EMOTIONS.pptx

EMOTIONS
Owondo Thomas
Bwindi Community Hospital
© 2017 Thomas Owondo. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCTION
• When we are feeling something, we don't really stop to
define that emotion or think about the exact emotion that
we are experiencing.
• We just feel and go through it; may it be sadness, anger
or happiness.
• As human beings, we experience a plethora of feelings
and emotions in our lifetime that range over several forms
and types.
© 2017 Thomas Owondo. All rights reserved. 2

DEFINITION
• The word 'emotion' encompasses a broad range of
feelings, behavior and changes in the body and mind.
• In psychology, emotion is often defined as a complex
state of feeling that results in physical and psychological
changes that influence thought and behavior.
• Emotionality is associated with a range of psychological
phenomena, including temperament, personality, mood,
and motivation.

WHAT AND WHY OF EMOTIONS
• A subjective sensation experienced as a type of psycho-
physiological arousal
• Result from the interaction of
perception of environmental stimuli
neural & hormonal responses to perceptions (feelings)
a cognitive appraisal of the situation arousing the state
an outward expression of the state

THE VALUE OF EMOTION
Emotions
 determine personal viability
 prepare us for action
 shape our behavior (emotions are reinforcing)
 regulate social interaction
 facilitate communication nonverbally
 facilitate adult-child relations and thus development
 make life worth living by adding value to experience
 allow us to respond flexibly to our environment (approaching good,
avoiding bad)

THE VALUE OF EMOTION
Emotions
 largely a conscious phenomena
 involve more bodily manifestations than other conscious states
 vary along a number of dimensions: intensity, type, origin, arousal,
value, self-regulation, etc.
 are reputed to be “antagonists of rationality.”
 have a central place in moral education and moral life through
conscience, empathy, and many specific moral emotions such as
shame, guilt, and remorse; inextrictably linked to moral virtues

TYPES OF EMOTION
• When we are feeling something, we don't really stop to
define that emotion or think about the exact emotion that
we are experiencing.
• We just feel and go through it; may it be sadness, anger
or happiness. As human beings, we experience a plethora
of feelings and emotions in our lifetime that range over
several forms and types.
• The word 'emotion' encompasses a broad range of
feelings, behavior and changes in the body and mind as
mentioned earlier.© 2017 Thomas Owondo. All rights reserved. 7

TYPES OF EMOTION
• There are many different types of emotions that have an
influence on how we live and interact with others. At
times, it may seem like we are ruled by these emotions.
The choices we make, the actions we take, and the
perceptions we have are all influenced by the emotions
we are experiencing at any given moment.
• Psychologists have also tried to identify the different types
of emotions that people experience. A few different
theories have emerged to categorize and explain the
emotions that people feel.

TYPES OF EMOTION
• Basic Emotions: During the 1970s, psychologist Paul
Eckman identified six basic emotions that he suggested
were universally experienced in all human cultures.
• The emotions he identified were happiness, sadness,
disgust, fear, surprise, and anger.
• He later expanded his list of basic emotions to include
such things as pride, shame, embarrassment, and
excitement.

TYPES OF EMOTION
• Combining Emotions: Psychologist Robert Plutchik put forth
a "wheel of emotions" that worked something like the color
wheel.
• Emotions can be combined to form different feelings, much
like colors can be mixed to create other shades.
• According to this theory, the more basic emotions act
something like building blocks.
• More complex, sometimes mixed emotions, are blendings of
these more basic ones. For example, basic emotions such as
joy and trust can be combined to create love.

TYPES OF EMOTION
 Happiness.
• Of all the different types of emotions, happiness tends to be the one that
people strive for the most.
• Happiness is often defined as a pleasant emotional state that is
characterized by feelings of contentment, joy, gratification, satisfaction, and
well-being.
• This type of emotion is sometimes expressed through:
o Facial expressions such as smiling
o Body language such as a relaxed stance
o An upbeat, pleasant tone of voice

TYPES OF EMOTION
• While happiness is considered one of the basic human
emotions, the things we think will create happiness tend
to be heavily influenced by culture. For example,
Jopadhola culture influences tend to emphasize that
attaining certain things such as buying a car or having a
high-paying job will result in happiness.
• The realities of what actually contributes to happiness are
often much more complex and more highly individualized.

TYPES OF EMOTION
 Sadness
• Sadness is another type of emotion often defined as a
transient emotional state characterized by feelings of
disappointment, grief, hopelessness, disinterest, and
dampened mood.
• Like other emotions, sadness is something that all people
experience from time to time. In some cases, people can
experience prolonged and severe periods of sadness that
can turn into depression.

TYPES OF EMOTION
• Sadness can be expressed in a number of ways
including:
o Dampened mood
o Quietness
o Lethargy
o Withdrawal from others
o Crying
• The type and severity of sadness can vary depending
upon the root cause, and how people cope with such
feelings can also differ.

TYPES OF EMOTION
 Fear
• Fear is the emotional response to an immediate threat.
• It is a powerful emotion that can also play an important role in
survival. When you face some sort of danger and experience fear,
you go through what is known as the fight or flight response.
• Your muscles become tense, your heart rate and respiration
increase, and your mind becomes more alert, priming your body to
either run from the danger or stand and fight. This response helps
ensure that you are prepared to effectively deal with threats in your
environment.

TYPES OF EMOTION
• Expressions of this type of emotion can include:
o Facial expressions such as widening the eyes and pulling back
the chin.
o Attempts to hide or flea from the threat.
o Physiological reactions such as rapid breathing and heartbeat.
• Of course, not everyone experiences fear in the same
way. Some people may be more sensitive to fear and
certain situations or objects may be more likely to trigger
this emotion.

TYPES OF EMOTION
 Disgust
• Disgust is another of the original six basic emotions
described by Eckman.
• Disgust can be displayed in a number of ways including:
o Turning away from the object of disgust
o Physical reactions such as vomiting or retching
o Facial expressions such as wrinkling the nose and curling the
upper lip

TYPES OF EMOTION
• This sense of revulsion can originate from a number of things,
including an unpleasant taste, sight, or smell. Researchers
believe that this emotion evolved as a reaction to foods that might
be harmful or fatal. When people smell or taste foods that have
gone bad, for example, disgust is a typical reaction.
• Poor hygiene, infection, blood, rot, and death can also trigger a
disgust response. This may be the body's way of avoiding things
that may carry transmittable diseases. People can also
experience moral disgust when they observe others engaging in
behaviors that they find distasteful, immoral, or evil.

TYPES OF EMOTION
 Anger
• Anger can be a particularly powerful emotion characterized by feelings of
hostility, agitation, frustration, and antagonism towards others. Like fear,
anger can play a part in your body's fight or flight response. When a threat
generates feelings of anger, you may be inclined to fend off the danger
and protect yourself.
• Anger is often displayed through:
o Facial expressions such as frowning or glaring
o Body language such as taking a strong stance or turning away from someone
o Tone of voice such as speaking gruffly or yelling
o Physiological responses such as sweating or turning red
o Aggressive behaviors such as hitting, kicking, or throwing objects

TYPES OF EMOTION
• While anger is often thought of as a negative emotion, it
can sometimes be a good thing. It can be constructive in
helping clarify your needs in a relationship, and it can also
motivate you to take action and find solutions to things
that are bothering you.
• Anger can become a problem, however, when it is
excessive or expressed in ways that are unhealthy,
dangerous, or harmful to others. Uncontrolled anger can
quickly turn to aggression, abuse, or violence.

TYPES OF EMOTION
 Surprise
• Surprise is another one of the six basic types of human
emotions originally described by Eckman.
• Surprise is usually quite brief and is characterized by a
physiological startle response following something
unexpected.
• This type of emotion can be positive, negative, or neutral. An
unpleasant surprise, for example, might involve someone
jumping out from behind a tree and scaring you as you walk
to your car at night. An example of a pleasant surprise would
be arriving home to find that your closest friends have
gathered to celebrate your birthday.

TYPES OF EMOTION
• Surprise is often characterized by:
o Facial expressions such as raising the brows, widening the
eyes, and opening the mouth
o Physical responses such as jumping back
o Verbal reactions such as yelling, screaming, or gasping
• Surprise is another type of emotion that can trigger the
fight or flight response. When startled, people may
experience a burst of adrenaline that helps prepare the
body to either fight or flee.

TYPES OF EMOTION
Other Types of Emotions
• The six basic emotions described by Eckman are just a
portion of the many different types of emotions that
people are capable of experiencing.
• Eckman's theory suggests that these core emotions are
universal throughout cultures all over the world. However,
other theories and new research continue to explore the
many different types of emotions and how they are
classified.

TYPES OF EMOTION
• Eckman later added a number of other emotions to his list
but suggested that unlike his original six emotions, not all
of these could necessarily be encoded through facial
expressions. Some of the emotions he later identified
included:
 Amusement, Embarrassment, Contentment, Pride in
achievement, Excitement, Guilt, Contempt, Relief, Satisfaction
and Shame among others.

TYPES OF EMOTION
• As with many concepts in psychology, not all theorists agree on
how to classify emotions or what the basic emotions actually are.
While Eckman's theory is one of the best known, other theorists
have proposed their own ideas about what emotions make up the
core of the human experience.
• For example, some researchers have suggested that there are
only two or three basic emotions. Others have suggested that
emotions exist in something of a hierarchy. Primary emotions
such as love, joy, surprise, anger, and sadness can then be
further broken down into secondary emotions. Love, for example,
consists of secondary emotions such as affection and longing.

TYPES OF EMOTION
• These secondary emotions might then be broken down
still further into what are known as tertiary emotions. The
secondary emotion of affection includes tertiary emotions
such as liking, caring, compassion, and tenderness.

THEORIES OF EMOTION
• The major theories of motivation can be grouped into three main
categories: physiological, neurological, and cognitive.
 Physiological theories suggest that responses within the body are
responsible for emotions.
 Neurological theories propose that activity within the brain leads to
emotional responses.
 Finally, cognitive theories argue that thoughts and other mental activity
play an essential role in forming emotions.
• Theories of emotion include; Evolutionary Theory of Emotion, The James-
Lange Theory of Emotion, The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion,
Schachter-Singer Theory, Cognitive Appraisal Theory, Facial-Feedback
Theory of Emotion. © 2017 Thomas Owondo. All rights reserved. 27

THEORIES OF EMOTION
• Evolutionary Theory of Emotion
o It was naturalist Charles Darwin who proposed that emotions evolved because
they were adaptive and allowed humans and animals to survive and reproduce.
o Feelings of love and affection lead people to seek mates and reproduce.
Feelings of fear compel people to either fight or flee the source of danger.
o According to the evolutionary theory of emotion, our emotions exist because they
serve an adaptive role. Emotions motivate people to respond quickly to stimuli in
the environment, which helps improve the chances of success and survival.
o Understanding the emotions of other people and animals also plays a crucial role
in safety and survival. If you encounter a hissing, spitting, and clawing animal,
chances are you will quickly realize that the animal is frightened or defensive and
leave it alone. By being able to interpret correctly the emotional displays of other
people and animals, you can respond correctly and avoid danger.

THEORIES OF EMOTION
• The James-Lange Theory of Emotion
o The James-Lange theory is one of the best-known examples of a physiological
theory of emotion. Independently proposed by psychologist William James and
physiologist Carl Lange, the James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that
emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events.
o This theory suggests that when you see an external stimulus that leads to a
physiological reaction. Your emotional reaction is dependent upon how you
interpret those physical reactions. For example, suppose you are walking in the
forest and you see a snake. You begin to tremble, and your heart begins to race.
o The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions
and conclude that you are frightened ("I am trembling. Therefore, I am afraid").
According to this theory of emotion, you are not trembling because you are
frightened. Instead, you feel frightened because you are trembling.

THEORIES OF EMOTION
• The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
o Another well-known physiological theory is the Cannon-Bard theory of
emotion. Walter Cannon disagreed with the James-Lange theory of emotion
on several different grounds. First, he suggested, people can experience
physiological reactions linked to emotions without actually feeling those
emotions. For example, your heart might race because you have been
exercising and not because you are afraid.
o Cannon also suggested that emotional responses occur much too quickly for
them to be simply products of physical states. When you encounter a danger
in the environment, you will often feel afraid before you start to experience
the physical symptoms associated with fear such as shaking hands, rapid
breathing, and a racing heart.

THEORIES OF EMOTION
o Cannon first proposed his theory in the 1920s and his work was
later expanded on by physiologist Philip Bard during the 1930s.
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we feel
emotions and experience physiological reactions such as
sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously.
o More specifically, it is suggested that emotions result when the
thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus,
resulting in a physiological reaction. At the same time, the brain
also receives signals triggering the emotional experience. Cannon
and Bard’s theory suggests that the physical and psychological
experience of emotion happen at the same time and that one
does not cause the other.

THEORIES OF EMOTION
• Schachter-Singer Theory
o Also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, the Schachter-Singer
Theory is an example of a cognitive theory of emotion. This theory
suggests that the physiological arousal occurs first, and then the
individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and
label it as an emotion. A stimulus leads to a physiological response that
is then cognitively interpreted and labeled which results in an emotion.
o Schachter and Singer’s theory draws on both the James-Lange theory
and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. Like the James-Lange theory,
the Schachter-Singer theory proposes that people do infer emotions
based on physiological responses. The critical factor is the situation
and the cognitive interpretation that people use to label that emotion.

THEORIES OF EMOTION
o Like the Cannon-Bard theory, the Schachter-Singer
theory also suggests that similar physiological responses
can produce varying emotions. For example, if you
experience a racing heart and sweating palms during an
important math exam, you will probably identify the
emotion as anxiety. If you experience the same physical
responses on a date with your significant other, you might
interpret those responses as love, affection, or arousal.

THEORIES OF EMOTION
• Cognitive Appraisal Theory
• According to appraisal theories of emotion, thinking must occur
first before experiencing emotion. Richard Lazarus was a pioneer
in this area of emotion, and this theory is often referred to as the
Lazarus theory of emotion.
• According to this theory, the sequence of events first involves a
stimulus, followed by thought which then leads to the
simultaneous experience of a physiological response and the
emotion. For example, if you encounter a bear in the woods, you
might immediately begin to think that you are in great danger. This
then leads to the emotional experience of fear and the physical
reactions associated with the fight-or-flight response.

THEORIES OF EMOTION
• Facial-Feedback Theory of Emotion
o The facial-feedback theory of emotions suggests that facial
expressions are connected to experiencing emotions. Charles
Darwin and William James both noted early on that sometimes
physiological responses often had a direct impact on emotion,
rather than simply being a consequence of the emotion.
o Supporters of this theory suggest that emotions are directly tied to
changes in facial muscles. For example, people who are forced to
smile pleasantly at a social function will have a better time at the
event than they would if they had frowned or carried a more
neutral facial expression.

THEORIES OF EMOTION

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