARY
METALLURGY
• Decarburization
• Deoxidation
• Desulphurization
• Alloying
• Inclusion shape control
• Temperature control
CASTING
• Temperature
control
• Shrouding &
insulation
• Casting parameter
(mold oscillation,
casting speed)
BILLET INSPECTION
(+EXTERNAL BILLET
INCOMING INSPECTION)
• Surface quality
• Internal quality by sulphur
print / macro-etch
• Shape & dimension
tolerance
Inspector
Steel Making : Billet Steel Plant
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Rolling : Hot Strip Mill
SLAB REHEATING FURNACE SIZING PRESS
ROUGHING MILL
FINISHING MILL
LAMINAR COOLING
DOWN COILER
HOT ROLLED COIL
SHEARING LINE SLITTING/RECOILING LINE SKIN PASS MILL
SHEET AND PLATE SLITTED AND
RECOILED
RECOILED HOT ROLLED COIL
Heating the slab up to 1250oC with natural
gas consumption ±14 MMSCFD.
The width reduction of heated slab up to 150 mm
Thickness reduction from 200 -
230 mm into ±40 mm
Final thickness reduction to the customer
requirement (1,8 – 25 mm)
Cooling process to get required
mechanical properties
Cutting the coil into
plate
Splitting into several coil
Coiling the strip
Improve the
flatness
Partnertship for Sustainable Growth
Proses canai panas: di atas temp.
rekristalisasi baja (> 550°C). Jenis
proses canai panas: hot strip mill,
plate mill, steel bar mill, steel
section mill, tergantung pada
bentuk dan ukuran dan kaliber dari
roll yang digunakan
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Hot Rolled Coil
Steel Plate
Steel Bar
Wire Rod
Steel Sections (Beam, Siku, Kanal C, WF)
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Inspector Inspector Inspector
Inspector Observer
Observer:
Mengawasi &
mengamati
parameter
proses rolling
Inspektor:
Mengecek /
menginspeksi
hasil produksi
Final
Inspection
Inspector
Shipment
Rolling : Cold Rolling Mill
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Annealing: Proses pemanasan untuk mengembalikan struktur mikro yang rusak akibat proses cold
rolling sehingga terjadi rekristalisasi butir & perbaikan sifat mekanis
Cold Rolled Coil Cold Rolled Coil (metal wrapped)
Slitted Cold Rolled Coil
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Area Quality Control Activities
Billet Reheating Pengukuran temperature (setiap billet)
Roughing, Intermediate, & Finishing Mill Pengukuran temperature dan roundness (setiap coil)
Wire Rod Finishing Inspeksi visual, cek dimensi, pengukuran berat, bundling &
marking (setiap coil), sampling untuk pengujian mekanik.
Observer
Inspector
Rolling : Wire Rod Mill
67
F. Spesifikasi & Aplikasi Produk Baja PTKS
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68
Hot Rolled
Steel
Application
Oil &
Gas
Pipe
Boiler &
Pressur
e
Vessels
Gas
Cylinder
General
& Welded
Structure
Weathering
Corrosion
Resistants
Steel
Automoti
ve Parts
& Frame
Ship
Building
Aplikasi Produk : Hot Rolled Coil/Plate
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Spesifikasi Produk : Hot Rolled Coil/Plate
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Produk HR Berdasarkan Level Kekuatan
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HR for General & Welded Structure
General application:
• Konstruksi jembatan
• Gedung / bangunan
• Konstruksi kapal,
containers, tangki
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan menengah –
tinggi
• Sifat mampu las yang baik
Spesifikasi Produk
AS/NZ 1594 HA250,
HA350
ASTM A36, A242 Grade
2, A284 Grade C & D,
A570 Grade 30 – 50,
A572 Grade 42 – 55,
A573 Grade 70
BSEN S235 – 355 (J0,
JR, J2), DIN 17100 ST37
– ST52
JIS G 3101 SS330 – 540,
JIS G 3106 SM400 –
SM490 (A, B, C), JIS G
3136 SN400B, SN490B,
SNI 07 0601 BJPC, BJPS
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HR for Oil & Gas Pipe
Spesifikasi Produk
API 5CT H40, J55, K55
API 5L Grade A, Grade BM, Grade BN,
API 5L X42 – X80 (PSL1 and PSL2)
ASTM A139, DNV 485, DNV OS F101
Grade 450
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan menengah - tinggi
• Excellent toughness di
bawah temperatur ruang
• Excellent weldability
Produk PTKS
Range of Strength
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Pengalaman PTKS Dalam Mendukung Infrastruktur Oil & Gas
Antara lain:
PGN (Pagar Dewa
– Labuan
Maringgai Dev.
Project) X65M,
120,000 MT
Antara lain:
Exxon Mobil
(Banyu Urip Dev.
Project) X60MS,
10,000 MT
Antara lain:
Conoco Phillips
(LTRO Dev.
Project) X52MS,
5,000 MT
Antara lain:
Sengkang
Wasambo Dev.
Project, X52MS,
2,000 MT
Antara lain:
Pertagas Project,
X65M, 36,000 MT
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HR for Oil & Gas Pipe:
Contoh Proyek API5L X60 Sour Gas
Unsur Persyaratan Tipikal PTKS
C 0.10 max 0.05 max
Mn 1.60 max 1.20 max
Si 0.40 max 0.20 max
P 0.0150 max 0.0070 max
S 0.0020 max 0.0020 max
Al total 0.015 – 0.050 0.025 – 0.050
N 0.0090 max 0.0070 max
Nb 0.050 max 0.02 - 0.050
V 0.080 max 0.040 – 0.070
Ti 0.020 max 0.010 max
Unsur Persyaratan Desain PTKS
Cu 0.35 max 0.09 max
Ni 0.20 max 0.20 max
Cr 0.20 max 0.07 max
Mo 0.10 max 0.02 max
Ca 0.004 max 0.004 max
B 0.0005 max 0.0005 max
Nb+V+Ti 0.140 max As per actual
Cu+Ni+Cr 0.40 max As per actual
(Al+V+Ti)/
N
2 : 1 (min) As per actual
CEPCM 0.20 max 0.14 max
Kandungan pengotor rendah:
• (S) ≤ 20 ppm untuk ketahanan HIC
• (O) 10 – 40 ppm; inklusi sangat
rendah
• Kandungan H sangat rendah
• Level segregasi rendah
Komposisi kimia yang ketat
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HR for Oil & Gas Pipe:
Contoh Proyek API5L X60 Sour Gas
Mechanical
Properties
Persyaratan Hasil
YS (Mpa)
414 – 514 (Long)
414 – 534 (Trans)
481 – 522 (HRC)
446 – 560 (Pipa)
TS (Mpa) 517 – 657
554 – 606 (HRC)
560 – 633 (Pipa)
Elongation (%) 23.6 min
32 – 40 (HRC)
26 – 40 (Pipa)
Yield Ratio 90% max 88% max
Charpy at 0 oC
(Joule)
41 min 180 – 230
DWTT at 10 oC
85% min shear
area
100% shear area
Hardness HV 10 250 max 180 – 220
Item Persyaratan Hasil
HIC
NACE
TM0284
Solution B
(Cu < 0.20%)
Item
Pipa Spiral Pipa ERW
HRC
Pipa
HRC
Pipa
Weld 0o 180o Weld 0o 180o
CSR ≤ 1.5% 0 0 0 0 0.004 0 0 0
CLR ≤ 15% 0 0 0 0 1.03 0 0 0
CTR ≤ 2% 0 0 0 0 0.13 0 0 0
SSCC
NACE
TM0177
Solution A
(Four point
bending)
Position: weld &
pipe body
80% SMYS
No crack
Visual & magnetic
particle inspection
No
crack
No
crack
No
crack
No
crack
No
crack
No
crack
No
crack
No
crack
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HR for Weathering Corrosion Resistance Application
• Pelat baja yang digunakan untuk struktur khusus yang
membutuhkan ketahanan lebih tinggi terhadap korosi
cuaca
• Contoh: cargo container, tiang listrik, jembatan, gedung,
mesin industry, dll
Spesifikasi Produk
CORTEN A – C
JIS G 3125 SPAH
BTKC Grade A, B, C
Spec.
Tipikal Komposisi Kimia Produk PTKS
C Si Mn P S Cu Ni Cr V
BTKC-A / SPAH 0.07 0.45 0.45 0.10 0.010 max 0.35 0.25 0.80 -
BTKC-B 0.15 0.50 0.90 0.020 max 0.020 max 0.35 0.25 0.45 0.045
BTKC-C 0.15 0.50 1.10 0.020 max 0.020 max 0.35 0.25 0.45 0.060
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan menegah – tinggi
• Good weldability
• Ketahanan lebih tinggi terhadap
korosi cuaca
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HR for Pipe & Tube
Aplikasi:
• Small-medium welded
pipes & tubes for line
pipes, furniture, frames,
automotive parts, etc
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan rendah -
menengah
• Good formability &
bendability
• Good weldability
Spesifikasi Produk
JIS G 3232 SPHT 1 – 4
SPHK 1, SPHK2
KSA29H, KSA37H, KSA39H
MPW1, MPW2, MP38
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HR for Boiler & Pressure Vessel
Aplikasi:
• Bejana tekan, vessel untuk industry
kimia, pembangkit, dll yang
beroperasi sampai temperature
tinggi, tabung gas untuk rumah
tangga dan industri
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan menengah – tinggi
• Excellent weldability
• Good toughness
• High resistance at elevated
temperature (high creep resistance)
Spesifikasi Produk
ASTM A53 Grade B
ASTM A252 Grade 1 – 3
ASTM A283 Grade A – D
ASTM A285 Grade A – C
ASTM A515 Grade 70
ASTM A 516 Grade 70
JIS G 3116 SG255,
SG295
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HR for Shipbuilding
Spesifikasi Produk
ABS (A, AH32, AH36)
BKI (Grade A, B, A32, A36)
BV (Grade A)
DNV (Grade A)
GL (Grade A & B)
LR (Grade A)
NKK (KA, KA32, KA36)
Aplikasi:
• Welded steel plate untuk bangunan
kapal dan konstruksinya (termasuk
repair dan equipment), instalasi lepas
pantai, dan struktur maritime lainnya
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan menengah – tinggi
• Excellent weldability
• Good fatigue resistance
• Good toughness
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HR for Automotive
Aplikasi:
• Frame (cross-member,
chasis), automobile wheel
disc, oil filter, fuel tank for
truck/bus, tank
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan menengah –
tinggi
• Excellent weldability
• Good fatigue resistance
Spesifikasi Produk
JIS G 3113 SAPH310 – 540
JIS G 3134 SPFH490 – 540
JIS G 3131 SPHC, SPHD, SPHE
HSAPH540, KSAPH540,
HSAPH620
SPH270COD, SPH440OD
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HR Checker Plate
Strip Thickness
(mm)
Checker Height
(mm)
t < 3 1.0 min.
3 ≤ t < 5 1.3 min.
5 ≤ t < 7 1.5 min.
t ≥ 7 1.7 min.
Aplikasi:
• Rak, tool box, panel lift, electronic cabinets
• Pelat untuk lantai pada tangga atau aplikasi lain
yang memerlukan ketahanan selip & mudah
dibersihkan
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan rendah – menengah
• Good weldability & formability
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High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) Steels
Sifat baja HSLA:
• High strength
• Good formability
• Good toughness
• Good weldability
• Good corrosion resistance
Karakteristik:
• %C rendah (kisaran 0.10 atau lebih rendah)
• Paduan mikro (Nb, V, Ti) rendah (0.01 – 0.10%)
• Ukuran butir halus dan struktur mikro seragam
Thermo-Mechanical Control Process (TMCP)
Ukuran butir halus – struktur mikro seragam
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Baja HSLA PTKS
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84
Cold Rolled
Steel
Application
Light
Steel
Frame
Drum
General
Purpose
Enamelware
Home &
Office
Appliance
Automotiv
e &
General
Pipe
Automotive
Part &
Frames
Aplikasi Produk : Cold Rolled Coil/Sheet
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85
STANDARD GRADE GROUP APLICATION
ASTM
A366 M - 91 Galvanized Soft
A446M Gr, B, C (as base metal) Structural Steel Pipe / Tube Galvanized Structural Quality
A446 Gr. E Galvalum
A611 Gr. A, B Steel Roof
A611 Gr.C, D Structural Steel Pipe / Tube Galvanized Structural Quality
A611 Gr. E Galvanized Hard
A1008 / A1008M 01a Automotive Parts Deep Drawing Quality Electrical Machinery Parts
A1008 / A1008M 01a CS Type A, B & C Automotive Parts, Building Material
A1008 / A1008M 01a DS Type A & B Automotive Parts, Drawing Quality, Household Electrical Appliance
DIN
1623 Part 1 - ST12 - 03 ST12 - 03 Drum
1623 Part 1 - ST13 Automotive Parts, Drawing Quality, Household Electrical Appliance
1623 Part 3 - 87 (ED3: ED4) Enamelware (Enamelability - Guaranted)
1623 EK2; EK3 Enamelware (No Enamelability Guarantee)
JIS
G 3133 SPP Enamelware (Enamelability - Guaranted)
G 3141 SPCC -1D, SPCC-SD Electrical Appliance, General Purpose, GI Structural Quality
G 3141 SPCD-SD Automotive Parts, Drawing Quality, Household Electrical Appliance
G 3141 SPCE-SD, G 3141 SPCF-SD Automotive Parts Deep Drawing Quality Electrical Machinery Parts
G 3141 SPCCT-SD
Electrical Appliance, General Purpose, GI Structural Quality, Pipe & Tube (Mechanical Properties -
Guaranted)
G 3445 96 Gr.13A Structural Steel Pipe / Tube Galvanized Structural Quality
SNI
07 3567 BJDC-1R, BJDC-SR Electrical Appliance, General Purpose, GI Structural Quality
07 3567 BJDD1-SR Automotive Parts, Drawing Quality, Household Electrical Appliance
07 3567 BJDD2-SR, BJDD3-SR Automotive Parts Deep Drawing Quality Electrical Machinery Parts
07 3567 BJDCT-SR Electrical Appliance, General Purpose, GI Structural Quality, Pipe & Tube (Mechanical Guarantee)
Krakatau Steel
619 M 92 Automotive Parts, Drawing Quality, Household Electrical Appliance
SPCK1, SPCK3, SPCK4, SPCK5, KSSTA 290, KSSTA 390,
KSS37, KSI34, KSI37, KSI42, MP1A, MP38, MP1C
Pipe & Tube Steel Pipe Structural
KSSC780
Steel frame housing
SPCG 550A, SPCG 550B
SPC 800H, SPC 800C Steel Strapping
SPC270C, SPC270D Automotive
Spesifikasi Produk : Cold Rolled Coil/Sheet
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Produk Cold Rolled
Cold Rolled
Products
Annealed CRC Steel
Annealed CR Sheet
Full Hard & As-Rolled
CRC
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Produk CR Berdasarkan Level Kekuatan
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CR for General Purposes
Aplikasi:
• Penggunaan umum steel sheet
antara lain: sheet cover, drums,
office cabinet & appliances, zinc
or zincalume coated roofing
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan rendah
• Low to medium formability &
bendability
• Good weldability
Spesifikasi Produk
JIS G 3141 SPCC-1D,
SPCC-SD
SNI 07 3567 BjDC
Atau equivalen
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CR for Pipe & Tube
Aplikasi:
• Pipa dan tube kecil untuk structural
dan non-structural seperti furniture,
automotive frame & parts, dll
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan rendah – menengah
• Medium formability & bendability
• Good weldability
• Good surface appearance
Spesifikasi Produk
MP1A, MP1C, MP38
SPCC-SD, SPCCT-SD, KSA29C,
KSA37C, KSA39C
KSSTA290, KSS37C, KSSTA390
SPCK-4, SPCK-5
Atau equivalen
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CR for Automotive Body & Parts
Aplikasi:
• Structural & non-structural, exposed &
unexposed automobile body, motorcycle
frame, fuel tanks, oil filter, air filter, lamp
reflector, dll
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan rendah – menengah
• Good to excellent formability & drawability
• Good weldability
• Excellent surface appearance & cleanliness
Spesifikasi Produk
ASTM A1008M 01a CS/DS
Type A, B, C
DIN 1623 Part 1 ST13
JIS G 3141 SPCD, SPCE,
SPC270C, SPC270D
Atau equivalen
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CR for Enamelware
Aplikasi:
• Single, double, and multi-layer enamelware
seperti mangkuk, gelas/mug, alat masak,
ceret, wadah makanan, penggorengan
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan rendah
• Good to excellent formability & drawability
• Good weldability
• Good enamelability
Spesifikasi Produk
JIS G 3133 SPP
JIS G 3141 SPCC-SD
Atau equivalen
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CR for Steel Frame Housing
Aplikasi:
• Structural and non-structural
housing frame seperti rangka atap,
dinding, jendela, lantai, dll
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan menengah – tinggi
• Relatively low formability &
bendability
• Good weldability
Spesifikasi Produk
JIS G 3141 SPCC-1D,
SPCC-2D, SPCC-SD
SPC G300, SPC G550
Atau equivalen
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93
APLIKASI
BAJA
BATANG
KAWAT
Penggunaan
umum dan
konstruksi
Baut &
Mur
Baja karbon
tinggi
Kawat
elektroda
Aplikasi Produk : Wire Rod Coil
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Segmen Spesifikasi Produk Aplikasi
Low & medium carbon JIS G 3505 SWRM 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20 General drawing application, wire mesh
High carbon
JIS G 3506 SWRH 42A, 62A, 62B, 67A, 67B,
72A, 72B, 77B, 82B
Umbrella ribs, helical wire, spring wire, wire rope, PC
strand, PC wire
Electrode Core Wire
JIS G 3503 SWRY11, IEW 649 FI, EW 2616 B,
EW 1804 A, ER 705-3
Wire rod for core of covered electrode
Cold heading JIS G 3507 SWRCH8A, 10A, 12A, 18A Cold heading & cold forging end use
Concrete reinforce JIS G 3112 SR 24, SD 40 Concrete reinforcement bar
Shafting bar JIS G 4051 S30C, S35C S45C Carbon steel for shafting bar
Grinding ball SAE 5052 Alloy steel for grinding ball
Spesifikasi Produk : Wire Rod Coil
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Produk WR Berdasarkan Level Kekuatan
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WR for General Wire & Nail
Aplikasi:
• General wire, nail, wire mesh, general
fastener, dll
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan rendah – menengah
• Good formability & drawability
• Good weldability
Spesifikasi Produk
JIS G 3505 SWRM6, 8,
10, 12, 15, 17, 20
Atau equivalen
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WR for Bolt & Nut
Aplikasi:
• Small to medium diameter cold-headed rods seperti
medium-heavy duty bolts & nuts
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan rendah – menengah
• Good formability & drawability
• Good weldability
• Excellent cleanliness
Spesifikasi Produk
JIS G 3507 SWRCH8A,
10A, 18A
Atau equivalen
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WR for High Carbon Application
Aplikasi:
• High carbon wire for springs, pre-
stressed concrete (PC) wires, wire
ropes, spoke wires, dll
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan menengah – tinggi
• Medium formability & drawability
• Good weldability
• Excellent cleanliness
Spesifikasi Produk
JIS G 3506 SWRH42A, 62A, 62B, 67A,
67B, 72B, 77B, 82B
Atau equivalen
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WR for Electrode Core Wire
Aplikasi:
• General covered electrode wire for
arc welding
Sifat baja:
• Kekuatan rendah
• Medium formability & drawability
• Good weldability
• Special chemical composition
Spesifikasi Produk
JIS G 3503 SWRY11, SWRY21
Atau equivalen
10
0
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TERIMA KASIH
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10
1
Membahas Material Baja … ???
Perlu dibahas juga topik berikut:
(a) Atom & kristal
(b) Fasa
(c) Butir
(d) Dislokasi
(e) Rekristalisasi
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10
2
(a) Atom & Kristal
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock/Chem_1403%3A_General_Chemistry_2/Chapters/12%3A_Solids/12.1_Crystal_Lattices_and_Unit_Cells
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10
3
(b) Fasa
Bainite
Martensite
Fasa tidak seimbang:
FASA / PHASE
Suatu keadaan
yang homogen
secara fisik
pada suatu
material
Memiliki
komposisi
kimia dan
ikatan atom
tertentu
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10
4
(c) Butir
Baja tersusun atas
butir-butir struktur
mikro dari satu atau
beberapa jenis fasa
Model 3D butir pada baja
Struktur mikro HR spec SPHC
(ferrite & pearlite kasar)
Struktur mikro HR spec
SPH440 (ferrite & pearlite)
Struktur mikro HR spec API5LX52MS
(ferrite & pearlite halus)
Struktur mikro WR spec
SWRH67B (pearlite)
Struktur mikro CR full hard
(elongated grains)
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10
5
(d) Dislokasi
• Jenis cacat linear
pada kristal
• Merupakan area
dimana atom-atom
“keluar dari
posisinya” di dalam
kristal
Edge dislocation Screw dislocation
• Bergerak saat material dikenai gaya eksternal
• Pergerakan dislokasi inilah yang menyebabkan
baja bisa dideformasi/diubah bentuk
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10
6
(e) Rekristalisasi
Ada temperatur & deformasi
minimum agar terjadi
Ukuran butir awal & deformasi
mempengaruhi temperatur
rekristalisasi
Deformasi mempengaruhi
ukuran butir akhir Rekristalisasi terjadi antara lain pada:
• Proses hot rolling
• Annealing CR
Proses dimana butir yang terdeformasi digantikan
dengan butir baru yang bebas cacat yang tumbuh
Kekuatan ↓ , Kekerasan ↓ , Keuletan ↑
Hal terkait rekristalisasi
Diaktifkan secara termal

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PRODUCT KNOWLEDGE_LUTFI AMRULLAH (1).pdf

  • 2. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 2 Daftar Isi A. Pendahuluan B. Definisi & Sifat Baja C. Klasifikasi Baja D. Identifikasi Produk Baja E. Proses Pembuatan Baja di PTKS F. Spesifikasi & Aplikasi Produk Baja
  • 3. 3 A. Pendahuluan  Pengertian Produk  Baja Sebagai Kebutuhan Dasar Industri  Pohon Industri Baja  Produk Baja Krakatau Steel & Grup  Konsumsi Baja Nasional
  • 4. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 4 Pengertian Produk  Kata produk berasal dari bahasa Inggris product yang berarti "sesuatu yang diproduksi oleh tenaga kerja atau sejenisnya".  Bentuk kerja dari kata product, yaitu produce, merupakan serapan dari bahasa latin prōdūce(re), yang berarti (untuk) memimpin atau membawa sesuatu untuk maju.  Produk adalah barang atau jasa yang dapat diperjualbelikan.  Dalam dunia bisnis  Produk adalah apapun yang bisa ditawarkan ke sebuah pasar dan bisa memuaskan sebuah keinginan atau kebutuhan.  Dalam dunia marketing  Produk dibeli dalam bentuk barang mentah dan dijual sebagai barang jadi.  Dalam dunia marketing Sumber : wikipedia
  • 5. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 5 Baja sebagai Mother of industry untuk banyak sektor industri lain diharapkan mampu menjadi: • Katalis untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, kemandirian, dan produktifitas industri dengan melakukan optimalisasi sumber daya alam secara berkesinambungan. • Penggerak pembangunan infrastruktur nasional BAHAN BAKU Iron ore / pellet Scrap ENERGI Gas alam Listrik INFRA- STRUKTUR Pelabuhan Jalan TEKNOLOGI & SDM INDUSTRI BAJA Konstruksi Transportasi Lain-lain INFRASTRU KTUR Pertahanan Manufaktur Otomotif Perkapalan Minyak & Gas Packaging Pipe & Tube Home & Office Appliances Lain-lain INDUSTRI Baja Sebagai Kebutuhan Dasar Industri
  • 6. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 6 Bar Billet Bloom Slab Round Billet Hot Rolled Coil Plate, Heavy- Plate Welded Pipe, Welded- Profile Seamless Pipe Cold Rolled Coil Heavy Profile, Rail Wire Rod Profile & Deformed Bar Stainless Steel Slab Stainless Steel HRC Stainless Steel Billet Stainless Steel Bar PC-Wire, Wire Rope, Electrode Wire Rod, Bold, Nut Wire Shaft Bar Plate, Welded-Pipe, Welded-Profile Coating : GI-Sheet, Galvanized - Aluminized -Coated- Sheet, Tin plate Stainless Steel Sheet Stainless Steel Rod, Shaft Bar Plate Stainless Steel CRC Jalur kereta & Jembatan Oil & Gas Pipe Line Gedung Konstruksi Shipbuilding Otomotif Panser Kendaraan Pertanian Peralatan Rumah & Kemasan makanan Indust ri Sudah Ada Industri Belum Ada CRUDE STEEL COLD ROLLED FINISHED PRODUCT HOT ROLLED Konstruksi Engineering Pertahanan Kapal Perang Kendaraan angkut JembatanBailey Roket& Senapan APLIKASI TabungGas LPG AlatBerat Struktur Boile r Menara/ TiangListrik Bendungan Pelabuhan Bandara Atap Rumah Mold n Dies Pohon Industri Baja
  • 7. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 7 Produk Baja Krakatau Steel & Grup Produk KSG Produk Utama Hot Rolled Coil, Sheet, Plate, Recoiled, Slitted, Pickled Oil Cold Rolled Coil, Sheet, Slitted Wire Rod Produk AP & JV KHI Welded Pipe (Spiral & ERW) KWT Bar & Section KOS Bar & Section KNSS Cold Rolled Coil, Galvanized & Galvannealed CR KP Slab, Plate Produk Hilir Baja Ringan, Tower, Welded Beam, Tiang Listrik
  • 8. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 8 Konsumsi Baja Nasional
  • 9. 9 B. Definisi & Sifat Baja Definisi Baja & Besi Bahan Baku Pembuatan Baja Sifat & Karakteristik Baja
  • 10. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 10 Sifat-Sifat Baja:  Mudah teroksidasi (karat)  Konduktor panas dan listrik yang baik  Cenderung lunak dan ulet, namun menjadi lebih kuat dan keras jika berpadu dengan unsur karbon, mangan, silikon atau paduan (alloying element) lainnya  Dapat memiliki berbagai macam sifat-sifat yang unggul : tangguh (toughness), ulet (ductile), keras (hardness), mampu las (weldability), mampu pengerasan (hardenable, heat treatable), tahan aus (wear-resistance), tahan peluru (bullet-proof)  Umumnya memiliki fasa ferrit, austenite, cementite, pearlite BAJA : Paduan ferrous (logam berbahan dasar besi) dengan kadar unsur C (karbon) 0,008 ~ 2%, dengan sedikit tambahan unsur-unsur paduan lain seperti Mn (Mangan), Si (Silikon), Al (Aluminium), V (Vanadium) , Cr (kromium) ,Ti (Titanium), dan lainnya. Baja Ringan Plain Carbon Steel Stainless Steel Tool Steel Definisi Baja JENIS PRODUK BAJA : Baja Karbon (plain carbon), Baja Paduan Rendah (HSLA), Baja Paduan (alloy steel), Baja Tahan Karat (stainless steel), Baja Perkakas (tool steel), dan sebagainya.
  • 11. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 11 Definisi Besi Besi adalah unsur kimia dengan  Simbol Fe (dari bahasa Latin: Ferrum)  Nomor atom 26  Terbesar keempat penyusun kerak bumi Jenis Produk Besi :  Besi Cor atau Besi Tuang (cast iron)  Besi Kasar (Pig Iron, Sponge Iron) Sponge Iron Pig Iron Besi Cor Bijih Besi Sifat-Sifat Logam Besi :  Mudah teroksidasi (karat)  Konduktor panas & listrik yang baik  Bahan baku melimpah di alam  Lunak dan ulet Dapat berpadu harmonis dengan unsur lain (alloying element) menghasilkan sifat-sifat unggul, yaitu menjadi logam baja Dalam bentuk besi cor (cast iron) mengandung fasa grafit yang getas, sehingga besi cor cenderung kurang ulet dibandingkan baja
  • 12. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 12 1539 910 1130 723 0.83 2.08 4.3 %C Lunak Lunak, Ulet Baja Kuat, Keras, Getas Besi Cor 100%Fe Titik Lebur Makin Rendah Makin Tinggi Baja Cor Baja Tempa Baja Canai Temperatur, O C Besi Cor Nodular Besi Cor Tempa Diagram Besi - Besi Karbida
  • 13. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 13 Bahan Baku Pembuatan Baja  Pig Iron (besi pig): produk yang dihasilkan oleh proses peleburan bijih besi dalam tanur tinggi (blast furnace).  Komposisi kimianya: Fe ~ 85-90% C ~ 3.5 - 4% S ~ 2 - 4% Ash 2% • Sponge Iron (besi spons): produk yang dihasilkan oleh proses reduksi pellet bijih besi dalam reaktor DR (direct reduction). • Komposisi kimianya: Fe ~ 85-95% C ~ 1-2% residual 2-4% (oksida) • Steel scrap (baja bekas): berbagai barang bekas dan produk sisa yang terbuat dari baja. • Kategori: HMS-1, HMS-2, Shredded scrap, Wire scrap, dsb. • Fe-Mn (Ferro Mangan): sejenis produk ferro-alloy yang dihasilkan dari peleburan (smelting) MnO2 dan Fe2O3. • Komposisi kimianya: – Fe ~ 10-15% – Mn ~ 85-90% – residuals • Fe-Si (Ferro Silikon) : produk sejenis ferro-alloy yang dihasilkan dari reduksi (smelting) SiO2, C & scrap. • Komposisi kimianya: – Fe ~ 10-55% – Si ~ 45-90% – residuals • Fe-Cr (Ferro Krom) : produk sejenis ferro-alloy yang dihasilkan dari reduksi (smelting) Cr2O5, C dan scrap. • Komposisi kimianya: – Fe ~ 30-50% – Cr ~ 50-70% – residuals
  • 14. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 14 Bahan Baku Pembuatan Baja • Fe-V (Ferro Vanadium) : produk sejenis ferro-alloy yang dihasilkan dari reduksi (smelting) V2O5, C dan scrap. • Komposisi kimianya: –Fe ~ 20-40% –V ~ 60-80% –residuals • Fe-Nb (Ferro Niobium): produk sejenis ferro-alloy yang dihasilkan dari proses aluminothermic Nb2O5, Fe2O3 dan Al. • Komposisi kimianya: – Fe ~ 30-40% – Nb ~ 60-70% – residuals • Fe-Ti (Ferro Titanium) : adalah produk sejenis ferro- alloy yang dihasilkan dari proses aluminothermic TiO2 (ilmenite), scrap Fe, dan Al. • Komposisi kimianya: – Fe ~ 25-80% – Ti ~ 20-75% – residuals • Fe-Ni (Ferro Nikel): produk ferro- alloy yang dihasilkan dari proses melting logam nikel dan scrap. • Komposisi kimianya: – Fe ~ 10-20% – Ni ~ 80-90% – residuals
  • 15. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 15 Sifat & Karakteristik Baja 1. Kekuatan / Strength 2. Ketangguhan / Toughness 3. Kekerasan / Hardness 4. Mampu Las / Weldability 5. Mampu Perlakuan Panas (Heat Treatment) 6. Ketahanan Korosi / Corrosion Resistance
  • 16. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 16 • Kekuatan (Strength) Kemampuan material untuk menahan beban atau tegangan • Diperlukan jika baja digunakan untuk aplikasi struktur • Kategori sifat kekuatan: yield strength (YS), tensile strength (TS), elongasi, rasio YS/TS • Metode: uji tarik / tensile test Kekuatan
  • 17. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 17 Tensile Test
  • 18. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 18 • Carbon (C) • Cobalt (Co) • Chromium (Cr) • Copper (Cu) • Manganese (Mn) • Molybdenum (Mo) • Nickel (Ni) • Niobium (Nb) • Phosphorous (P) • Silicon (Si) • Tantalum (Ta) • Tungsten (W) • Vanadium (V) Secara umum, semakin tinggi %C dan unsur paduan, kekuatan baja semakin tinggi dan elongasi semakin turun Unsur paduan /alloying elements yang berperan meningkatkan kekuatan baja, a.l. :  Pengaruh Unsur Paduan Terhadap Kekuatan Baja  Pengaruh Ukuran Butir Terhadap Kekuatan Baja • Baja tersusun atas butir-butir struktur mikro • Semakin kecil ukuran butir, maka kekuatan baja semakin meningkat Struktur mikro baja spec SPHC terdiri atas butir-butir fasa ferrite Model 3D butir pada baja Yield Strength Rata-rata diameter butir Persamaan Hall-Petch
  • 19. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 19 • Ketangguhan (Toughness) Kemampuan baja menyerap energi dan terdeformasi plastis sebelum patah • Semakin tinggi kekuatan dan elongasi baja, maka ketangguhan semakin meningkat • Ketangguhan baja diketahui dengan metode uji impak Ketangguhan
  • 20. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 20 • Tahapan uji impact: • Hammer dengan beban standar dijatuhkan dari ketinggian tertentu • Hammer memukul specimen • Impact energy terbaca pada scale • Bisa dilakukan pada beberapa temperature uji  untuk mengetahui ketangguhan baja pada temperature yang berbeda-beda Impact Test
  • 21. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 21 Ketangguhan Baja vs Temperatur Semakin rendah temperatur, energi yang bisa diserap baja semakin kecil  ketangguhan menurun Ketangguhan baja untuk ship plate kategori higher strength produksi PTKS Contoh kasus : perbandingan ketangguhan baja aplikasi shipbuilding pada kapal Titanic dan di era modern
  • 22. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 22 • Kekerasan (Hardness) Ketahanan material terhadap deformasi plastis • Semakin tinggi kekuatan material, maka kekerasan juga semakin tinggi • Untuk material baja, metode uji kekerasan yang sering dipakai adalah dengan metode indentasi (Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, dsb) Kekerasan
  • 23. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 23 Konversi Tensile Strength ke Skala Kekerasan Contoh Kasus :
  • 24. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 24 • Mampu las (Weldability) Kemampuan material untuk disambung / dilas dan menghasilkan lasan yang baik • Kriteria lasan yang baik: • Daerah lasan tidak getas • Tidak terjadi retak setelah proses pengelasan selesai • Weldability pada baja sangat dipengaruhi oleh jenis dan jumlah unsur paduan • Kriteria untuk mengetahui weldability baja adalah dengan Carbon Equivalent Mampu Las
  • 25. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 25 • Semakin tinggi nilai Carbon Equivalent, baja semakin sulit dilas • Pada baja dengan aplikasi critical (misal pipa API series, welded structure & building), kualitas lasan adalah faktor penting yang menentukan kualitas akhir. Oleh karena itu, weldability dipersyaratkan. Weldability VS Carbon Equivalent
  • 26. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 26 Graville diagram menunjukkan hubungan antara %C & CE dengan kerentanan terhadap munculnya retak terkait proses pengelasan Graville Diagram
  • 27. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 27 Steel Heat Treatment Hardening Direct hardening Austenizing & quench Selective austenize & quench : flame, induction, laser, electron beam Diffusion treatment Carburizing Nitriding Boronizing Carbonitriding Special diffuse (V, Si, etc) Softening Annealing Process annealing Full annealing Normalizing Spheroidizing Tempering Austemper Martemper Conditioning Stress relieving Spring aging Steam treating Cryogenic treatment Perlakuan Panas (Heat Treatment) Pemanasan dan pendinginan terkendali dengan tujuan untuk mengubah sifat material (strength, ductility, hardness, toughness, dll) Mampu Perlakuan Panas
  • 28. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 28 • Secara alamiah, baja mengalami proses korosi atau karat karena unsur Fe pada baja bereaksi dengan oksigen di lingkungannya • Untuk aplikasi dengan paparan cuaca, ada jenis baja yang dikhususkan agar memiliki ketahanan korosi cuaca (weathering corrosion resistance) • Unsur paduan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan korosi cuaca : P (dalam jumlah sedikit), Cu • Spec baja tahan korosi cuaca: • Corten A, Corten B • JIS3125 SPAH • BTKCA, BTKCB, BTKCC Ketahanan Korosi
  • 29. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 29 • Laju korosi bisa dihitung dengan (1) penetrasi karat ke dalam base metal, atau (2) metode weight loss (kehilangan berat) • Laju korosi corten steel jauh lebih rendah dari pada baja carbon 1. Rural environment, 8 km east of Pretoria city center 2. Semi-industrial environment, 8 km east of Pretoria city center 3. Rural-marine environment, 30 km south of Richards bay, 100 m above sea level and 500 m from the beach Laju Korosi Corten Steel
  • 30. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 30 Weathering corrosion steel desain PTKS dinamai dengan spec BTKCA, BTKCB, BTKCC Baja Tahan Korosi & Cuaca Buatan PT KS
  • 32. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 32 Klasifikasi Baja Chemical composition Ultra Low Carbon, Plain Carbon, Low Alloy, Stainless, etc. Manufacturing Method Open Hearth, EAF, BOF, etc. Casting Product Ingot, Bloom, Billet, Slab Finishing Product Hot Rolled, Cold Rolled, Wire Rod, Section Bar Deoxidation Practice Rimmed, Capped, Semi-killed, Killed Application Structural, Boiler & Pressure Vessel, Ship Plate, Oil & Gas Pipe, etc. Microstructure Ferritic, Pearlitic, Martensitic, Austenitic, Bainitic Strength Level Low, Medium, High Heat Treatment Process Annealed, Q&T, TMCP, etc. Etc. Tahukah Kamu…. 80-90% produk baja yang digunakan di dunia adalah dari jenis plain carbon steel: untuk aplikasi struktur umum
  • 33. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 33 1. Carbon steel : tidak menggunakan paduan lain untuk meningkatkan sifatnya • Ultra low carbon steel • Low carbon steel • Medium carbon steel • High carbon steel 2. High strength low alloy steel (HSLA) : baja carbon rendah yang menggunakan paduan mikro Nb, V, Ti, atau Mo untuk meningkatkan sifat kekuatan atau ketangguhannya 3. Tool steel : baja yang digunakan untuk memproses material (missal untuk dies/cetakan, knife blade, cutting tools, dll), memiliki kekerasan dan ketahanan abrasi tinggi, biasanya mengandung unsur paduan Ni, Mo, V, W 4. Stainless steel : baja anti karat yang mengandung Cr (min. 10.5%), dan atau Ni (min. 8%) 5. Maraging steel : baja dengan ultra-high strength yang diproduksi dengan transformasi martensitic, mengandung Ni (17 ~ 19%), Co (min 7%), Mo (min 3%), dan Ti. Based on Chemical Composition » Sebagian besar desain produk PTKS tergolong Baja Low C untuk aplikasi seperti automotive parts, oil & gas pipe, pelat kapal, dsb » Aplikasi produk PTKS yang tergolong Baja Medium C seperti Quenched & Tempered Steel, Casing Tube Pipe, dsb
  • 34. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 34 Elemen Pengaruh Aluminium (Al)  Sebagai deoksidiser  Pengontrol pertumbuhan butir  Meningkatkan hardenability  Meningkatkan ketahanan korosi dengan membentuk lapisan Al2O3 Boron (B)  Meningkatkan machinability dan kapasitas cold forming  B, 0.001 – 0.003% : merupakan unsur powerful untuk hardenability  B > 0.003% : akan bersifat merusak  Untuk mendapatkan pengaruh sifat kekerasan yang diinginkan dari B, elemen pembentuk nitrida yang kuat seperti Ti harus ditambahkan dengan ratio Ti/N ≥ 3.4 Chromium (Cr)  Meningkatkan ketahanan korosi dan oksidasi  Cr 0.5 – 2.0% : meningkatkan hardenability dan kekutan pada temperatur tinggi  Cr 4 – 18% : meningkatkan ketahanan korosi melalui pembentukan permukaan oksida yang stabil  Pembentuk karbida yang kuat (Cr7C3 and Cr23C6)  Meningkatkan grain growth Cupper (Cu)  Cu > 0.2% : meningkatkan ketahann terhadap korosi cuaca  Meningkatkan hardenability dan kekuatan melalui precipitation hardening  Menurunkan kualitas permukaan dan menyebabkan problem hot working Mangan (Mn)  Unsur untuk deoksidasi dan desulfurisasi baja cair  Meningkatkan kekuatan, kekerasan (tidak sebaik C), dan hardenability  Membentuk MnS yang meningkatkan machinability (TAPI MnS ini adalah inklusi!)  Menurunkan kerentanan hot shortness, ductility, dan weldability Silikon (Si)  Sebagai deoksidiser  Meningkatkan kekuatan tanpa menurunkan ductility  Meningkatkan hardenability dan toughness (jika dikombinasikan dengan Mn)  Meningkatkan karakteristik magnetis Pengaruh Unsur Paduan
  • 35. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 35 Elemen Pengaruh Molibdenum (Mo)  Mo 0.2 – 5% : pembentuk karbida (Mo2C, Fe4Mo2C, Fe21MoC6; mencegah pertumbuhan butir dan meningkatkan ketangguhan  Karbida Mo akan meningkatkan ketahanan mulur (creep) pada temperatur tinggi  Meningkatkan hardenability Nikel (Ni)  Meningkatkan kekuatan melalui mekanisme solid solution strengthenin  Tidak membentuk karbida  Meningkatkan ketahanan korosi, hardenability, ketangguhan  Dengan Cr menghasilkan baja paduan dengan kemampuan kekerasan tinggi, ketahanan impak dan fatigue yang tinggi Niobium (Nb)  Meningkatkan kekuatan dan ketangguhan dengan menghambat proses rekristalisasi  Sebagai elemen precipitation strengthening  Sebagai grain refiner (mengontrol pertumbuhan butir) Vanadium (V)  Meningkatkan kekuatan dan hardenability tanpa menurunkan ductility  Meningkatkan ketangguhan (impact temperature transition)  Sebagai precipitation strengthening  Pembentuk karbida dan nitrida  mengurangi austenite grain growth Titanium (Ti)  Pembentuk presipitat karbida yang kuat dan stabil pada temperatur tinggi  Menghambat pertumbuhan butir dengan membentuk karbida dan nitrida yang terdispersi merata yang tidak larut pada temperatur tinggi  Menurunkan kecenderungan intergranular corrosion  Meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap fenomena aging Pengaruh Unsur Paduan
  • 36. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 36 • Rimmed Steel : low carbon steel dengan proses oksidasi parsial sehingga menghasilkan lapisan rim (besi murni) di bagian luar dan impurities di bagian dalam produk baja • Caped Steel : hampir sama dengan rimmed steel, dengan level keseragaman komposisi antara rimmed dan semi-killed steels. • Semi-killed Steel : proses oksidadi baja secara parsial dengan level keseragaman komposisi antara caped dan killed steels • Fully-killed Steel : atau disebut “Killed Steel” saja, adalah baja yang diproses dengan deoksidasi penuh dengan unsur deoksidasi (Al atau Si). Istilah “killed” dipakai karena penambahan unsur deoksidasi tsb menyebabkan baja “tenang” selama proses solidifikasi PTKS memproduksi baja fully killed dengan menggunakan Al dan atau Si sebagai unsur deoksidator Based on Oxidation Level
  • 37. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 37 Aluminium sering digunakan sebagai unsur deoksidator pada baja yang diproduksi PTKS, terutama pada flat product, karena: • Memiliki afinitas yang tinggi terhadap oksigen sehingga merupakan unsur deoksidator yang efektif • Al2O3 sebagai produk dari proses deoksidasi memiliki floatability yang lebih baik (lebih mudah mengapung) dari pada SiO2 sehingga menghasilkan baja yang lebih bersih • Penghalus ukuran butir yang efektif untuk mencapai kekuatan tinggi Aluminium Killed Steel
  • 38. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 38 • Ingot : logam tuang (metal cast) semi-finished dalam bentuk yang mudah untuk penyimpanan dan transportasi • Bloom : baja semi-finished long product dengan penampang persegi atau persegi panjang berukuran 36 inchi persegi atau lebih • Billet : baja semi-finished long product dengan penampang persegi atau persegi panjang berukuran kurang dari 36 inchi persegi • Slab : baja semi-finished tebal 200 ~ 250 mm sebagai bahan baku flat product Casting Product (Semi Finished)
  • 39. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 39 Steel Product (Finished) • Hot Rolled : produk baja dari proses hot rolling, biasanya dalam keadaan “as-rolled condition” • Cold Rolled : produk baja dari proses cold rolling • Wire Rod : baja long product dengan penampang yang biasanya bulat dan disuplai dalam bentuk coil atau panjang tertentu • Section Bar : baja long product dengan penampang L, H, I, T, persegi atau silindris PTKS memproduksi hot rolled coil, cold rolled coil, dan wire rod coil. Section bar diproduksi oleh salah satu anak perusahaan PTKS yaitu PT KWT & PT KOS
  • 40. 40 C. Identifikasi Produk Baja  Persyaratan Produk Baja  Pengenalan Spesifikasi Baja  Identifikasi Barang Besi & Baja  Identifikasi Produk Hot Rolled & Cold Rolled
  • 41. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 41 Persyaratan Produk Baja Standar Cust. Req. Aplikasi baja sangat luas, dan tidak terbatas pada area tertentu saja, sehingga perlu dibuat standar untuk menyeragamkan kualitas Hal yang paling pokok pada standar baja adalah standar material, komposisi kimia, sifat mekanis, metode pengukuran, delivery condition, dll Negara industri umumnya punya standar sendiri. Misal JIS (Jepang), DIN (Jerman), ASTM (Amerika Serikat), SNI (Indonesia), dsb. Standar-standar tsb bersifat interchange tetapi tidak identik. Dasar penamaan spec standar bisa berbeda-beda, misal standar untuk baja konstruksi: • Di Jepang berdasarkan tensile strength  contoh : JIS G 3101 SS400 mempersyaratkan tensile strength min 400 Mpa • Di Eropa berdasarkan yield strength  contoh : BSEN S275 JR mempersyaratkan yield strength min 275 Mpa Technical Agreement Persyaratan Produk Baja
  • 42. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 42 SNI 07 3567 BjD  Simbol Grade  Komposisi Kimia Simbol Komposisi Kimia (%) C (maks) Mn (maks) P (maks) S (maks) BJDC 0,12 0,50 0,040 0,045 BJDD1 0,10 0,45 0,030 0,025 BJDD2 0,08 0,40 0,030 0,020 BJDD3 0,06 0,40 0,030 0,020  Sifat Mekanik Pengenalan Spesifikasi Baja
  • 43. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 43 Contoh Standard ASTM
  • 44. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 44 Contoh Standard JIS
  • 45. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 45 Nomor Standard Judul SNI 07-2052-2002 Baja tulangan beton (BjTP) SNI 07-0053-2006 Batang kawat baja karbon rendah (Bj Bk.R) SNI 07-0075-2006 Batang kawat baja karbon rendah untuk inti kawat las listrik (BjKE) SNI 07-0601-2006 Batang lembaran, pelat, & gulungan canai panas (BjP) SNI 8784:2019 Baja lembaran, pelat dan gulungan canai panas lunak (BjPL) SNI 8522:2020 Baja lembaran, pelat dan gulungan canai panas aplikasi struktur umum dan struktur las (BjPS) SNI 3567:2018 Baja lembaran dan gulungan canai dingin (BjD) SNI 07-0377:1989 Batang kawat baja karbon untuk cold heading dan cold forging (Bj BKCH) Contoh Standard SNI
  • 46. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 46 Contoh Referensi Standard Spesifikasi Baja di dalam SPDS
  • 47. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 47 Identifikasi Barang Besi & Baja Besi Baja Bentuk cenderung khas produk coran (fondry): ukuran relatif kecil- sedang, permukaan relatif kasar (kecuali hasil permesinan), relatif lebih tahan karat, Bentuk cenderung khas produk canai (rolling): ukuran relatif besar, panjang atau lebar, permukaan relatif halus, jika tidak dilapis maka lebih mudah karat, entuk barang relatif membulat, persegi atau pejal tak beraturan, dan cenderung simetris, meskipun sudah mendapat perlakuan permesinan (machining) bentuk awal selalu pipih lebar atau bulat panjang, namun setelah proses manufaktur (forging, welding, forming, machining) dapat menjadi bermacam-macam bentuk dan ukuran Contoh: pipe connector, pipe flange, pipe elbow, machine block, dies, punch, roll, working tools, etc Contoh: hot rolled coil/plate/ sheet, cold rolled coil/sheet, wire rod, steel bar, steel section, line pipe, fasteners, wire, nail, working tools, etc Besi Baja Cari kata kunci: cast iron, iron, fondry, gray cast iron, nodular cast iron, malleable cast iron, Cari kata kunci: steel, rolled steel, forged steel, hot rolled coil, sheet, plate, cold rolled coil/sheet, Satuan barang: single, kg Unit, item, heat number Satuan barang: package, ton, kg Heat number, coil number, packing/package number HS code: Perhatikan kesesuaian kata kunci di label dan dokumen dengan keterangan HS code HS code: Perhatikan kesesuaian kata kunci di label dan dokumen dengan keterangan HS code Berdasarkan Pengamatan Visual Berdasarkan Dokumen, Label & Code
  • 48. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 48 Identifikasi Barang Besi & Baja Besi Baja Komposisi kimia tipikal: C > 2.0 % Si > 1.0 % S > 0.1 % Komposisi kimia tipikal: C <= 2.0 % Si < 0.5 % (baja karbon) Si 0.5 – 1.5 % (silicon steel) P, S < 0.050 % Struktur mikro: Fasa graphite (flake, nodular) Fasa dendritic, ferrite , cementite Butiran khas proses fondry (coring structure) Struktur mikro: Tidak ada fasa graphite Fasa ferrite, pearlite, cementite, austenite, martensite Butiran khas proses rolling Sifat mekanik: Umumnya hanya nilai kekerasan (Brinnel, Vickers, Rockwell) Sifat mekanik: Nilai kekerasan dan kekuatan tarik sesuai spesifikasinya Berdasarkan Hasil Uji Laboratorium
  • 49. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 49 Identifikasi Produk Hot Rolled & Cold Rolled Hot Rolled Cold Rolled  Warna permukaan lebih gelap, abu-abu gelap sampai hitam (lapisan FeO / mill scale), warna tidak merata (discoloured)  Untuk Hot rolled pickled & oiled (HRPO) warna lebih terang, abu- abu terang (tidak ada lapisan FeO), warna lebih merata Warna cenderung terang, abu-abu metalik sampai putih mengkilat, tidak ada lapisan FeO (mill scale), warna lebih merata  Permukaan lebih kasar  Untuk HRPO permukaan tetap kasar namun merata, ada lapisan oil (rust preventive) di permukaan  Permukaan lebih halus dan merata  Umumnya permukaan dilapisi oil (rust preventive oil)  Kondisi coil tidak dibungkus  Kondisi plate/shate terkadang dibungkus kertas atau metal  Kecuali HRPO selalu dibungkus Kondisi selalu dibungkus (kertas atau metal packed) Tebal 1.6 – 60 mm (kebanyakan 2.0 – 25 mm) Tebal 0.2 – 5.0 mm (kebanyakan 0.3 – 3.0 mm) Struktur mikro: 1. Fasa Ferrite, Acicular Ferrite 2. Fasa Pearlite di batas butir, fasa degenerated Pearlite 3. Tidak ada fasa cementite 4. Presipitat (karbida, nitrida) di batas butir Struktur mikro (soft grade): 1. Fasa Ferrite (Normal, equiaxial, pancake structure, elongated) 2. Fasa Pearlite di batas butir dan di dalam butir 3. Cementite (pada grade tertentu) 4. Presipitat (karbida, nitrida) di batas butir dan di dalam butir
  • 50. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 50 Identifikasi Produk Hot Rolled & Cold Rolled ferrite pearlite ferrite pearlite ferrite spot cementite Hot Rolled (Plain Carbon Steel) Cold Rolled (Soft – ex-Continuous Annealing) Cold Rolled (Soft – ex-Batch Annealing)
  • 51. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 51 Contoh Label Produk Baja PT KS
  • 52. 52 E. Proses Pembuatan Baja di PTKS  Sejarah Proses Pembuatan Besi & Baja  Fasilitas Produksi PT KS
  • 53. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 53 Sejarah Proses Pembuatan Besi & Baja Bessemer Thomas EAF Open Hearth Furnace Middle-age
  • 54. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 54 Sejarah Proses Pembuatan Besi & Baja Pergeseran Teknologi Casting Ingot Casting Continuous Casting
  • 55. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 55 55 Teknologi Pembuatan Baja: Konvensional BF-BOF vs Modern DR-EAF Contoh Teknologi Pembuatan Baja
  • 56. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 56 Slab Steel Plant 2 Slab Steel Plant 1 Billet Steel Plant Wire Rod Mill Cold Rolling Mill Direct Reduction Plant 2xEAF 130 ton 4xEAF 130 ton 4xEAF 60 ton 1xLF, 1xRH 1xCCM 2xLF 2xCCM 2xCCM 1xLF DRI Steel Slab 1.74 mtpy 2.1 mtpy 0.65 mtpy 0.45 mtpy Cold Rolled Coil/Sheet Hot Rolled Coil/Plate Wire Rod Bars & Sections Hot Strip Mill 1 0.85 mtpy Wire Rod 0.2 mtpy PT Krakatau Steel Slab Steel Plant 1xKR 300 ton 1xLF, 1xRH 1xCCM Plate Mill Plate 1.5 mtpy Steel Slab 3.0 mtpy 1.5 mtpy PT Krakatau Posco PT MJIS Rotary Kiln 2xRK 0.315 mtpy 1.2 mtpy 3.0 mtpy Blast Furnace Blast Furnace 2.4 mtpy Hot Strip Mill 2 Mtpy = Metric Ton Per Year HM/PI DRI RK Steel Billet HM/PI 1.5 mtpy Bars & Sections HRC 3.9 mtpy Fasilitas Produksi PT KS
  • 57. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 57 Kegiatan pengendalian: • Analisa komposisi kimia iron ore pellet (IOP) • Kontrol proses / kondisi operasi : analisa kualitas gas alam, gas reformasi, gas proses, temperature control • Analisa sponge iron / direct reduced iron (DRI) Reforming Reduction Iron Ore Pellet Total Fe : 67% min SiO2 : 1.4% max CaO : 1.0% max H2O : 2.0% max … Size distribution, LTD, Reducibility, Sticking Index Direct Reduced Iron Total Fe : 90% min Fe metal : 83% min Metalisasi : 92% min CaO / SiO2 : 0.7 min C : 3 – 4 % P : 0.05% max S : 0.03% max Iron Making : Direct Reduction Plant
  • 58. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 58 Kegiatan pengendalian: • Kualitas bahan baku • Kualitas material in-process: Ore (iron, lump, pellet, sintered, mixed, return), Coal (crushing, PCI, blending), Coke (wharf, screening, BF intermediate belt, breeze dry and wet), Flux Fluorspar, Sintered Fines, Dedusting (BF gas, ore bunker, casting yard), Hot Metal, Hot Slag Sinter Ore Coke Hot Metal Iron Making : Blast Furnace Complex
  • 59. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 59 Interface Blast Furnace Complex ke Steel Making Plant
  • 60. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 60 RAW & SUPP. MATERIAL • Chemical composition MELTING • Charging ratio • Chemical comp. • Temperature control • Dephosphorization • Tap to tap time SECONDARY METALLURGY • Decarburization • Deoxidation • Desulphurization • Alloying • Inclusion shape control • Temperature control CASTING • Temperature control • Shrouding & insulation • Casting parameter (mold oscillation, casting speed) SLAB INSPECTION (+EXTERNAL SLAB INCOMING INSPECTION) • Surface quality • Internal quality by sulphur print / macro-etch • Shape & dimension tolerance Observer Inspector Struktur makro slab Slab Steel Making : Slab Steel Plant
  • 61. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 61 RAW & SUPP. MATERIAL • Chemical composition MELTING • Charging ratio • Chemical comp. • Temperature control • Dephosphorization • Tap to tap time SECONDARY METALLURGY • Decarburization • Deoxidation • Desulphurization • Alloying • Inclusion shape control • Temperature control CASTING • Temperature control • Shrouding & insulation • Casting parameter (mold oscillation, casting speed) BILLET INSPECTION (+EXTERNAL BILLET INCOMING INSPECTION) • Surface quality • Internal quality by sulphur print / macro-etch • Shape & dimension tolerance Inspector Steel Making : Billet Steel Plant
  • 62. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 62 Rolling : Hot Strip Mill SLAB REHEATING FURNACE SIZING PRESS ROUGHING MILL FINISHING MILL LAMINAR COOLING DOWN COILER HOT ROLLED COIL SHEARING LINE SLITTING/RECOILING LINE SKIN PASS MILL SHEET AND PLATE SLITTED AND RECOILED RECOILED HOT ROLLED COIL Heating the slab up to 1250oC with natural gas consumption ±14 MMSCFD. The width reduction of heated slab up to 150 mm Thickness reduction from 200 - 230 mm into ±40 mm Final thickness reduction to the customer requirement (1,8 – 25 mm) Cooling process to get required mechanical properties Cutting the coil into plate Splitting into several coil Coiling the strip Improve the flatness Partnertship for Sustainable Growth Proses canai panas: di atas temp. rekristalisasi baja (> 550°C). Jenis proses canai panas: hot strip mill, plate mill, steel bar mill, steel section mill, tergantung pada bentuk dan ukuran dan kaliber dari roll yang digunakan
  • 63. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 63 Hot Rolled Coil Steel Plate Steel Bar Wire Rod Steel Sections (Beam, Siku, Kanal C, WF)
  • 64. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 64 Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Observer Observer: Mengawasi & mengamati parameter proses rolling Inspektor: Mengecek / menginspeksi hasil produksi Final Inspection Inspector Shipment Rolling : Cold Rolling Mill
  • 65. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 65 Annealing: Proses pemanasan untuk mengembalikan struktur mikro yang rusak akibat proses cold rolling sehingga terjadi rekristalisasi butir & perbaikan sifat mekanis Cold Rolled Coil Cold Rolled Coil (metal wrapped) Slitted Cold Rolled Coil
  • 66. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 66 Area Quality Control Activities Billet Reheating Pengukuran temperature (setiap billet) Roughing, Intermediate, & Finishing Mill Pengukuran temperature dan roundness (setiap coil) Wire Rod Finishing Inspeksi visual, cek dimensi, pengukuran berat, bundling & marking (setiap coil), sampling untuk pengujian mekanik. Observer Inspector Rolling : Wire Rod Mill
  • 67. 67 F. Spesifikasi & Aplikasi Produk Baja PTKS
  • 68. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 68 68 Hot Rolled Steel Application Oil & Gas Pipe Boiler & Pressur e Vessels Gas Cylinder General & Welded Structure Weathering Corrosion Resistants Steel Automoti ve Parts & Frame Ship Building Aplikasi Produk : Hot Rolled Coil/Plate
  • 69. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 69 Spesifikasi Produk : Hot Rolled Coil/Plate
  • 70. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 70 Produk HR Berdasarkan Level Kekuatan
  • 71. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 71 HR for General & Welded Structure General application: • Konstruksi jembatan • Gedung / bangunan • Konstruksi kapal, containers, tangki Sifat baja: • Kekuatan menengah – tinggi • Sifat mampu las yang baik Spesifikasi Produk AS/NZ 1594 HA250, HA350 ASTM A36, A242 Grade 2, A284 Grade C & D, A570 Grade 30 – 50, A572 Grade 42 – 55, A573 Grade 70 BSEN S235 – 355 (J0, JR, J2), DIN 17100 ST37 – ST52 JIS G 3101 SS330 – 540, JIS G 3106 SM400 – SM490 (A, B, C), JIS G 3136 SN400B, SN490B, SNI 07 0601 BJPC, BJPS
  • 72. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 72 HR for Oil & Gas Pipe Spesifikasi Produk API 5CT H40, J55, K55 API 5L Grade A, Grade BM, Grade BN, API 5L X42 – X80 (PSL1 and PSL2) ASTM A139, DNV 485, DNV OS F101 Grade 450 Sifat baja: • Kekuatan menengah - tinggi • Excellent toughness di bawah temperatur ruang • Excellent weldability Produk PTKS Range of Strength
  • 73. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 73 Pengalaman PTKS Dalam Mendukung Infrastruktur Oil & Gas Antara lain: PGN (Pagar Dewa – Labuan Maringgai Dev. Project) X65M, 120,000 MT Antara lain: Exxon Mobil (Banyu Urip Dev. Project) X60MS, 10,000 MT Antara lain: Conoco Phillips (LTRO Dev. Project) X52MS, 5,000 MT Antara lain: Sengkang Wasambo Dev. Project, X52MS, 2,000 MT Antara lain: Pertagas Project, X65M, 36,000 MT
  • 74. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 74 HR for Oil & Gas Pipe: Contoh Proyek API5L X60 Sour Gas Unsur Persyaratan Tipikal PTKS C 0.10 max 0.05 max Mn 1.60 max 1.20 max Si 0.40 max 0.20 max P 0.0150 max 0.0070 max S 0.0020 max 0.0020 max Al total 0.015 – 0.050 0.025 – 0.050 N 0.0090 max 0.0070 max Nb 0.050 max 0.02 - 0.050 V 0.080 max 0.040 – 0.070 Ti 0.020 max 0.010 max Unsur Persyaratan Desain PTKS Cu 0.35 max 0.09 max Ni 0.20 max 0.20 max Cr 0.20 max 0.07 max Mo 0.10 max 0.02 max Ca 0.004 max 0.004 max B 0.0005 max 0.0005 max Nb+V+Ti 0.140 max As per actual Cu+Ni+Cr 0.40 max As per actual (Al+V+Ti)/ N 2 : 1 (min) As per actual CEPCM 0.20 max 0.14 max Kandungan pengotor rendah: • (S) ≤ 20 ppm untuk ketahanan HIC • (O) 10 – 40 ppm; inklusi sangat rendah • Kandungan H sangat rendah • Level segregasi rendah Komposisi kimia yang ketat
  • 75. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 75 HR for Oil & Gas Pipe: Contoh Proyek API5L X60 Sour Gas Mechanical Properties Persyaratan Hasil YS (Mpa) 414 – 514 (Long) 414 – 534 (Trans) 481 – 522 (HRC) 446 – 560 (Pipa) TS (Mpa) 517 – 657 554 – 606 (HRC) 560 – 633 (Pipa) Elongation (%) 23.6 min 32 – 40 (HRC) 26 – 40 (Pipa) Yield Ratio 90% max 88% max Charpy at 0 oC (Joule) 41 min 180 – 230 DWTT at 10 oC 85% min shear area 100% shear area Hardness HV 10 250 max 180 – 220 Item Persyaratan Hasil HIC NACE TM0284 Solution B (Cu < 0.20%) Item Pipa Spiral Pipa ERW HRC Pipa HRC Pipa Weld 0o 180o Weld 0o 180o CSR ≤ 1.5% 0 0 0 0 0.004 0 0 0 CLR ≤ 15% 0 0 0 0 1.03 0 0 0 CTR ≤ 2% 0 0 0 0 0.13 0 0 0 SSCC NACE TM0177 Solution A (Four point bending) Position: weld & pipe body 80% SMYS No crack Visual & magnetic particle inspection No crack No crack No crack No crack No crack No crack No crack No crack
  • 76. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 76 HR for Weathering Corrosion Resistance Application • Pelat baja yang digunakan untuk struktur khusus yang membutuhkan ketahanan lebih tinggi terhadap korosi cuaca • Contoh: cargo container, tiang listrik, jembatan, gedung, mesin industry, dll Spesifikasi Produk CORTEN A – C JIS G 3125 SPAH BTKC Grade A, B, C Spec. Tipikal Komposisi Kimia Produk PTKS C Si Mn P S Cu Ni Cr V BTKC-A / SPAH 0.07 0.45 0.45 0.10 0.010 max 0.35 0.25 0.80 - BTKC-B 0.15 0.50 0.90 0.020 max 0.020 max 0.35 0.25 0.45 0.045 BTKC-C 0.15 0.50 1.10 0.020 max 0.020 max 0.35 0.25 0.45 0.060 Sifat baja: • Kekuatan menegah – tinggi • Good weldability • Ketahanan lebih tinggi terhadap korosi cuaca
  • 77. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 77 HR for Pipe & Tube Aplikasi: • Small-medium welded pipes & tubes for line pipes, furniture, frames, automotive parts, etc Sifat baja: • Kekuatan rendah - menengah • Good formability & bendability • Good weldability Spesifikasi Produk JIS G 3232 SPHT 1 – 4 SPHK 1, SPHK2 KSA29H, KSA37H, KSA39H MPW1, MPW2, MP38
  • 78. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 78 HR for Boiler & Pressure Vessel Aplikasi: • Bejana tekan, vessel untuk industry kimia, pembangkit, dll yang beroperasi sampai temperature tinggi, tabung gas untuk rumah tangga dan industri Sifat baja: • Kekuatan menengah – tinggi • Excellent weldability • Good toughness • High resistance at elevated temperature (high creep resistance) Spesifikasi Produk ASTM A53 Grade B ASTM A252 Grade 1 – 3 ASTM A283 Grade A – D ASTM A285 Grade A – C ASTM A515 Grade 70 ASTM A 516 Grade 70 JIS G 3116 SG255, SG295
  • 79. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 79 HR for Shipbuilding Spesifikasi Produk ABS (A, AH32, AH36) BKI (Grade A, B, A32, A36) BV (Grade A) DNV (Grade A) GL (Grade A & B) LR (Grade A) NKK (KA, KA32, KA36) Aplikasi: • Welded steel plate untuk bangunan kapal dan konstruksinya (termasuk repair dan equipment), instalasi lepas pantai, dan struktur maritime lainnya Sifat baja: • Kekuatan menengah – tinggi • Excellent weldability • Good fatigue resistance • Good toughness
  • 80. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 80 HR for Automotive Aplikasi: • Frame (cross-member, chasis), automobile wheel disc, oil filter, fuel tank for truck/bus, tank Sifat baja: • Kekuatan menengah – tinggi • Excellent weldability • Good fatigue resistance Spesifikasi Produk JIS G 3113 SAPH310 – 540 JIS G 3134 SPFH490 – 540 JIS G 3131 SPHC, SPHD, SPHE HSAPH540, KSAPH540, HSAPH620 SPH270COD, SPH440OD
  • 81. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 81 HR Checker Plate Strip Thickness (mm) Checker Height (mm) t < 3 1.0 min. 3 ≤ t < 5 1.3 min. 5 ≤ t < 7 1.5 min. t ≥ 7 1.7 min. Aplikasi: • Rak, tool box, panel lift, electronic cabinets • Pelat untuk lantai pada tangga atau aplikasi lain yang memerlukan ketahanan selip & mudah dibersihkan Sifat baja: • Kekuatan rendah – menengah • Good weldability & formability
  • 82. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 82 High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) Steels Sifat baja HSLA: • High strength • Good formability • Good toughness • Good weldability • Good corrosion resistance Karakteristik: • %C rendah (kisaran 0.10 atau lebih rendah) • Paduan mikro (Nb, V, Ti) rendah (0.01 – 0.10%) • Ukuran butir halus dan struktur mikro seragam Thermo-Mechanical Control Process (TMCP) Ukuran butir halus – struktur mikro seragam
  • 83. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 83 Baja HSLA PTKS
  • 84. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 84 84 Cold Rolled Steel Application Light Steel Frame Drum General Purpose Enamelware Home & Office Appliance Automotiv e & General Pipe Automotive Part & Frames Aplikasi Produk : Cold Rolled Coil/Sheet
  • 85. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 85 85 STANDARD GRADE GROUP APLICATION ASTM A366 M - 91 Galvanized Soft A446M Gr, B, C (as base metal) Structural Steel Pipe / Tube Galvanized Structural Quality A446 Gr. E Galvalum A611 Gr. A, B Steel Roof A611 Gr.C, D Structural Steel Pipe / Tube Galvanized Structural Quality A611 Gr. E Galvanized Hard A1008 / A1008M 01a Automotive Parts Deep Drawing Quality Electrical Machinery Parts A1008 / A1008M 01a CS Type A, B & C Automotive Parts, Building Material A1008 / A1008M 01a DS Type A & B Automotive Parts, Drawing Quality, Household Electrical Appliance DIN 1623 Part 1 - ST12 - 03 ST12 - 03 Drum 1623 Part 1 - ST13 Automotive Parts, Drawing Quality, Household Electrical Appliance 1623 Part 3 - 87 (ED3: ED4) Enamelware (Enamelability - Guaranted) 1623 EK2; EK3 Enamelware (No Enamelability Guarantee) JIS G 3133 SPP Enamelware (Enamelability - Guaranted) G 3141 SPCC -1D, SPCC-SD Electrical Appliance, General Purpose, GI Structural Quality G 3141 SPCD-SD Automotive Parts, Drawing Quality, Household Electrical Appliance G 3141 SPCE-SD, G 3141 SPCF-SD Automotive Parts Deep Drawing Quality Electrical Machinery Parts G 3141 SPCCT-SD Electrical Appliance, General Purpose, GI Structural Quality, Pipe & Tube (Mechanical Properties - Guaranted) G 3445 96 Gr.13A Structural Steel Pipe / Tube Galvanized Structural Quality SNI 07 3567 BJDC-1R, BJDC-SR Electrical Appliance, General Purpose, GI Structural Quality 07 3567 BJDD1-SR Automotive Parts, Drawing Quality, Household Electrical Appliance 07 3567 BJDD2-SR, BJDD3-SR Automotive Parts Deep Drawing Quality Electrical Machinery Parts 07 3567 BJDCT-SR Electrical Appliance, General Purpose, GI Structural Quality, Pipe & Tube (Mechanical Guarantee) Krakatau Steel 619 M 92 Automotive Parts, Drawing Quality, Household Electrical Appliance SPCK1, SPCK3, SPCK4, SPCK5, KSSTA 290, KSSTA 390, KSS37, KSI34, KSI37, KSI42, MP1A, MP38, MP1C Pipe & Tube Steel Pipe Structural KSSC780 Steel frame housing SPCG 550A, SPCG 550B SPC 800H, SPC 800C Steel Strapping SPC270C, SPC270D Automotive Spesifikasi Produk : Cold Rolled Coil/Sheet
  • 86. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 86 Produk Cold Rolled Cold Rolled Products Annealed CRC Steel Annealed CR Sheet Full Hard & As-Rolled CRC
  • 87. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 87 Produk CR Berdasarkan Level Kekuatan
  • 88. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 88 CR for General Purposes Aplikasi: • Penggunaan umum steel sheet antara lain: sheet cover, drums, office cabinet & appliances, zinc or zincalume coated roofing Sifat baja: • Kekuatan rendah • Low to medium formability & bendability • Good weldability Spesifikasi Produk JIS G 3141 SPCC-1D, SPCC-SD SNI 07 3567 BjDC Atau equivalen
  • 89. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 89 CR for Pipe & Tube Aplikasi: • Pipa dan tube kecil untuk structural dan non-structural seperti furniture, automotive frame & parts, dll Sifat baja: • Kekuatan rendah – menengah • Medium formability & bendability • Good weldability • Good surface appearance Spesifikasi Produk MP1A, MP1C, MP38 SPCC-SD, SPCCT-SD, KSA29C, KSA37C, KSA39C KSSTA290, KSS37C, KSSTA390 SPCK-4, SPCK-5 Atau equivalen
  • 90. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 90 CR for Automotive Body & Parts Aplikasi: • Structural & non-structural, exposed & unexposed automobile body, motorcycle frame, fuel tanks, oil filter, air filter, lamp reflector, dll Sifat baja: • Kekuatan rendah – menengah • Good to excellent formability & drawability • Good weldability • Excellent surface appearance & cleanliness Spesifikasi Produk ASTM A1008M 01a CS/DS Type A, B, C DIN 1623 Part 1 ST13 JIS G 3141 SPCD, SPCE, SPC270C, SPC270D Atau equivalen
  • 91. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 91 CR for Enamelware Aplikasi: • Single, double, and multi-layer enamelware seperti mangkuk, gelas/mug, alat masak, ceret, wadah makanan, penggorengan Sifat baja: • Kekuatan rendah • Good to excellent formability & drawability • Good weldability • Good enamelability Spesifikasi Produk JIS G 3133 SPP JIS G 3141 SPCC-SD Atau equivalen
  • 92. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 92 CR for Steel Frame Housing Aplikasi: • Structural and non-structural housing frame seperti rangka atap, dinding, jendela, lantai, dll Sifat baja: • Kekuatan menengah – tinggi • Relatively low formability & bendability • Good weldability Spesifikasi Produk JIS G 3141 SPCC-1D, SPCC-2D, SPCC-SD SPC G300, SPC G550 Atau equivalen
  • 93. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 93 93 APLIKASI BAJA BATANG KAWAT Penggunaan umum dan konstruksi Baut & Mur Baja karbon tinggi Kawat elektroda Aplikasi Produk : Wire Rod Coil
  • 94. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 94 Segmen Spesifikasi Produk Aplikasi Low & medium carbon JIS G 3505 SWRM 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20 General drawing application, wire mesh High carbon JIS G 3506 SWRH 42A, 62A, 62B, 67A, 67B, 72A, 72B, 77B, 82B Umbrella ribs, helical wire, spring wire, wire rope, PC strand, PC wire Electrode Core Wire JIS G 3503 SWRY11, IEW 649 FI, EW 2616 B, EW 1804 A, ER 705-3 Wire rod for core of covered electrode Cold heading JIS G 3507 SWRCH8A, 10A, 12A, 18A Cold heading & cold forging end use Concrete reinforce JIS G 3112 SR 24, SD 40 Concrete reinforcement bar Shafting bar JIS G 4051 S30C, S35C S45C Carbon steel for shafting bar Grinding ball SAE 5052 Alloy steel for grinding ball Spesifikasi Produk : Wire Rod Coil
  • 95. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 95 Produk WR Berdasarkan Level Kekuatan
  • 96. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 96 WR for General Wire & Nail Aplikasi: • General wire, nail, wire mesh, general fastener, dll Sifat baja: • Kekuatan rendah – menengah • Good formability & drawability • Good weldability Spesifikasi Produk JIS G 3505 SWRM6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20 Atau equivalen
  • 97. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 97 WR for Bolt & Nut Aplikasi: • Small to medium diameter cold-headed rods seperti medium-heavy duty bolts & nuts Sifat baja: • Kekuatan rendah – menengah • Good formability & drawability • Good weldability • Excellent cleanliness Spesifikasi Produk JIS G 3507 SWRCH8A, 10A, 18A Atau equivalen
  • 98. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 98 WR for High Carbon Application Aplikasi: • High carbon wire for springs, pre- stressed concrete (PC) wires, wire ropes, spoke wires, dll Sifat baja: • Kekuatan menengah – tinggi • Medium formability & drawability • Good weldability • Excellent cleanliness Spesifikasi Produk JIS G 3506 SWRH42A, 62A, 62B, 67A, 67B, 72B, 77B, 82B Atau equivalen
  • 99. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 99 WR for Electrode Core Wire Aplikasi: • General covered electrode wire for arc welding Sifat baja: • Kekuatan rendah • Medium formability & drawability • Good weldability • Special chemical composition Spesifikasi Produk JIS G 3503 SWRY11, SWRY21 Atau equivalen
  • 100. 10 0 This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. TERIMA KASIH
  • 101. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 10 1 Membahas Material Baja … ??? Perlu dibahas juga topik berikut: (a) Atom & kristal (b) Fasa (c) Butir (d) Dislokasi (e) Rekristalisasi
  • 102. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 10 2 (a) Atom & Kristal https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock/Chem_1403%3A_General_Chemistry_2/Chapters/12%3A_Solids/12.1_Crystal_Lattices_and_Unit_Cells
  • 103. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 10 3 (b) Fasa Bainite Martensite Fasa tidak seimbang: FASA / PHASE Suatu keadaan yang homogen secara fisik pada suatu material Memiliki komposisi kimia dan ikatan atom tertentu
  • 104. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 10 4 (c) Butir Baja tersusun atas butir-butir struktur mikro dari satu atau beberapa jenis fasa Model 3D butir pada baja Struktur mikro HR spec SPHC (ferrite & pearlite kasar) Struktur mikro HR spec SPH440 (ferrite & pearlite) Struktur mikro HR spec API5LX52MS (ferrite & pearlite halus) Struktur mikro WR spec SWRH67B (pearlite) Struktur mikro CR full hard (elongated grains)
  • 105. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 10 5 (d) Dislokasi • Jenis cacat linear pada kristal • Merupakan area dimana atom-atom “keluar dari posisinya” di dalam kristal Edge dislocation Screw dislocation • Bergerak saat material dikenai gaya eksternal • Pergerakan dislokasi inilah yang menyebabkan baja bisa dideformasi/diubah bentuk
  • 106. This presentation has been prepared specifically by Krakatau Steel. The content of this presentation may not be used, duplicated or transmitted in any form without the written consent from Krakatau Steel. All rights reserved. 10 6 (e) Rekristalisasi Ada temperatur & deformasi minimum agar terjadi Ukuran butir awal & deformasi mempengaruhi temperatur rekristalisasi Deformasi mempengaruhi ukuran butir akhir Rekristalisasi terjadi antara lain pada: • Proses hot rolling • Annealing CR Proses dimana butir yang terdeformasi digantikan dengan butir baru yang bebas cacat yang tumbuh Kekuatan ↓ , Kekerasan ↓ , Keuletan ↑ Hal terkait rekristalisasi Diaktifkan secara termal