3. Oleochemicals are chemicals derived
from oil or fat through the process of
splitting triglycerides (triacylglycerol)
into their fatty acid derivatives and
glycerol.
The process can be carried out
chemically or enzymatically.
5. After being ground
into Crude Palm Oil
and Palm Kernel Oil,
these oils are broken
down into Glycerin and
Fatty Acids.
The parallel process is
Trans-esterification to
produce Fatty
Alcohols.
6. Transesterification
Methyl ester is produced by transesterification of oil or fat with
alcohol. Sodium hydroxide and Potassium hydroxide are
commonly used catalysts. This process aims to convert
triglycerides into fatty acid methyl esters.
7. The transesterification method basically consists of 4 stages:
Mixing alkaline catalyst
with alcohol at a catalyst
concentration between 0.5
- 1 wt% and 10 - 20 wt%
methanol by mass of oil.
Alcohol with oil is mixed at
a temperature of 55°C
which is then added with a
catalyst where the stirring
speed is constant.
After the reaction stops,
the mixture is allowed to
stand until there is a
separation between the
methyl ester and glycerol.
The methyl ester produced
is washed using warm
water to separate
impurities then drying to
evaporate the water
01 02
03 04
8. The process of ester formation is
followed by transesterification of the
product in the first step above using
an alkaline catalyst. In this process, 1
wt% sodium hydroxide and 10%
methanol are used. The two
esterification processes above were
carried out at a temperature of 55°C.
Estherification
10. Cracking is the process of
breaking a high molecular weight
hydrocarbon compound into a
lower molecular weight compound
by breaking the carbon chain
bonds (C–C).
o
11. Types
Catalytic Cracking
Thermal Cracking
An oil refining process that
converts non-gasoline
hydrocarbons, which have high
boiling point gasoline, into
gasoline components that have
low boiling points.
A process of breaking down
hydrocarbon chains from long
chain compounds into
hydrocarbons with smaller
chains through the help of heat
13. a. Deoxygenation and Cracking
splitting of the carbon attached with the oxygen atom bonding it
to form aliphatic hydrocarbons
14. b. Secondary cracking and Deoxygenation
1. The saturated fatty acid will result in the formation of paraffin (an alkane)
2. The breakdown of the unsaturated Fatty
15. 3. Formation of Alcohol
Hydrolysis occur during the heating of the
triglyceride resulting in the formation of a
free fatty acid and glycerol.
16. c. Oligomerization
This process results in the formation of olefins (called alkene) and
paraffins (an alkane) as stated previously the splitting of the
unsaturated and saturated fatty acids to formation of
hydrocarbons of 2 to 10 carbons.
d. Aromatization
1. Formation of Aromatic compound from cycloalkane
by dehydrogenation
2. Alkylation
17. When an alkane,
alkene and aromatic
compound is heated
with traces of oxygen
or peroxide, a
compound of higher
molecular weight is
obtained.
f. Coke
This is basically fuels
with impurities and
high carbon content
obtained during a
cracking process of
vegetable oil or
petroleum.
e. Polymerization
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