Vt h2 dev_plan_041012

HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FINAL – APRIL 10, 2012
1
VERMONT
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Development Plan – “Roadmap” Collaborative
Participants
Clean Energy States Alliance
Anne Margolis – Project Director
Valerie Stori – Assistant Project Director
Project Management and Plan Development
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster:
Joel M. Rinebold – Program Director
Paul Aresta – Project Manager
Alexander C. Barton – Energy Specialist
Adam J. Brzozowski – Energy Specialist
Thomas Wolak – Energy Intern
Nathan Bruce – GIS Mapping Intern
Agencies
United States Department of Energy
United States Small Business Administration
Burlington skyline – “Burlington Waterfront from Spirit of Ethan Allen”, Panoramio,
http://www.panoramio.com/photo/3160072, October, 2011
Skiing – “A Great Weekend Needs more Than Snow at Okemo”, The New York Times,
http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/02/travel/escapes/02ski.1.html?pagewanted=all, October 2011
Mount Washington Hotel – “Strategic HR New England”, Law Publishers, http://www.mainehr.com/StrategicHRNE/,
September, 2011
University of Vermont – “RCGRD”, Research Center for Groundwater Remediation Design,
http://www.rcgrd.uvm.edu/rcgrd_bottom.html, October, 2011
Welding – “MIG Welding”, Gooden’s Portable Welding, http://joeystechservice.com/goodenswelding/WeldingTechniques.php,
October, 2011
Blueprint construction – “Contruction1”, The MoHawk Construction Group LLC., http://mohawkcg.com/, October, 2011

2
VERMONT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
There is the potential to generate approximately 94,600 megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity from
hydrogen fuel cell technologies at potential host sites in the State of Vermont, annually through the
development of 12 – 16 megawatts (MW) of fuel cell generation capacity. The state and federal
government have incentives to facilitate the development and use of renewable energy. The decision on
whether or not to deploy hydrogen or fuel cell technology at a given location depends largely on the
economic value, compared to other conventional or alternative/renewable technologies. Consequently,
while many sites may be technically viable for the application of fuel cell technology, this plan provides
focus for fuel cell applications that are both technically and economically viable.
Approximately two-thirds of the Vermont’s total energy usage is for heating and transportation, and
nearly all of the fuel dollars spent in those sectors are for fossil fuels and flow out of state. In 2010,
Vermonters paid over $600 million ($300 million more than a decade ago) to import fossil fuels for use in
homes, businesses, and other buildings. Drivers also purchased approximately $1 billion per year in
gasoline and diesel for transportation. Combustion of transportation fuels accounts for 47 percent of
Vermont’s GHG emission. Even though total emissions within the state have steadily been reduced by
approximately three percent per year, (since 2004) trends indicate Vermont is still well behind its goals of
achieving GHG emission levels 25 percent below 1990 levels by 2012 and 50 percent below 1990 levels
by 2028.1
Favorable locations for the development of renewable energy generation through fuel cell technology
include energy intensive commercial buildings (education, food sales, food services, inpatient healthcare,
lodging, and public order and safety), energy intensive industries, wastewater treatment plants, landfills,
wireless telecommunications sites, federal/state-owned buildings, and airport facilities with a substantial
amount of air traffic.
Currently, Vermont has at least 5 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry
supply chain in the Northeast region. Based on a recent study, these companies making up the Vermont
hydrogen and fuel cell industry are estimated to have realized over $2.5 million in revenue and
investment, contributed approximately $142,000 in state and local tax revenue, and generated over
$3.3 million in gross state product from their participation in this regional energy cluster in 2010.
Hydrogen and fuel cell projects are becoming increasingly popular throughout the Northeast region.
These technologies are viable solutions that can meet the demand for renewable energy in Vermont. In
addition, the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology would reduce the dependence on oil,
improve environmental performance, and increase the number of jobs within the state. This plan provides
links to relevant information to help assess, plan, and initiate hydrogen or fuel cell projects to help meet
the energy, economic, and environmental goals of the State.
Developing policies and incentives that support hydrogen and fuel cell technology will increase
deployment at sites that would benefit from on-site generation. Increased demand for hydrogen and fuel
cell technology will increase production and create jobs throughout the supply chain. As deployment
increases, manufacturing costs will decline and hydrogen and fuel cell technology will be in a position to
then compete in a global market without incentives. These policies and incentives can be coordinated
regionally to maintain the regional economic cluster as a global exporter for long-term growth and
economic development.
1
Vermont.gov, “Volume 1 – Vermont’s Energy Future”, http://www.vtenergyplan.vermont.gov/, December 2011

3
VERMONT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................5
ECONOMIC IMPACT ...........................................................................................................................7
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS ...................................................................................................8
Education ............................................................................................................................................10
Food Sales...........................................................................................................................................11
Food Service .......................................................................................................................................11
Inpatient Healthcare............................................................................................................................12
Lodging...............................................................................................................................................13
Public Order and Safety......................................................................................................................13
Energy Intensive Industries.....................................................................................................................14
Government Owned Buildings................................................................................................................15
Wireless Telecommunication Sites.........................................................................................................15
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)........................................................................................16
Airports...................................................................................................................................................17
Military ...................................................................................................................................................18
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS .........................................................................................19
Alternative Fueling Stations................................................................................................................20
Bus Transit..........................................................................................................................................21
Material Handling...............................................................................................................................21
Ground Support Equipment ................................................................................................................22
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................23
APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................................25

4
VERMONT
Index of Tables
Table 1 - Vermont Economic Data 2011 ......................................................................................................7
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown.........................................................................................................11
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown........................................................................................................11
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown ..................................................................................................12
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown.........................................................................................12
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown............................................................................................................13
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown...................................................................................14
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector ..............................................................14
Table 9 - energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown ................................................................................15
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown........................................................................15
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown ........................................................................15
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plant Data Breakdown..........................................................................16
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown ..........................................................................................................16
Table 14 – Vermont Top Airports' Enplanement Count.............................................................................17
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown ...........................................................................................................17
Table 16 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge)...........................19
Table 17 –Summary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications ...........................................................................23
Index of Figures
Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector....................................................................................................8
Figure 2 - Electric Power Generation by Primary Energy Source................................................................8
Figure 3 – Vermont Electrical Consumption per Sector.............................................................................10
Figure 4 - U.S. Lodging, Energy Consumption ..........................................................................................13

5
VERMONT
INTRODUCTION
A Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Industry Development Plan was created for each state in the Northeast region
(Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New
Jersey), with support from the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE), to increase awareness
and facilitate the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology. The intent of this guidance document
is to make available information regarding the economic value and deployment opportunities for
hydrogen and fuel cell technology.2
A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen (or a hydrogen-rich fuel such as natural gas) and oxygen to
create an electric current. The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors,
including fuel cell type, stack size, operating temperature, and the pressure at which the gases are
supplied to the cell. Fuel cells are classified primarily by the type of electrolyte they employ, which
determines the type of chemical reactions that take place in the cell, the temperature range in which the
cell operates, the fuel required, and other factors. These characteristics, in turn, affect the applications for
which these cells are most suitable. There are several types of fuel cells currently in use or under
development, each with its own advantages, limitations, and potential applications. These technologies
and applications are identified in Appendix VI.
Fuel cells have the potential to replace the internal combustion engine (ICE) in vehicles and provide
power for stationary and portable power applications. Fuel cells are in commercial service as distributed
power plants in stationary applications throughout the world, providing thermal power and electricity to
power homes and businesses. Fuel cells are also used in transportation applications, such as automobiles,
trucks, buses, and other equipment. Fuel cells for portable applications, which are currently in
development, and can provide power for laptop computers and cell phones.
Fuel cells are cleaner and more efficient than traditional combustion-based engines and power plants;
therefore, less energy is needed to provide the same amount of power. Typically, stationary fuel cell
power plants are fueled with natural gas or other hydrogen rich fuel. Natural gas is widely available
throughout the northeast, is relatively inexpensive, and is primarily a domestic energy supply.
Consequently, natural gas shows the greatest potential to serve as a transitional fuel for the near future
hydrogen economy. 3
Stationary fuel cells use a fuel reformer to reform the natural gas to near pure
hydrogen for the fuel cell stack. Because hydrogen can be produced using a wide variety of resources
found here in the U.S., including natural gas, biomass material, and through electrolysis using electricity
produced from indigenous sources, energy provided from a fuel cell can be considered renewable and will
reduce dependence on imported fuel. 4,5
When pure hydrogen is used to power a fuel cell, the only by-
products are water and heat; no pollutants or greenhouse gases (GHG) are produced.
2
Key stakeholders are identified in Appendix III
3
EIA,”Commercial Sector Energy Price Estimates, 2009”,
http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum/html/sum_pr_com.html, August 2011
4
Electrolysis is the process of using an electric current to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
5
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/, August 2011

6
VERMONT
DRIVERS
The Northeast hydrogen and fuel cell industry, while still emerging, currently has an economic impact of
over $1 billion of total revenue and investment. Vermont benefits from secondary impacts of indirect and
induced employment and revenue.6
Furthermore, Vermont has a definitive and attractive economic
development opportunity to greatly increase its economic participation in the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry within the Northeast region and worldwide. An economic “SWOT” assessment for Vermont is
provided in Appendix VII.
Industries in the Northeast, including those in Vermont, are facing increased pressure to reduce costs, fuel
consumption, and emissions that may be contributing to climate change. Currently, Vermont’s businesses
pay $0.144 per kWh for electricity on average; this is the fifth highest cost of electricity in the U.S.7
Vermont’s relative proximity to major load centers, the high cost of electricity, concerns over regional air
quality, available federal tax incentives, and legislative mandates in Vermont and neighboring states have
resulted in increased interest in the development of efficient renewable energy. Incentives designed to
assist individuals and organizations in energy conservation and the development of renewable energy are
currently offered within the state. Appendix IV contains an outline of Vermont’s incentives and
renewable energy programs. Some specific factors that are driving the market for hydrogen and fuel cell
technology in Vermont include the following:
Net Metering – Net metering is generally available to systems up to 500 kW in capacity that
generate electricity using eligible renewable-energy resources, and to micro-combined heat and
power (CHP) systems up to 20 kW. Renewable energy facilities established on military property
for on-site military consumption may net meter for facilities up to 2.2 MWs - promotes stationary
power applications.8
Vermont's Sustainably Priced Energy Enterprise Development (SPEED) Program was created by
legislation in 2005 to promote renewable energy development. The SPEED program itself is not a
renewable portfolio goal or standard. The Program goal is to be at 20 percent Class I renewables
by 2017. - promotes stationary power applications.9
Vermont is one of the states in the ten-state region that is part of the Regional Greenhouse Gas
Initiative (RGGI); the nation’s first mandatory market-based program to reduce emissions of
carbon dioxide (CO2). RGGI's goals are to stabilize and cap emissions at 188 million tons
annually from 2009-2014 and to reduce CO2-emissions by 2.5 percent per year from 2015-2018.10
– promotes stationary power and transportation applications.
6
Vermont does not have any original equipment manufacturers (OEM) of hydrogen/fuel cell systems so it has no “direct”
economic impact.
7
EIA, Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, by State,
http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html
8
DSIRE, “Vermont – Net Metering,”
http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=VT02R&re=1&ee=1, August 2011
9
DSIRE, “Sustainably Priced Energy Enterprise Development (SPEED) Goals”,
http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=VT04R&re=1&ee=1, August, 2011
10
Seacoastonline.come, “RGGI: Quietly setting a standard”,
http://www.seacoastonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090920/NEWS/909200341/-1/NEWSMAP, September 20, 2009

7
VERMONT
ECONOMIC IMPACT
The hydrogen and fuel cell industry has direct, indirect, and induced impacts on local and regional
economies. 11
A new hydrogen and/or fuel cell project directly affects the area’s economy through the
purchase of goods and services, generation of land use revenue, taxes or payments in lieu of taxes, and
employment. Secondary effects include both indirect and induced economic effects resulting from the
circulation of the initial spending through the local economy, economic diversification, changes in
property values, and the use of indigenous resources.
Vermont is home to at least five companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry
supply chain in the Northeast region. Appendix V lists the hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain
companies in Vermont. Realizing over $2.5 million in revenue and investment from their participation in
this regional cluster in 2010, these companies include manufacturing, parts distributing, supplying of
industrial gas, engineering based research and development (R&D), coating applications, and managing
of venture capital funds. 12
Furthermore, the hydrogen and fuel cell industry is estimated to have
contributed approximately $142,000 in state and local tax revenue, and over $3.3 million in gross state
product. Table 1 shows Vermont’s impact in the Northeast region’s hydrogen and fuel cell industry as of
April 2011.
Table 1 - Vermont Economic Data 2011
Vermont Economic Data
Supply Chain Members 5
Indirect Rev ($M) 2.51
Indirect Jobs 9
Indirect Labor Income ($M) .622
Induced Revenue ($M) .832
Induced Jobs 7
Induced Labor Income ($M) .252
Total Revenue ($M) 3.3
Total Jobs 16
Total Labor Income ($M) .878
In addition, there are over 118,000 people employed across 3,500 companies within the Northeast
registered as part of the motor vehicle industry. Approximately 1,270 of these individuals and 70 of these
companies are located in Vermont. If newer/emerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain
momentum within the transportation sector, the estimated employment rate for the hydrogen and fuel cell
industry could grow significantly in the region.13
11
Indirect impacts are the estimated output (i.e., revenue), employment and labor income in other business (i.e., not-OEMs) that
are associated with the purchases made by hydrogen and fuel cell OEMs, as well as other companies in the sector’s supply chain.
Induced impacts are the estimated output, employment and labor income in other businesses (i.e., non-OEMs) that are associated
with the purchases by workers related to the hydrogen and fuel cell industry.
12
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search, http://neesc.org/resources/?type=1, August
8, 2011
13
NAICS Codes: Motor Vehicle – 33611, Motor Vehicle Parts – 3363

8
VERMONT
Residential
31%
Commercial
20%
Industrial
15%
Transportation
34%
POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS
In 2009, Vermont consumed the equivalent of 46.26 million megawatt-hours of energy amongst the
transportation, residential, industrial, and commercial sectors.14
Electricity consumption in Vermont was
approximately 5.5 million MWh, and is forecasted to grow at a rate of .6 annually over the next decade.
Figure 1 illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector in Vermont. A more detailed
breakout of energy use is provided in Appendix II.
This demand represents approximately four percent of the population in New England and five percent of
the region’s total electricity consumption. The State relies on both in-state resources and imports of
power over the region’s transmission system to serve electricity to customers. Net electrical demand in
Vermont was 627 MW in 2009 and is projected to increase by approximately 30 MW by 2015. The
state’s overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow at a rate of .6 percent (1.3 percent peak summer
demand growth) annually over the next decade. Demand for new electric capacity as well as a
replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected. With approximately 1,125
MW in total capacity of generation plants, Vermont represents four percent of the total capacity in New
England. 15
Figure 2 shows the primary energy sources for electricity consumed in Vermont for 2009.16
14
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), “State Energy Data System”,
“http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum/html/rank_use.html”, August 2011
15
ISO New England, “Vermont 2011 State Profile”, www.iso-ne.com/nwsiss/grid_mkts/key_facts/me_01-2011_profile.pdf,
January, 2011
16
EIA, “1990 - 20010 Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861)”,
http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sprdshts.html, January 4, 2011
Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector Figure 2 - Electric Power Generation by Primary
Energy Source
Petroleum
0.1%
Natural Gas
0.1%
Nuclear
72.2%
Hydroelectric
20.3%
Other
Renewables
7.3%

9
VERMONT
Fuel cell systems have many advantages over other conventional technologies, including:
High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (> 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels;
Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent;
Reduction of noise pollution;
Reduction of air pollution;
Enhancement of reliability (Hurricane Irene); Often do not require new transmission;
Siting is not controversial; and
If near point of use, waste heat can be captured and used. Combined heat and power (CHP)
systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate
heat and central station power systems.17
Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy, and can
nearly double energy efficiency at a customer site, typically from 35 to 50 percent. The value of CHP
includes reduced transmission and distribution costs, reduced fuel use and associated emissions.18
Based
on the targets identified within this plan, there is the potential to develop at least approximately 12 MWs
of stationary fuel cell generation capacity in Vermont, which would provide the following benefits,
annually:
Production of approximately 94,600 MWh of electricity
Production of approximately 254,800 MMBTUs of thermal energy
Reduction of CO2 emissions of approximately 17,000 tons (electric generation only)19
For the purpose of this plan, potential applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells that have
a capacity between 300 kW to 400 kW. However, smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific
applications. Facilities that have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the
fuel cells potentially provide the best opportunity for the application of a fuel cell. Facilities that may be
good candidates for the application of a fuel cell include commercial buildings with potentially high
electricity consumption, selected government buildings, public works facilities, and energy intensive
industries.
Commercial building types with high electricity consumption have been identified as potential locations
for on-site generation and CHP application based on data from the Energy Information Administration’s
(EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). These selected building types
making up the CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include:
Education
Food Sales
Food Services
Inpatient Healthcare
Lodging
Public Order & Safety20
17
FuelCell2000, “Fuel Cell Basics”, www.fuelcells.org/basics/apps.html, July, 2011
18
“Distributed Generation Market Potential: 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticut”, ISE, Joel M. Rinebold,
ECSU, March 15, 2004
19
Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lb/MWh: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); eGRID2010 Version
1.1 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates, Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England); FuelCell
Energy; DFC 300 Product sheet, http://www.fuelcellenergy.com/files/FCE%20300%20Product%20Sheet-lo-rez%20FINAL.pdf,
UTC Power, PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics, http://www.utcpower.com/products/purecell400

10
VERMONT
The commercial building types identified above represent top principal building activity classifications
that reported the highest value for electricity consumption on a per building basis and have a potentially
high load factor for the application of CHP. Appendix II further defines Vermont’s estimated electrical
consumption per each sector. As illustrated in Figure 3, these selected building types within the
commercial sector are estimated to account for approximately 15 percent of Vermont’s total electrical
consumption. Graphical representation of potential targets analyzed are depicted in Appendix I.
Figure 3 – Vermont Electrical Consumption per Sector
Education
There are approximately 124 non-public schools and 393 public schools (62 of which are considered high
schools) in Vermont.21,22
High schools operate for a longer period of time daily due to extracurricular
after school activities, such as clubs and athletics. Furthermore, two of these schools have swimming
pools, which may make these sites especially attractive because it would increase the utilization of both
the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell. There are also 33 colleges and universities in
Vermont. Colleges and universities have facilities for students, faculty, administration, and maintenance
crews that typically include dormitories, cafeterias, gyms, libraries, and athletic departments – some with
swimming pools. Of these 95 locations (62 high schools and 33 colleges), 21 are located in communities
serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 1: Education).
Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel
cell technology. Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High
School (CT), Liverpool High School (NY), Rochester Institute of Technology, Yale University,
University of Connecticut, and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and
Forestry.
20
As defined by CBECS, Public Order & Safety facilities are: buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public
safety. Although these sites are usually described as government facilities they are referred to as commercial buildings because
their similarities in energy usage with the other building sites making up the CBECS data.
21
EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html
22
Public schools are classified as magnets, charters, alternative schools and special facilities

11
VERMONT
Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
VT
(% of Region)
550
(3)
21
(1)
7
(1)
2.1
(1)
16,556
(1)
44,592
(1)
1,838
(1)
Food Sales
There are over 800 businesses in Vermont known to be engaged in the retail sale of food. Food sales
establishments are potentially good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and thermal
requirements for heating and refrigeration. Approximately 18 of these sites are considered larger food
sales businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site. 23
Of these 18 large food sales
businesses, eight are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 2: Food
Sales).24
The application of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at a small convenience store may not be
economically viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements; however, a smaller fuel
cell may be appropriate.
Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper, Supervalu, Wholefoods, and Stop and Shop have shown
interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York.25
Whole
Foods Market of Glastonbury, CT, has a 200 kW fuel cell that provides 50 percent of its power. In the
wake of Hurricane Irene the power supplied by the fuel cell was enough to keep the freezers and
refrigerators operating during the power outage, minimizing loss of product.26
Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
VT
(% of Region)
800
(2)
8
(1)
8
(1)
2.4
(1)
18,922
(1)
50,962
(1)
2,100
(1)
Food Service
There are over 1,000 businesses in Vermont that can be classified as food service establishments used for
the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption.27
Approximately one of these sites is
considered a larger restaurant business with approximately 130 or more employees at its site and is
located in a community serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 3: Food Services).28
The application
of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than 130 workers may not be economically
viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements; however, a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW)
may be appropriate to meet hot water and space heating requirements. A significant portion (18 percent)
23
On average, food sale facilities consume 43,000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. When compared to current
fuel cell technology (>300 kW), which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh,
calculations show food sales facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application
of a larger fuel cell.
24
25
Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA), “Fuel Cells for Supermarkets – Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and
Power Systems”, Benny Smith, www.cleanenergystates.org/assets/Uploads/BlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFB.pdf
26
Hartford Business.com; “Distributed generation kept lights on after Irene”, http://www.hartfordbusiness.com/news20290.html,
September 2011
27
28
On average, food service facilities consume 20,300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel cell
technology (>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations show
food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel
cell.

12
VERMONT
of the energy consumed in a commercial food service operation can be attributed to the domestic hot
water heating load.29
In other parts of the U.S., popular chains, such as McDonalds, are beginning to show
an interest in the smaller sized fuel cell units for the provision of electricity and thermal energy, including
domestic water heating at food service establishments.30
Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
VT
(% of Region)
1,000
(2)
1
(1)
1
(1)
0.3
(1)
2,365
(1)
6,370
(1)
263
(1)
Inpatient Healthcare
There are over 71 inpatient healthcare facilities in Vermont; 17 of which are classified as hospitals.31
Of
these 17 locations, two are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100 or more beds
onsite (Appendix I – Figure 4: Inpatient Healthcare). Hospitals represent an excellent opportunity for the
application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for lifesaving medical
devices and operate 24/7 with a relatively flat load curve. Furthermore, medical equipment, patient
rooms, sterilized/operating rooms, data centers, and kitchen areas within these facilities are often required
to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of electricity and thermal energy
from a fuel cell. Nationally, hospital energy costs have increased 56 percent from $3.89 per square foot
in 2003 to $6.07 per square foot for 2010, partially due to the increased cost of energy.32
Examples of
healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St. Francis, Stamford, and Waterbury
Hospitals in Connecticut, and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York.
Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
VT
(% of Region)
550
(3)
21
(1)
7
(1)
2.1
(1)
16,556
(1)
44,592
(1)
1,838
(1)
29
“Case Studies in Restaurant Water Heating”, Fisher, Donald, http://eec.ucdavis.edu/ACEEE/2008/data/papers/9_243.pdf, 2008
30
Sustainable business Oregon, “ClearEdge sustains brisk growth”,
http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2010/01/clearedge_sustains_brisk_growth.html, May 8, 2011
31
32
BetterBricks, “http://www.betterbricks.com/graphics/assets/documents/BB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCase.pdf”, Page 1,
August 2011

13
VERMONT
Office
Equipment, 4%
Ventilation, 4%
Refrigeration, 3%
Lighting, 11%
Cooling, 13%
Space Heating ,
33%
Water Heating ,
18%
Cooking, 5% Other, 9%
Lodging
There are over 451 establishments specializing in
travel/lodging accommodations that include hotels,
motels, or inns in Vermont. Approximately 24 of
these establishments have 150 or more rooms onsite,
and can be classified as “larger sized” lodging that
may have additional attributes, such as heated pools,
exercise facilities, and/or restaurants. 33
Of these 24
locations, three employ more than 94 workers and
are located in communities serviced by natural gas.
34
As shown in Figure 4, more than 60 percent of
total energy use at a typical lodging facility is due to
lighting, space heating, and water heating. 35
The
application of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at
hotel/resort facilities with less than 94 employees
may not be economically viable based on the
electrical demand and operational requirement;
however, a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be
appropriate. Popular hotel chains such as the Hilton
and Starwood Hotels have shown interest in
powering their establishments with fuel cells in New
Jersey and New York
Vermont also has 39 facilities identified as
convalescent homes, two of which have bed capacities greater than, or equal to 150 units, and are located
in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 5: Lodging).
Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
VT
(% of Region)
490
(6)
9
(1)
9
(1)
2.7
(1)
21,287
(1)
57,332
(1)
2,363
(1)
Public Order and Safety
There are approximately 91 facilities in Vermont that can be classified as public order and safety; these
include 33 fire stations, 39 police stations, and 12 state police stations, and seven prisons. 36,37
Approximately three of these locations are prisons and/or employ more than 210 workers and are located
in communities serviced by natural gas.38,39
These applications may represent favorable opportunities for
33
EPA, “CHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sector”, www.epa.gov/chp/documents/hotel_casino_analysis.pdf, December, 2005
34
On average lodging facilities consume 28,000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel cell technology
(>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations show lodging
facilities employing more than 94 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell.
35
National Grid, “Managing Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotels”,
www.nationalgridus.com/non_html/shared_energyeff_hotels.pdf, 2004
36
37
USACOPS – The Nations Law Enforcement Site, www.usacops.com/me/
38
CBECS,“Table C14”, http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set19/2003pdf/alltables.pdf,
November, 2011
39
On average public order and safety facilities consume 12,400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. When
compared to current fuel cell technology (>300 kW), which satisfies annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 –
Figure 4 - U.S. Lodging, Energy Consumption

14
VERMONT
the application of a larger fuel cell (>300 kW), which could provide heat and uninterrupted power. 40,41
The sites identified (Appendix I – Figure 6: Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide
increased reliability to mission critical facilities associated with public safety and emergency response
during grid outages. The application of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at public order and safety facilities
with less than 210 employees may not be economically viable based on the electrical demand and
operational requirement; however, a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate. Central Park Police
Station in New York City, New York is presently powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system.
Table 7 - Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
VT
(% of Region)
91
(3)
2
(1)
2
(1)
0.6
(1)
4,370
(1)
12,741
(1)
525
(1)
Energy Intensive Industries
As shown in Table 2, energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is
4.8 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a
fuel cell.42
In Vermont, there are approximately 91 of these industrial facilities that are involved in the
manufacture of aluminum, chemicals, forest products, glass, metal casting, petroleum, coal products or
steel and employ 25 or more employees.43
Of these 91 locations, 22 are located in communities serviced
by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 7: Energy Intensive Industries).
Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector44
NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)
325 Chemical manufacturing 2.49
322 Pulp and Paper 4.46
324110 Petroleum Refining 4.72
311 Food manufacturing 0.76
331111 Iron and steel 8.15
321 Wood Products 1.23
3313 Alumina and aluminum 3.58
327310 Cement 16.41
33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 0.21
3315 Metal casting 1.64
336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 2.05
3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 2.05
Companies such as Coca-Cola, Johnson & Johnson, and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut, New Jersey,
and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities.
3,504,000 kWh, calculations show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable
opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell.
40
2,628,000 / 12,400 = 211.94
41
CBECS,“Table C14”, http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set19/2003pdf/alltables.pdf,
November, 2011
42
EIA, “Electricity Generation Capability”, 1999 CBECS, www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/pba99/comparegener.html
43
Proprietary market data
44
EPA, “Energy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectors”, www.epa.gov/sectors/pdf/energy/ch2.pdf, March 2007

15
VERMONT
Table 9 - energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
VT
(% of Region)
91
(3)
2
(1)
2
(1)
0.6
(1)
4,370
(1)
12,741
(1)
525
(1)
Government Owned Buildings
Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 88 locations in Vermont; five of these
properties are actively owned, rather than leased, by the federal government and are located in
communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 8: Federal Government Operated Buildings).
There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Vermont. The application of fuel
cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at these sites
and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage of these
public buildings.
Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
VT
(% of Region)
88
(7)
5
(5)
5
(5)
1.5
(5)
11,826
(5)
31,851
(5)
1,313
(3)
Wireless Telecommunication Sites
Telecommunications companies rely on electricity to run call centers, cell phone towers, and other vital
equipment. In Vermont, there are at least 83 telecommunications and/or wireless company tower sites
(Appendix I – Figure 9: Telecommunication Sites). Any loss of power at these locations may result in a
loss of service to customers; thus, having reliable power is critical. Each individual site represents an
opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up
generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology. It is an industry standard to install units
capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power; this is typically accomplished with batteries or
conventional emergency generators.45
The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites
will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency
communications and homeland security. An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell
technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs, Connecticut.
Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
VT
(% of Region)
83
(2)
9
(2)
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs)
There are 29 WWTPs in Vermont that have design flows ranging from 1,500 gallons per day (GPD) to 20
million gallons per day (MGD); three of these facilities average between 3 – 20 MGD. WWTPs typically
operate 24/7 and may be able to utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats, oils, and
45
ReliOn, Hydrogen Fuel Cell: Wireless Applications”, www.relion-inc.com/pdf/ReliOn_AppsWireless_2010.pdf, May 4, 2011

16
VERMONT
grease.46
WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the United State.47
Digester gas produced at WWTP’s, which is usually 60 percent methane, can serve as a fuel substitute for
natural gas to power fuel cells. Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than
three MGD for an economy of scale to collect and use the methane.48
Most facilities currently represent a
lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their operations. 49,50
(Appendix I – Figure 10: Municipal Waste Sites)
A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers, New York, was the world’s first commercial fuel cell to run
on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant. The fuel cell generates about 1,600 MWh of
electricity a year, and reduces methane emissions released to the environment.51
A 200 kW fuel cell
power plant was also installed at the Water Pollution Control Authority’s WWTP in New Haven,
Connecticut, and produces 10 – 15 percent of the facility’s electricity, reducing energy costs by almost
$13,000 a year.52
Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plant Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
VT
(% of Region)
28
(5)
1
(6)
1
(6)
0.3
(6)
2,365
(6)
6,370
(6)
263
(3)
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
There are nine landfills in Vermont identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through
their LMOP program: five of which are operational and four of which are considered potential sites for
the production and recovery of methane gas. 53,54
The amount of methane emissions released by a given
site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has been
in place. Similar to WWTPs, methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel to
power a fuel cell system. In 2009, municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for producing
approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation. These locations could
produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I – Figure 10: Municipal
Waste Sites).
Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
VT
(% of Region)
9
(4)
1
(7)
1
(7)
0.3
(7)
2,365
(7)
6,370
(7)
263
(4)
46
“Beyond Zero Net Energy: Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Production”, Toffey, Bill,
September 2010, http://www.awra-pmas.memberlodge.org/Resources/Documents/Beyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010.pdf
47
EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, “Introduction”, July, 2006
48
EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, www.p2pays.org/energy/WastePlant.pdf, July, 2006
49
“GHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Management”, Beecher, Ned, November 20, 2009,
www.des.state.nh.us/organization/divisions/water/wmb/rivers/watershed_conference/documents/2009_fri_climate_2.pdf
50
EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, www.p2pays.org/energy/WastePlant.pdf, May 4, 2011
51
NYPA, “WHAT WE DO – Fuel Cells”, www.nypa.gov/services/fuelcells.htm, August 8, 2011
52
Conntact.com, “City to Install Fuel Cell”,
http://www.conntact.com/archive_index/archive_pages/4472_Business_New_Haven.html, August 15, 2003
53
Due to size, individual sites may have more than one potential, candidate, or operational project.
54
LMOP defines a candidate landfill as “one that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less, has at
least one million tons of waste, and does not have an operational or, under-construction project,”EPA, “Landfill
Methane Outreach Program”, www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-info/index.html, April 7, 2011

17
VERMONT
Airports
During peak air travel times in the U.S., there are approximately 50,000 airplanes in the sky each day.
Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic
controllers. Modern software, host computers, voice communication systems, and instituted full scale
glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts;
consequently, reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power
application. 55
There are approximately 52 airports in Vermont, including 12 that are open to the public and have
scheduled services. Of those 52 airports, two (Table 3) have 2,500 or more passengers enplaned each
year; one of these two facilities is located in communities serviced by natural gas. (See Appendix I –
Figure 11: Commercial Airports). An example of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to
provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany, New York.
Burlington International Airport (BTV) is considered the only “Joint-Use” airport in Vermont. Joint-Use
facilities are establishments where the military department authorizes use of the military runway for
public airport services. Army Aviation Support Facilities (AASF) located at this site are used by the
Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness, train and utilize military personnel, conduct flight
training and operations, and perform field level maintenance.
Table 14 – Vermont Top Airports' Enplanement Count
Airport56
Total Enplanement in 2000
Burlington International 446,363
Rutland State 4,010
On May 18, 2011 a power surge occurred, going through the terminal and out into the airfield where it
took out three runway lights in addition to two transformers powering the rest of the runway lights.
Flights were canceled at BTV that night as well as the preceding morning, resulting in frustrated customer
threatening to take their business elsewhere in the future.57
Burlington International Airport represents a favorable opportunity for the application of uninterruptible
power for necessary services associated with national defense and emergency response and is located in a
community serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports).
Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown
State
Total
Sites
Potential
Sites
FC Units
(300 Kw)
MWs
MWhrs
(per year)
Thermal Output
(MMBTU)
CO2 emissions
(ton per year)
VT
(% of Region)
57
(7)
1 (1)
(2)
1
(2)
0.3
(2)
2,365
(2)
6,370
(2)
263
(1)
55
Howstuffworks.com, “How Air Traffic Control Works”, Craig, Freudenrich,
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/air-traffic-control5.htm, May 4, 2011
56
Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “Vermont Transportation Profile”,
www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/vermont/pdf/entire.pdf, March 30, 2011
57
Wcax.com, “Power outage cancels BTV flights,” http://www.wcax.com/story/14677403/flights-canceled-after-btv-runway-
lights-fail, May 2011

18
VERMONT
Military
The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel
cell activities for military applications in the world. DOD is using fuel cells for:
Stationary units for power supply in bases.
Fuel cell units in transport applications.
Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers.
In a collaborative partnership with the DOE, the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup
power systems at eight of its military installations, two of which are located within the Northeast region
(New York and New Jersey).58
58
Fuel Cell Today, “US DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installations”,
http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/online/news/articles/2011-07/US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems, July 20, 2011

19
VERMONT
POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS
Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent
of the world’s oil production. In 2010, the U.S. used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each
day. Roughly 34 percent of Vermont’s energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation
sector, including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles, cars, trucks, and buses. A
small percent of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel.59
The current economy in the U.S. is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or
shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities, including
transportation. As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce, energy
prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced. Government and industry are now
investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels.
Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional
technology, including:
Quiet operation;
Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbon gases or particulates;
Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to
conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by
conventional methods such as natural gas; and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a
clean energy source;
Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported
energy and adds to energy security; and
Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4).60,61
Table 16 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge62
)
Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus
Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel
52 50 29.3 49.2 21.5 5.4 3.9
FCEVs can reduce price volatility, dependence on oil, improve environmental performance, and provide
greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies, as follows:
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately
10,170, 15,770, and 182,984 pounds per year, respectively.63
59
“US Oil Consumption to BP Spill”, http://applesfromoranges.com/2010/05/us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill/, May31, 2010
60
“Challenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehicles”, Masatami Takimoto, Executive Vice President,
Toyota Motor Corporation, January 26, 2006. Presentation at the 2nd
International Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Expo Technical
Conference Tokyo, Japan
61
“Twenty Hydrogen Myths”, Amory B. Lovins, Rocky Mountain Institute, June 20, 2003
62
Miles per Gallon Equivalent
63
Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan, Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc, January 1, 2008, Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12,500
miles for passenger car and 14,000 miles for light trucks (U.S. EPA) and 37,000 average miles/year per bus (U.S. DOT FTA,
2007)

20
VERMONT
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230
gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle), 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4,390
gallons of diesel (bus).
Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles, light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit
buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger
vehicle, $1,866 per light duty truck, and $17,560 per bus.64
Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, General Motors, Honda, Daimler AG, and Hyundai have
projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015. Longer term, the
U.S. DOE has projected that between 15.1 million and 23.9 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each
year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a
transition to a hydrogen economy. These estimates could be accelerated if political, economic, energy
security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels.65
Strategic targets for the application of hydrogen for transportation include alternative fueling stations;
Vermont Department of Transportation (VDOT) refueling stations; bus transits operations; government,
public, and privately owned fleets; and material handling and airport ground support equipment (GSE).
Graphical representation of potential targets analyzed are depicted in Appendix I.
Alternative Fueling Stations
There are approximately 620 retail fueling stations in Vermont;66
however, only 11 public and/or private
stations within the state provide alternative fuels, such as biodiesel, compressed natural gas, propane,
hydrogen, and/or electricity for alternative-fueled vehicles.67
There are also at least 60 refueling stations
owned and operated by VDOT that can be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles,
state transit vehicles, and employees of universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis. 68
Development of hydrogen fueling at alternative fuel stations and at selected locations owned and operated
by VDOT would help facilitate the deployment of FCEVs within the state. (See Appendix I – Figure 12:
Alternative Fueling Stations). Currently, there are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation
fueling stations in the Northeast region where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel.69,70,71
64
U.S. EIA, Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices: gasoline - $3.847 and diesel – 4.00,
www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_w.htm
65
Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States: Report to Congress,
http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/congress_reports.html, August 2011
66
“Public retail gasoline stations state year” www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/data/docs/gasoline_stations_state.xls, May 5, 2011
67
Alternative Fuels Data Center, www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/
68
EPA, “Government UST Noncompliance Report-2007”, www.epa.gov/oust/docs/VT%20Compliance%20Report.pdf, August
8,2007
69
Alternative Fuels Data Center, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/
70
Hyride, “About the fueling station”, http://www.hyride.org/html-about_hyride/About_Fueling.html
71
CTTransit, “Hartford Bus Facility Site Work (Phase 1)”,
www.cttransit.com/Procurements/Display.asp?ProcurementID={8752CA67-AB1F-4D88-BCEC-4B82AC8A2542}, March, 2011

21
VERMONT
Fleets
There are over 2,000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or
company owned vehicles in Vermont. 72
Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the amount
of mileage, and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions, compared to personal vehicles on a
per vehicle basis. There is an additional 750 passenger automobiles and/or light duty trucks in Vermont,
owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a combined 7,088,686 miles in
2010, while releasing 388 metrics tons of CO2. 73
Conversion of fleet vehicles from conventional fossil
fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and GHG emissions. Fleet vehicle
hubs may be good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to FCEVs because they mostly
operate on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a centralized station.
Bus Transit
There are approximately 42 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in
Vermont.74
As discussed above, replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with fuel cell transit bus
would result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183,000 pounds per year), and
reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4,390 gallons per year).75
Although the efficiency of
conventional diesel buses has increased, conventional diesel buses, which typically achieve fuel economy
performance levels of 3.9 miles per gallon, have the greatest potential for energy savings by using high
efficiency fuel cells. Other states such as California, Connecticut, South Carolina, and Maine have also
begun the transition of fueling transit buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency and
environmental performance.
Material Handling
Material handling equipment such as forklifts are used by a variety of industries, including
manufacturing, construction, mining, agriculture, food, retailers, and wholesale trade to move goods
within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site. Material handling equipment is usually
battery, propane or diesel powered. Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are heavy
and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time. Fuel cells can
ensure constant power delivery and performance, eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs
as batteries discharge. Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-
14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms, leaving more space for
products. In addition, fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20
minutes or more for each battery replacement (assuming one is available), which saves the operator
valuable time and increases warehouse productivity.
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages, compared to batteries,
such as:
1.5 times lower maintenance cost;
8 times lower refueling/recharging labor cost;
2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (O&M) system cost.
72
Fleet.com, “2009-My Registration”, http://www.automotive-
fleet.com/Statistics/StatsViewer.aspx?file=http%3a%2f%2fwww.automotive-fleet.com%2ffc_resources%2fstats%2fAFFB10-16-
top10-state.pdf&channel
73
U.S. General Services Administration, “GSA 2010 Fleet Reports”, Table 4-2, http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/230525, September
2011
74
NTD Date, “TS2.2 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by System”,
http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm, December 2011
75
Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan, Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc, January 1, 2008.

22
VERMONT
63 percent less emissions of GHG. Appendix X provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and
battery-powered material handling equipment.76
Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses, distribution
centers, and manufacturing plants in North America.77
Large corporations that are currently or planning
to utilize fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS, Coca-Cola, BMW, Central
Grocers, and Wal-Mart. (Refer to Appendix IX for a partial list of companies in North America that using
fuel cell powered forklifts)78
There are approximately four distribution center/warehouse sites that have
been identified in Vermont and may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling
equipment. (Appendix I – Figure 13: Distribution Centers/Warehouses)
Ground Support Equipment
Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks, deicers, and airport tugs can be battery
operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline. As an alternative, hydrogen-powered tugs are
being developed for both military and commercial applications. While their performance is similar to that
of other battery-powered equipment, a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is
hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered
GSEs.79
Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Vermont’s largest airports include Delta Airlines,
Continental, JetBlue, United, and US Airways (Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports).
80
77
DOE EERE, “Early Markets: Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipment”,
www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/pdfs/early_markets_forklifts.pdf, February 2011
78
Plug Power, “Plug Power Celebrates Successful year for Company’s Manufacturing and Sales Activity”,
www.plugpower.com, January 4, 2011
79
Battelle, “Identification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Markets”,
April 2007, www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/pemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407.pdf
80
BTV, “Airlines”, http://www.burlingtonintlairport.com/airlines/airlines.html, August, 2011

23
VERMONT
CONCLUSION
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability, energy
efficiency, and emission reductions. Large fuel cell units (>300 kW) may be appropriate for applications
that serve large electric and thermal loads. Smaller fuel cell units (< 300 kW) may provide back-up power
for telecommunication sites, restaurants/fast food outlets, and smaller sized public facilities at this time.
Table 17 –Summary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications
Category Total Sites Potential
Sites
Number of Fuel
Cells
< 300 kW
Number of
Fuel Cells
>300 kW
CBECSData
Education 550 2181
14 7
Food Sales 800+ 882
8
Food Services 1,000+ 183
1
Inpatient Healthcare 71 284
2
Lodging 490 985
9
Public Order & Safety 91 286
2
Energy Intensive Industries 91 287
2
Government Operated
Buildings
88 588
5
Wireless
Telecommunication
Towers
8389
990
9
WWTPs 28 191
1
Landfills 9 192
1
Airports (w/ AASF) 57(1) 1(1) 93
1
Total 3,301 62 23 39
As shown in Table 5, the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 62 potential
locations, which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power.
Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year, approximately 29 to 39 fuel cell
units, with a capacity of 300 – 400 kW, could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 12 to 16 MWs.
81
21 high schools and/or college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas
82
eight food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas
83
Ten percent of the 21 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas
84
One Hospital located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 100 or more beds onsite
85
Seven hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and two convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities
serviced by natural gas
86
Correctional facilities and/or other public order and safety facilities with 212 workers or more.
87
Ten percent of 22 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas
88
13 actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas
89
The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire,
satellite and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories
90
Ten percent of the 83 wireless telecommunication sites in Vermont targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment
91
Vermont WWTP with average flows of 3.0+ MGD
92
Ten percent of the Landfills targeted based on LMOP data
93
Airport facility with 2,500+ annual Enplanement Count and AASFs

24
VERMONT
If all suggested targets are satisfied by fuel cell(s) installations 300 kW units, a minimum of 94,608 MWh
electric and 254,811 MMBTUs (equivalent to 74,681 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced, which
could reduce CO2 emissions by approximately 17,313 tons per year.94
Vermont can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such as
passenger fleets, transit district fleets, municipal fleets and state department fleets. The application of
hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil, improve
environmental performance and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation
technologies.
• Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10,170 pounds, annual energy savings of 230
gallons of gasoline, and annual fuel cost savings of $885.
• Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty truck with FCEVs could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15,770 pounds, annual energy savings
of 485 gallons of gasoline, and annual fuel cost savings of $1866.
• Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2
emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182,984 pounds, annual energy savings of 4,390
gallons of fuel, and annual fuel cost savings of $17,560.
Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation and/or
economic development. Realizing over $2.5 million in revenue and investment in 2010, the hydrogen and
fuel cell industry in Vermont is estimated to have contributed approximately $142,000 in state and local
tax revenue, and over $3.3 million in gross state product. Currently, there are at least five Vermont
companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast
region. If newer/emerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain momentum, the number of
companies and employment for the industry could grow substantially.
94
If all suggested targets are satisfied by fuel cell(s) installations with 400 kW units, a minimum of 133,152 MWh electric and
624,483 MMBTUs (equivalent to 624,483 MWh) of thermal energy would be produced, which could reduce CO2 emissions by
at least 24,367 tons per year

25
VERMONT
APPENDICES

26
VERMONT
Appendix I – Figure 1: Education

27
VERMONT
Appendix I – Figure 2: Food Sales

28
VERMONT
Appendix I – Figure 3: Food Services

29
VERMONT
Appendix I – Figure 4: Inpatient Healthcare

30
VERMONT
Appendix I – Figure 5: Lodging

31
VERMONT
Appendix I – Figure 6: Public Order and Safety

32
VERMONT
Appendix I – Figure 7: Energy Intensive Industries

33
VERMONT
Appendix I – Figure 8: Federal Government Operated Buildings

34
VERMONT
Appendix I – Figure 9: Telecommunication Sites

35
VERMONT
Appendix I – Figure 10: Solid and Liquid Waste Sites

36
VERMONT
Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports

37
VERMONT
Appendix I – Figure 12: Alternative Fueling Stations

38
VERMONT
Appendix I – Figure 13: Distribution Centers & Warehouses

39
VERMONT
Appendix II – Vermont Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector
Category Total Site
Electric Consumption per Building
(1000 kWh)95
kWh Consumed per Sector
New England
Education 550 161.844 89,014,200
Food Sales 800 319.821 255,856,800
Food Services 1,00 128 128,190,000
Inpatient Healthcare 71 6,038.63 428,742,820
Lodging 490 213.12 104,427,820
Public Order & Safety 152 77.855 11,833,960
Total 3,063 1,018,065,155
Residential96
2,188,000,000
Industrial 1,643,000,000
Commercial 2,050,000,000
Other Commercial 1,031,934,845
95
EIA, Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003
96
DOE EERE, “Electric Power and Renewable Energy in Maine”, http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/states/electricity.cfm/state=ME,
August 25, 2011

40
VERMONT
Appendix III – Key Stakeholders
Organization City/Town State Website
Clean Energy States
Alliance
Montpelier
VT
http://www.cleanenergystates.org/
University of Vermont
(Clean Cities)
Burlington
VT
http://www.uvm.edu/~transctr/?Page=cleancty/default.php
Renewable Energy
Vermont
Montpelier
VT
http://www.revermont.org/main/
Department of Building and
General Services
Montpelier
VT
http://bgs.vermont.gov/
Vermont Department of
Public Service CEDF
Montpelier
VT
http://publicservice.vermont.gov/
Vermont center for
Emerging Technologies
Burlington
VT
http://www.vermonttechnologies.com/
Vermont Public
Transportation Association
Middlebury
VT
http://www.vpta.net/
Go Vermont Montpelier
VT http://www.connectingcommuters.org/
Utility Companies
Vermont Gas Systems http://www.vermontgas.com/
Vermont Electric Co-op http://www.vermontelectric.coop/
Green Mountain Power http://greenmountainpower.com/
Burlington Electric Co. https://www.burlingtonelectric.com/page.php?pid=1
Central Vermont Public Service Corp. http://www.cvps.com/

Appendix IV – Vermont Hydrogen/Fuel Cell Based Incentives and Programs
Funding Source: Renewable Energy Vermont
Program Title: Local Option – Property Tax Exemption
Applicable Energies/Technologies: Solar Water Heat, Solar Space Heat, Solar Thermal
Electric, Photovoltaic, Landfill Gas, Wind, Biomass, Hydroelectric, CHP/Cogeneration,
Anaerobic Digestion, Small Hydroelectric, Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels
Summary: Vermont allows municipalities the option of offering an exemption from the municipal
real and personal property taxes for certain renewable energy systems (Note: state property taxes
would still apply)
Restrictions:
All component parts thereof including land upon which the facility is located, not to exceed one-half
acre
Timing: Current
Maximum Size:
Unspecified
Requirements:
Adoption of this exemption varies by municipality, but the exemption generally applies to the total
value of the qualifying renewable energy system and can be applied to residential, commercial, and
industrial real and personal property.
http://www.revermont.org/main/vermont-solar-consumer-guide/incentive-types/
Rebate amount: ►Varies
For further information, please visit:
Source:
Vermont Public Utilities Commission “Incentive Types”, August, 2011
DSIRE “Local Option – Property Tax Exemption”; August, 2011

42
Funding Source: Renewable Energy Vermont
Program Title: Renewable Energy Systems Sales Tax Exemption
Applicable Energies/Technologies: Solar Water Heat, Solar Thermal Electric, Photovoltaic,
Landfill Gas, Wind, Biomass, CHP/Cogeneration, Anaerobic Digestion, Fuel Cells using
Renewable Fuels
Summary: Vermont's sales tax exemption for renewable-energy systems, originally enacted as part
of the Miscellaneous Tax Reduction Act of 1999 (H. 0548), initially applied only to net-metered
systems. The exemption now generally applies to systems up to 250 kilowatts (kW) in capacity that
generate electricity using eligible "renewable energy" resources
Restrictions: Must fall under the definition of “renewable energy” as defined under 30 V.S.A. §
8002 as "energy produced using a technology that relies on a resource that is being consumed at a
harvest rate at or below its natural regeneration rate." Biogas from sewage-treatment plants and
landfills, and anaerobic digestion of agricultural products, byproducts and wastes are explicitly
included.
Timing: Current
Maximum Size:
250 kWs
Requirements:
Rebate amount:
► 100% of sales tax for purchase
For further information, please visit:
Source:
Vermont Public Utilities Commission “Incentive Types”, August, 2011
DSIRE “renewable Energy Systems Sales Tax Incentive”; August, 2011

43
Appendix V – Partial List of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Vermont
97
Organization Name Product or Service Category
1 K & E Plastics Plastic fabrication
2 Concepts NREC Engineering/Design Services
3 Dynapower Equipment
4 L.N. Consulting Inc. FC/H2 System Distr./Install/Maint. Services
5
Downs Rachlin Martin
PLLC
Consulting/Legal/Financial Services
97
Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search, http://neesc.org/resources/?type=1, August 11, 2011

44
Appendix VI – Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies98
Fuel Cell
Type
Common
Electrolyte
Operating
Temperature
Typical
Stack
Size
Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages
Polymer
Electrolyte
Membrane
(PEM)
Perfluoro sulfonic
acid
50-100°C
122-212°
typically
80°C
< 1 kW –
1 MW99
>
kW 60%
transportation
35%
stationary
• Backup power
• Portable power
• Distributed generation
• Transportation
• Specialty vehicle
• Solid electrolyte reduces
corrosion & electrolyte
management problems
• Low temperature
• Quick start-up
• Expensive catalysts
• Sensitive to fuel
impurities
• Low temperature waste
heat
Alkaline
(AFC)
Aqueous solution
of potassium
hydroxide soaked
in a matrix
90-100°C
194-212°F
10 – 100
kW
60%
• Military
• Space
• Cathode reaction faster
in alkaline electrolyte,
leads to high performance
• Low cost components
• Sensitive to CO2
in fuel and air
• Electrolyte
management
Phosphoric
Acid
(PAFC)
Phosphoric acid
soaked in a matrix
150-200°C
302-392°F
400 kW
100 kW
module
40% • Distributed generation
• Higher temperature enables
CHP
• Increased tolerance to fuel
impurities
• Pt catalyst
• Long start up time
• Low current and power
Molten
Carbonate
(MCFC)
Solution of lithium,
sodium and/or
potassium
carbonates, soaked
in a matrix
600-700°C
1112-1292°F
300
k W- 3 M
W
300 kW
module
45 – 50%
• Electric utility
• High efficiency
• Fuel flexibility
• Can use a variety of catalysts
• Suitable for CHP
• High temperature
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
• Long start up time
• Low power density
Solid Oxide
(SOFC)
Yttria stabilized
zirconia
700-1000°C
1202-1832°F
1 kW – 2
MW
60%
• Auxiliary power
• Electric utility
• High efficiency
• Fuel flexibility
• Can use a variety of catalysts
• Solid electrolyte
• Suitable f o r CHP & CHHP
• Hybrid/GT cycle
corrosion and breakdown
of cell components
operation requires long
start up
time and limits
Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row. Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160o
C to 180o
C. It solves
virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM. It is not sensitive to impurities. It has usable heat. Stack efficiencies of 52% on the high side are realized. HTPEM is not a
PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one.
98
U.S. department of Energy, Fuel Cells Technology Program, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/pdfs/fc_comparison_chart.pdf, August 5, 2011
99
Ballard, “CLEARgen Multi-MY Systems”, http://www.ballard.com/fuel-cell-products/cleargen-multi-mw-systems.aspx, November, 2011

45
Appendix VII –Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats for Vermont
Strengths
Stationary Power – Strong market drivers (elect cost,
environmental factors, critical power)
Transportation Power - Strong market drivers (appeal to market,
environmental factors, high gasoline prices, long commuting
distance, lack of public transportation options)
Weaknesses
Stationary Power – No fuel cell technology/industrial base at the
OEM level, fuel cells only considered statutorily “renewable” if
powered by renewable fuel, lack of
installations/familiarity/comfort level with technology
Transportation Power – No technology/industrial base at the OEM
level
Economic Development Factors – limited state incentives
Opportunities
Stationary Power – More opportunity as a “early adopter market”,
some supply chain buildup opportunities such as supermarkets
and larger hotel chains around the deployment
Transportation Power – Same as stationary power.
Economic Development Factors – Once the region determines its
focus within the hydrogen/fuel cell space, a modest amount of
state support is likely to show reasonable results, then replicate in
the next targeted sector(s).
Implementation of RPS/modification of RPS to include fuel cells
in preferred resource tier (for stationary power); or modification of
RE definition to include FCs powered by natural gas and allowed
resource for net metering.
Strong regional emphasis on efficiency, FCs could play a role
Infrastructure exists in many location to capture methane from
landfills – more knowledge of options to substitute FCs for
generators could prove fruitful
Threats
Stationary Power – The region’s favorable market characteristics
and needs will be met by other distributed and “truly” generation
technologies, such as solar, wind, geothermal
Transportation Power – The region’s favorable market
characteristics and needs will be met by electric vehicles,
particularly in the absence of a hydrogen infrastructure or,
alternatively, customers remaining with efficient gas-powered
vehicles that can handle our unique clime/terrain/commuting
distance need
Economic Development Factors – competition from other
states/regions
If states provide incentives, smaller & less-consistent clean energy
funds may not provide market the support & assurance it needs

46
Appendix VIII – Partial Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region
Manufacturer Site Name Site Location
Year
Installed
Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008
Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005
FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel & Towers Manhattan NY 2004
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003
FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003
UTC Power Cabela's Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009
UTC Power St. Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003
UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008
UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001
UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010
UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002
UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002
UTC Power CTTransit: Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007
UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009
UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008
UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000
UTC Power Hunt's Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005
UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010
UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007
UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010
UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005
UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009
UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000
UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007
UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999
UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993
UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010
UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997
UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011
UTC Power Johnson & Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003
UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT
2007 -
Present

47
Appendix IX – Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America100
Company City/Town State Site
Year
Deployed
Fuel Cell
Manufacturer
# of
forklifts
Coca-Cola
San Leandro CA
Bottling and
distribution center
2011 Plug Power 37
Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40
EARP
Distribution
Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011 Oorja Protonics 24
Golden State
Foods
Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011 Oorja Protonics 20
Kroger Co. Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161
Sysco
Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80
Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160
Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42
San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113
Front Royal VA
Redistribution
facility
2011 Plug Power 100
Baldor Specialty
Foods
Bronx NY Facility
Planned
in 2012
Oorja Protonics 50
BMW
Manufacturing
Co.
Spartanburg SC Manufacturing plant 2010 Plug Power 86
Defense
Logistics
Agency, U.S.
Department of
Defense
San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20
Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19
Warner
Robins
GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20
Susquehanna PA Distribution depot
2010 Plug Power 15
2009 Nuvera 40
Martin-Brower Stockton CA
Food distribution
center
2010 Oorja Protonics 15
United Natural
Foods Inc.
(UNFI)
Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65
Wal-Mart
Balzac
Al,
Canada
Refrigerated
distribution center
2010 Plug Power 80
Washington
Court House
OH
Food distribution
center
2007 Plug Power 55
Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136
Whole Foods
Market
Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61
100
FuelCell2000, “Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America”, http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/forklifts.pdf, November, 2011

48
Appendix X – Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling Equipment
3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered
Pallet Trucks
3 kW Battery-powered
(2 batteries per truck)
Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use
(total energy consumed/kWh
delivered to the wheels)
-12,000 Btu/kWh 14,000 Btu/kWh
Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions
(in g CO2 equivalent 820 g/kWh 1200 g/kWh
Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years
No Emissions at Point of Use  
Quiet Operation  
Wide Ambient Operating
Temperature range
 
Constant Power Available
over Shift

Routine Maintenance Costs
($/YR)
$1,250 - $1,500/year $2,000/year
Time for Refueling/Changing
Batteries 4 – 8 min./day
45-60 min/day (for battery change-outs)
8 hours (for battery recharging & cooling)
Cost of Fuel/Electricity $6,000/year $1,300/year
Labor Cost of
refueling/Recharging
$1,100/year $8,750/year
Net Present Value of Capital
Cost
$12,600
($18,000 w/o incentive)
$14,000
Net Present Value of O&M
costs (including fuel)
$52,000 $128,000

Vt h2 dev_plan_041012

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Ähnlich wie Vt h2 dev_plan_041012

Ähnlich wie Vt h2 dev_plan_041012 (20)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Vt h2 dev_plan_041012