Trends in mbt holycross

CENTRE FOR MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYCENTRE FOR MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
RAJAKKAMANGALAMRAJAKKAMANGALAM
MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITYMANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY
Dr. T. CitarasuDr. T. Citarasu
Assistant ProfessorAssistant Professor
Tele-fax: + 91-4652-253078Tele-fax: + 91-4652-253078
Mobile: +91-9994273822Mobile: +91-9994273822
Email:Email: citarasu@gmail.comcitarasu@gmail.com
citarasu@msuniv.ac.incitarasu@msuniv.ac.in
Website:Website: www.msuniv.ac.inwww.msuniv.ac.in

Our Institute………
BeachBeach
M S UniversityM S University
Fin fish FarmFin fish Farm
CMSTCMST
Planktonology DivisionPlanktonology DivisionMangrovesMangroves

Bird BiodiversityBird Biodiversity
Photo Courtesy : Muthamil IniyanPhoto Courtesy : Muthamil Iniyan

My Lab………
Herbal Drug developmentHerbal Drug development
Growth Promoters, Immunostimulants,
Anti stress, Appetizers, Antibacterial &
Antiviral
Vaccine DevelopmentVaccine Development
Inactivated WSSV Vaccine , WSSV
Subunit Vaccine, Bio film & OMP
Vaccine, Edible antibody & phage
display
Drug DiscoveryDrug Discovery
Antibacterials, Antivirals, Anticancers
and pharamacological important
biosurfactants from Actinomycetes &
Antagonistic microbes from higher
saline regions

TRENDS IN MARINE BIOTECHNOLGYTRENDS IN MARINE BIOTECHNOLGY

IMPORTANCE OF MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGYIMPORTANCE OF MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY
Defined as “ Application of scientific & engineering principles to the
processing of materials by marine biological agents to prove goods
and services”.
Ocean covers 70% of the earths’ surface & 80% of the organisms
living in aquatic ecosystem
Biochemical characteristics were identified

7516.6 km7516.6 km
News Courtesy :News Courtesy :
Daily Thanthi 23.02.2014Daily Thanthi 23.02.2014
Strengthen our marine biotechnology research……..Strengthen our marine biotechnology research……..

Marine Biotechnology Explores………………Marine Biotechnology Explores………………
Novel Pharmaceutical drugsNovel Pharmaceutical drugs
CosmeticsCosmetics
EnzymesEnzymes
Industrial ProductsIndustrial Products
Bio fuelsBio fuels
Processes & BioremediationsProcesses & Bioremediations
Aquaculture & sea food safetyAquaculture & sea food safety
GMOGMO

Untapped reservoir of biologically active compounds, which leads to theUntapped reservoir of biologically active compounds, which leads to the
development ofdevelopment of new functional foodsnew functional foods with vast diverse ofwith vast diverse of novelnovel
chemicals.chemicals.

Processes and extraction techniques for Marine value added productsProcesses and extraction techniques for Marine value added products

Marine Bio prospectingMarine Bio prospecting
Marine Pharmaceuticals & NutraceuticalsMarine Pharmaceuticals & Nutraceuticals
ExtremophilesExtremophiles
Aquaculture BiotechnologyAquaculture Biotechnology
Marine Environmental BiotechnologyMarine Environmental Biotechnology
Algal BiotechnologyAlgal Biotechnology
Marine GenomicsMarine Genomics
The Lecture Focused on…………….The Lecture Focused on…………….

MARINE BIO PROSPECTINGMARINE BIO PROSPECTING

MARINE BIO PROSPECTINGMARINE BIO PROSPECTING
Defined as “Searching for bio molecules from marine sources and the
search for new and unique bioactive components with potential
commercial applications”
Also include bioprocessing, bio harvesting, bioremediation using
bioreactors.
Technical details of Bio prospecting & drug development includes…Technical details of Bio prospecting & drug development includes…
Identification
Screening
Efficacy
Safety testing
Large scale commercial
production

Secondary metabolitesSecondary metabolites
Compounds that are produced after active growth has takenCompounds that are produced after active growth has taken
place & which perform no vital function for the producingplace & which perform no vital function for the producing
organismsorganisms
Interesting array of diverse and novel chemical structures withInteresting array of diverse and novel chemical structures with
High bioactivity potentialHigh bioactivity potential
Heart of commercial venture & turn over isHeart of commercial venture & turn over is more than billionmore than billion
100 $ / yr100 $ / yr
Non Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase (NRPS) & PolyketidesNon Ribosomal Peptide Synthetase (NRPS) & Polyketides
(PKS)(PKS)
Peptide secondary metabolites produced by bacteria,Peptide secondary metabolites produced by bacteria,
Actinomycetes & FungiActinomycetes & Fungi
NRPS / PKS system involved diverse of bimolecular secretionNRPS / PKS system involved diverse of bimolecular secretion
Independent of mRNAIndependent of mRNA
Broad biological activitiesBroad biological activities

Isolation of Marine organism for Bio ProspectingIsolation of Marine organism for Bio Prospecting
Collection techniquesCollection techniques
Traditional snorkel Scuba divingTraditional snorkel Scuba diving
Self contained underwater breathing apparatusSelf contained underwater breathing apparatus
Ship-based collectionShip-based collection
benthic Organisms & sedimentsbenthic Organisms & sediments
Sediment CorersSediment Corers
Sediment sampling for microbesSediment sampling for microbes

Remotely operated Vehicles (ROVs)Remotely operated Vehicles (ROVs)
Deepwater industries for hydrocarbon extractionDeepwater industries for hydrocarbon extraction
Autonomous Under Water Vehicles (AUVs)Autonomous Under Water Vehicles (AUVs)
A unmanned vessels going to deeper for longer & less costA unmanned vessels going to deeper for longer & less cost
Submersible based CollectionsSubmersible based Collections
Act as big vacuum suckersAct as big vacuum suckers
Burrowing organisms in the benthic sedimentsBurrowing organisms in the benthic sediments

MARINE PHARMACOLOGYMARINE PHARMACOLOGY

Importance of Marine PharmacologyImportance of Marine Pharmacology
A branch of pharmacology concerned with pharmacologically active substancesA branch of pharmacology concerned with pharmacologically active substances
present in marine aquatic present in marine aquatic flora and faunaflora and fauna; its objective is to find and develop; its objective is to find and develop
new therapeutic agentsnew therapeutic agents.

Pharmacologically Important compoundsPharmacologically Important compounds
Molluscan derived CompoundsMolluscan derived Compounds
1. Dolastin1. Dolastin (Sea slug)(Sea slug)
Dolastin 10 &15Dolastin 10 &15
Dollabella auriculariaDollabella auricularia
Anticancer activityAnticancer activity
2. Kahalaide F2. Kahalaide F
Sea slugSea slug Elysia rufescensElysia rufescens
Induce apoptosisInduce apoptosis
3. Spisulosine3. Spisulosine
Arctic surf clamArctic surf clam Spisula polynymaSpisula polynyma
Anti proliferative & Anti cancerAnti proliferative & Anti cancer
4. Cadalmin Green mussel extract4. Cadalmin Green mussel extract
Perna viridisPerna viridis
Arthritis; Anti-inflamatory
Known wt of tissue + water orKnown wt of tissue + water or
methanolmethanol
Chop & homoginize/ sonicateChop & homoginize/ sonicate
CentrifugeCentrifuge
Collect supernatantCollect supernatant
Further purification needFurther purification need
AssayAssay

Sponge derived CompoundsSponge derived Compounds
1. Bengamides & Derivatives1. Bengamides & Derivatives
Fijian Sponge JaspidaeFijian Sponge Jaspidae
Antibiotic , anticancer &Antibiotic , anticancer &
AntihelminticAntihelmintic
2. Contigna sterol2. Contigna sterol
Petrosia contianataPetrosia contianata
Curing AsthmaCuring Asthma
3.3. DBHDBH (Debromohymenialdisine)
Stylotella aurantiumStylotella aurantium
Antibiotic , anticancerAntibiotic , anticancer

Compounds from other AnimalsCompounds from other Animals
Cnidarians derived CompoundsCnidarians derived Compounds
1. Pseudo pterosins1. Pseudo pterosins
Pseudopterogorgia elisabethaePseudopterogorgia elisabethae
Anti-inflamatoryAnti-inflamatory
2. Eleutherobin2. Eleutherobin
OctocoralOctocoral Eleutherobia spEleutherobia sp
Anti cancerAnti cancer
Ascidians derived CompoundsAscidians derived Compounds
1. Apilidine1. Apilidine
Mediterranian tunicateMediterranian tunicate Aplidium albicansAplidium albicans
anticanceranticancer
4. Ectein ascidin 7434. Ectein ascidin 743
Ecteinascidia turbinateEcteinascidia turbinate
Anti cancerAnti cancer

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
Crystal jelly fishCrystal jelly fish Aequorea victoriaAequorea victoria
238 amino acid (26.9 kDa)238 amino acid (26.9 kDa)
Molecular biology- Reporter geneMolecular biology- Reporter gene
expressionexpression
BiosensorsBiosensors
Clone in viral vectorClone in viral vector
protein localization in living organisms
Bacteria, Yeast and other Fungi, fish plant,
fly, and mammalian cells etc

Krill Oil and EnzymeKrill Oil and Enzyme ((Euphausia superba))
Tiny shrimp @ Whale foodTiny shrimp @ Whale food
Omega 3s, especially EPA and DHAOmega 3s, especially EPA and DHA
Heart disease, reduce high cholesterol, highHeart disease, reduce high cholesterol, high
blood pressure, stroke, cancer, osteoarthritis,blood pressure, stroke, cancer, osteoarthritis,
depressiondepression

Marine NutraceuticalsMarine Nutraceuticals
Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoicOmega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoicacid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA)acid (DHA)
Safety and potential nutritional andSafety and potential nutritional and
therapeutic effects.therapeutic effects.
Heart health, Liver tonic, antioxidant &Heart health, Liver tonic, antioxidant &
cure cancerscure cancers
Good for health, Good for EyeGood for health, Good for Eye
Anti stressAnti stress
Rich VitaminsRich Vitamins
Fish Oil (Cod Liver oil)Fish Oil (Cod Liver oil)
Fresh Livers without Gall bladderFresh Livers without Gall bladder
and veinsand veins
Wash & ChopWash & Chop
Steam cooking (70° C – 20 min)Steam cooking (70° C – 20 min)
Remove the floating oilRemove the floating oil
Filter & CentrifugeFilter & Centrifuge
Keep overnight with NaSoKeep overnight with NaSo44
Filter & storeFilter & store
Thermal rupture to release oilsThermal rupture to release oils

Shark Fin Cartilages and RaysShark Fin Cartilages and Rays
Caudal, Dorsal & pectoral finsCaudal, Dorsal & pectoral fins
Known wt of dried finsKnown wt of dried fins
WashWash
cooking with acidified watercooking with acidified water
until hydrolyze to gelatinuntil hydrolyze to gelatin
Remove adhering muscleRemove adhering muscle
Dry in artificial dryerDry in artificial dryer
Grade and packGrade and pack
Shark Fin soupShark Fin soup
Boost sexual potencyBoost sexual potency
Enhance skin qualityEnhance skin quality
Prevent heart disease, lowerPrevent heart disease, lower
cholesterolcholesterol
Beneficial to lung & kidneyBeneficial to lung & kidney
Shark Bone cartilageShark Bone cartilage
Prevent variety of illnessPrevent variety of illness
AngiogenesisAngiogenesis
Prevent CancerPrevent Cancer

Fish GelatinFish Gelatin
Epinephelus sp, Rastrelliger sp etc
Elasticity, consistency & stability ofElasticity, consistency & stability of
the productsthe products
Acid extractionAcid extraction
Washed skin soaked with 0.2 %Washed skin soaked with 0.2 %
NaOHNaOH
WashWash
0.2 % H0.2 % H22SoSo44 + 1% citric acid+ 1% citric acid
Coldwater washColdwater wash
DHDH22o incubation @ 45° C-18hro incubation @ 45° C-18hr
FilterFilter
DryDry

Fish BoneFish Bone
60-70 % of inorganic substances & rich in60-70 % of inorganic substances & rich in
calciumcalcium
Essential elements for human healthEssential elements for human health
Solve the problems related to boneSolve the problems related to bone
CollagenCollagen
Structural protein in connective tissueStructural protein in connective tissue
Cosmetic, biomedical, pharmaceutical,Cosmetic, biomedical, pharmaceutical,
leather and film industriesleather and film industries
Alkaline and acid extractionAlkaline and acid extraction
Fish Bone and CollagenFish Bone and Collagen

Chitin, Chitoson & OilgomersChitin, Chitoson & Oilgomers
Shell waste with biomedicalShell waste with biomedical
applicationsapplications
Chitin a high molecular wt polymerChitin a high molecular wt polymer
N-acetyl-D-glucosamineN-acetyl-D-glucosamine
Chitoson-heteropolymerChitoson-heteropolymer
Reducing LDLReducing LDL
Antioxidants & anticancerAntioxidants & anticancer
ImmunostimulantsImmunostimulants
Shell wasteShell waste
WashWash
deprotenize- 3 % NaoHdeprotenize- 3 % NaoH
Alkali removal by water washAlkali removal by water wash
Demineralization-1.25 N HclDemineralization-1.25 N Hcl
WashWash
Dry and packageDry and package

AlginateAlginate
polyuronic saccharaidepolyuronic saccharaide
Laminaria and FucusLaminaria and Fucus
D- mannuronic and L-galuronic acidD- mannuronic and L-galuronic acid
Emulsifier in food industriesEmulsifier in food industries
Sargassum & Gracilaria spSargassum & Gracilaria sp
Fresh seaweed washed & DriedFresh seaweed washed & Dried
Pulverize to get powderPulverize to get powder
Treat with 1N HCl (pH 2-3)-ONTreat with 1N HCl (pH 2-3)-ON
Wash with water & add NaWash with water & add Na22CoCo33
Filter & bleach with 2.5 % NaCloFilter & bleach with 2.5 % NaClo
Evaporate @ 60° CEvaporate @ 60° C
Pure sodium alginatePure sodium alginate

CarotenoidsCarotenoids
Solvent ExtractionSolvent Extraction
AstaxanthinAstaxanthin
Isolated from Micro algaeIsolated from Micro algae
Powerful antioxidants in aquaculturePowerful antioxidants in aquaculture
FucoxanthinFucoxanthin
Brown carotenoids in certain sea weedsBrown carotenoids in certain sea weeds
Promote DHA & omega-3 fatty acidsPromote DHA & omega-3 fatty acids
Beta carotenoidBeta carotenoid
Found in many algaeFound in many algae
Colored carotenoidsColored carotenoids
Antioxidants & anticancerAntioxidants & anticancer

CarrageenanCarrageenan
Isolated from sea weedsIsolated from sea weeds
Sulfated polysaccharidesSulfated polysaccharides
Powerful antioxidantsPowerful antioxidants
Broad range of applications inBroad range of applications in
food and cosmeticsfood and cosmetics

Fucoidon (Fucoidon (Foo–Koy–Den))
Sulfonated polysaccharidesSulfonated polysaccharides
Antioxidants & immunostimulantsAntioxidants & immunostimulants
Brown sea weedsBrown sea weeds
Blood purifierBlood purifier
Reduced CholesterolReduced Cholesterol
Fight off viral infectionsFight off viral infections
Scavenge free radicalsScavenge free radicals
Liver tonicLiver tonic
AnticancerAnticancer

Marine Environmental BiotechnologyMarine Environmental Biotechnology

Problems in Marine Aquatic EnvironmentProblems in Marine Aquatic Environment
Various sources- sediments, nutrients, pesticides, sewage, heavyVarious sources- sediments, nutrients, pesticides, sewage, heavy
metals, effluents……………………metals, effluents……………………
Affect the marine sediments, biodiversity, marine normal microAffect the marine sediments, biodiversity, marine normal micro
flora etc.flora etc.
Marine fisheriesMarine fisheries
Ecosystem damageEcosystem damage

Sources of Environmental PollutionSources of Environmental Pollution
Microbial ContaminationMicrobial Contamination
Bacteria and VirusesBacteria and Viruses
Seafood contamination (Process industry + shrimp farming)Seafood contamination (Process industry + shrimp farming)
Improper methods of handlingImproper methods of handling
Affect consumer levelsAffect consumer levels

Industrial EffluentsIndustrial Effluents
Sewage contaminations from recreationalSewage contaminations from recreational
beachesbeaches
Fertilizer runoffFertilizer runoff
Shrimp farm effluentsShrimp farm effluents
Other industries (leather, coconut retting)Other industries (leather, coconut retting)

Koovam River @ 50 years backKoovam River @ 50 years back

Impact of polythene bags & plasticsImpact of polythene bags & plastics
100 type of birds100 type of birds
31 types of sea mamals31 types of sea mamals
FishesFishes
microplasticsmicroplastics
Release Bisphenol, phathalate & gasesRelease Bisphenol, phathalate & gases
Cause cancer, heart failuresCause cancer, heart failures
Need coastal clean-upNeed coastal clean-up
ICC (International Coastal Clean-up )ICC (International Coastal Clean-up )
2,800 peoples2,800 peoples
124 tones124 tones
122 miles122 miles

Harmful algal blooms (HABs)Harmful algal blooms (HABs)
Toxin producing dinoflagellatesToxin producing dinoflagellates
Red tideRed tide
Sea and Fish culture EnvironmentSea and Fish culture Environment
Shrimp farm effluents (Algal bloom die off, large amount of deadShrimp farm effluents (Algal bloom die off, large amount of dead
organic load accumulate)organic load accumulate)
Affect filter feeding animals, shrimps, lobstersAffect filter feeding animals, shrimps, lobsters

Oil pollutionOil pollution
Petroleum Hydrocarbons by oil spillsPetroleum Hydrocarbons by oil spills
From shipsFrom ships
Endocrine disturbersEndocrine disturbers
Aquatic birdsAquatic birds

Marine BiofoulingMarine Biofouling
Undesirable growth of marine organisms on immersed artificialUndesirable growth of marine organisms on immersed artificial
structuresstructures
Affect theAffect the speed & balance of shipspeed & balance of ship
IncreasedIncreased fuelfuel andand maintenance costmaintenance cost
Corrosion andCorrosion and mechanical failuremechanical failure
SeawaterSeawater blockageblockage in pipesin pipes

Role of Marine Biotechnology on Environmental PollutionRole of Marine Biotechnology on Environmental Pollution
BioremediationBioremediation
““The act of adding materials to contaminated environments such as oil spillThe act of adding materials to contaminated environments such as oil spill
sites, to cause an acceleration of the natural biodegradation process”.sites, to cause an acceleration of the natural biodegradation process”.
PrinciplesPrinciples
Growth improvements of microbes byGrowth improvements of microbes by optimal nutrients/ oxygenoptimal nutrients/ oxygen
Reduce or neutralizeReduce or neutralize the pollutantsthe pollutants
Pycoremediation, Mycoremediation, complex strategiesPycoremediation, Mycoremediation, complex strategies

Important featuresImportant features
Extremophilc bacteriaExtremophilc bacteria with stand high temperature, pH & salinitywith stand high temperature, pH & salinity
Less expensive &Less expensive & Eco-friendlyEco-friendly
Genetically modified organism such as super bugGenetically modified organism such as super bug
Oil recoveryOil recovery MEORMEOR (Minimal disruption in sites)(Minimal disruption in sites)
RemoveRemove toxic elementstoxic elements

AntifoulingAntifouling
Anti-fouling paint or bottom paint is a specialized coating applied to
the hull of a ship or boat in order to slow the growth of organisms that
attach to the hull and can affect a vessel's performance and durability.
Silicone, Silicone epoxySilicone, Silicone epoxy
SiloxaneSiloxane
PolysiloxanePolysiloxane
WaxWax
FeaturesFeatures
Inhibitors ofInhibitors of quorum sensing-quorum sensing- spongesponge Luffariella variabilisLuffariella variabilis
Neurotransmission blockersNeurotransmission blockers -2,5,6-tribromo-1-methtyl gramine- bryozoan-2,5,6-tribromo-1-methtyl gramine- bryozoan
Inhibitors of adhesiveInhibitors of adhesive production/release- Inhibit the adhesion of musselsproduction/release- Inhibit the adhesion of mussels
Enzyme inhibitorsEnzyme inhibitors
Ion channel inhibitors-Ion channel inhibitors- Mediterranean spongeMediterranean sponge Crambe crambeCrambe crambe inhibits theinhibits the
settlement of bryozoanssettlement of bryozoans

Effluent Treatment by ProbioticsEffluent Treatment by Probiotics
Probiotics have been defined as “live microbial
food supplements which beneficially affect
the host by improving the intestinal
microflora balance”
Gut & Water ProbioticsGut & Water Probiotics
Competition exclusive principleCompetition exclusive principle
Used inUsed in Shrimp farms and polluted areasShrimp farms and polluted areas
Improved strains of ProbioticsImproved strains of Probiotics
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spLactobacillus and Bifidobacterium sp

Effluent Treatment by MicroalgaeEffluent Treatment by Microalgae
Removal of nutrientsRemoval of nutrients
RemovalRemoval excess nutrients and Coexcess nutrients and Co22 inin
waste water systemswaste water systems
SolveSolve BODBOD problemsproblems
Excess algal biomass mayExcess algal biomass may harvestedharvested
Removal of organic pollutantsRemoval of organic pollutants
Chlorella, ankistrodesmus in paper millsChlorella, ankistrodesmus in paper mills
& olive oil mills& olive oil mills
Algae canAlgae can produce Oproduce O22 to bacteria andto bacteria and
bacteriabacteria degradedegrade the nutrientsthe nutrients
Removal of Heavy metalsRemoval of Heavy metals
Sargassum sp special affinity toSargassum sp special affinity to heavyheavy
metalsmetals
Waste water systemsWaste water systems

Microbial communities which canMicrobial communities which can grow at extremegrow at extreme
environmentsenvironments called extremophiles.called extremophiles.
Some are subject toSome are subject to grow multiple stressgrow multiple stress conditionsconditions
Great economic value withGreat economic value with biotechnologicalbiotechnological
applicationsapplications
ExtremophilesExtremophiles

Types of ExtremophilesTypes of Extremophiles
PsychrophilesPsychrophiles
--15 °C or lower for extended periods15 °C or lower for extended periods
cold soils, permafrost, polar ice, cold ocean water etccold soils, permafrost, polar ice, cold ocean water etc
Polaromonas vacuolataPolaromonas vacuolata
ThermophilesThermophiles
Heat- loving microbes 115Heat- loving microbes 115o
CC
Deep sea vent.Deep sea vent. Methanopyrus kandleriMethanopyrus kandleri
HyperthermophileHyperthermophile
temperatures between 80–122 °C.temperatures between 80–122 °C.
Thermo acidophileThermo acidophile
Combination of thermophile and acidophile that preferCombination of thermophile and acidophile that prefer
temperatures oftemperatures of 70–80 °C and pH between 2 and 370–80 °C and pH between 2 and 3

AcidiphilesAcidiphiles
sulfuric spring; Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
An organism with optimal growth at pH levels of 3 or
below
AlkaliphileAlkaliphile
Source: Soda lake
Eg: Natronobacterium gregoryi
An organism with optimal growth at pH levels of 9 or
above

HalophilesHalophiles
–– Salt loving microbesSalt loving microbes
Source: Salt lake
Eg. Haloferax volcanii
An organism requiring at least 0.2 M
concentrations of salt (NaCl) for growth
Solar salt works diverse of halophilic bacteria
and Actinomycetes

ApplicationsApplications
Molecular BiologyMolecular Biology
Taq DNA Polymerase- Thermus aquaticus
Thermostable restriction enzymes–Pyrococcus
sp
Alkaline phosphatases (psychrophiles)
DNA and protein stabilizersDNA and protein stabilizers
Compatible Solutes
di-myo-inositol-phosphate, di-mannosyl-di-myo-
inositol-phosphate, di-glycerol-phosphate,
mannosylglycerate and mannosylglyceramide-

Agro & Food IndustryAgro & Food Industry
ThermophilicThermophilic amylases and cellulasesamylases and cellulases:: Bakery, glucoseBakery, glucose
and fructose productionand fructose production
Dietary supplements,Dietary supplements, pigments -α-Linoleic acid, β-pigments -α-Linoleic acid, β-
carotenecarotene and other pigments from halophilesand other pigments from halophiles
Freezing protection :Freezing protection : Antifreeze proteinsAntifreeze proteins fromfrom
psychrophilespsychrophiles

Pharmacological IndustryPharmacological Industry
Biosurfactants:Biosurfactants:Glycolipids, lipopeptides,Glycolipids, lipopeptides,
fatty acids, polymeric surfactants &fatty acids, polymeric surfactants &
particulate naturesparticulate natures
Bacteriocin:Bacteriocin: Ptoteinaceous nature hadPtoteinaceous nature had
antibiotic activityantibiotic activity
Liposomes:Liposomes: phospholipids for vaccinephospholipids for vaccine
deliverydelivery
Polyhydroxybutyrate:Polyhydroxybutyrate: BioplasticBioplastic

Aquaculture BiotechnologyAquaculture Biotechnology
நீரவாழவியல் உயிரொதாழிலநடபவியல்நீரவாழவியல் உயிரொதாழிலநடபவியல்

IMPORTANCE OF AQUACULTUREIMPORTANCE OF AQUACULTURE
Lucrative food production industry
Fresh, brackish & Marine based culture
10 % annual growth rate
Global sea food demand-70% in the next
35 years (7 fold)
Capture and culture fisheries

Rearing/culture and management of aquatic organismsRearing/culture and management of aquatic organisms
FishesFishes
ShrimpsShrimps
SeaweedsSeaweeds
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
Live feedsLive feeds
CrabsCrabs
Sea cucumbersSea cucumbers
OystersOysters
MusselsMussels

Shrimp FarmingShrimp Farming
Asia is the largest producer- 80 %Asia is the largest producer- 80 %
India is the second place of Asia &India is the second place of Asia &
fifth place in globallyfifth place in globally
>350 shrimp hatcheries 13 billion seed>350 shrimp hatcheries 13 billion seed
production/ annumproduction/ annum
Top 5 Countries M. M tones
China 34.43
India 3.13
Vietnam 1.65
Thailand 1.39
Indonesia 1.30
Aquaculture production (FAO, 2009)

Current problems in shrimp/ Fish productionCurrent problems in shrimp/ Fish production
Culture methods
• Extensive: 0-5 m3
• Moderate extensive : 5-15 m3
• Semi intensive : 15-30 m3
• Intensive : 30-60 m3
• Super Intensive : > 60 m3
Significant economic losses
Bacterial diseases - Vibriosis
Viral diseases – WSSV; MBV
Stress Induced diseases

CURRENT PROBLEMS IN DISEASE CONTROLCURRENT PROBLEMS IN DISEASE CONTROL
Current disease treatmentCurrent disease treatment
protocols – difficultprotocols – difficult
Chemicals & Synthetic drugsChemicals & Synthetic drugs
Antibiotics & other chemicalsAntibiotics & other chemicals
MPEDA abandoned more thanMPEDA abandoned more than
10 antibiotics10 antibiotics

Chloramphenicol Metronidazole
Nitrofurans Ronidazole
Neomycin Ipronidazole
Nalidixic acid nitroimidazoles
Sulphamethoxazole Clenbuterol
Chlorpromazine Diethylstilbestrol
Colchicine Sulonamide
Dapsone Floroquinolones
Dimetridazole Glycopeptides
Banned Antibiotics (MPEDA)Banned Antibiotics (MPEDA)

Herbal MedicinesHerbal Medicines
Storehouses of safer & cheaper
compounds
Low cost, effective, no side effects &
biodegradable
Various activities such as growth
promotion, immunostimulants, anti
stress, appetizing, aphrodisiac,
antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal etc.
EcliptineEcliptine Tinosporone
Ocemine Aegilin

AntibacterialsAntibacterials
Piper longumPiper longumMurraya koenijiMurraya koeniji
QuercusQuercus
infectoriainfectoria PsoraleaPsoralea
corylifoliacorylifolia
Beta Ocemine
Quercucin Psoralin
Piperine
AntiviralAntiviral
Effectively controlled WSSV at earlier stage of infection
Inhibit viral replication
Effective against other shrimp virus such as MBV and YHV
Phyllanthus niruri Leucus
aspara
Ocimum
basilicum
Psidium guajava
Phenol, 2,5- bisPhenol, 2,5- bis
(1,1-dimethylethyl)(1,1-dimethylethyl)

Algal Drugs- Antiviral & Immunostimulants
SeaweedsSeaweeds
Broad spectrum of activities
antiviral, anthelmintic, antifungal
and antibacterial
Brominated, aromatics, sterols, dibutanoids,
proteins, peptides, sulphated polysaccharides,
terpenoids, phlorotannins, acrylic acid, phenolic
compounds and steroids.
CarrageenanCarrageenan
Powerful antioxidantsPowerful antioxidants
AlginateAlginate
polysaccharaidepolysaccharaide
Laminaria and FucusLaminaria and Fucus
FucoidonFucoidon
Powerful antiviral against WSSVPowerful antiviral against WSSV
2-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-1-2-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-1-
phenylethanolphenylethanol

Chitin, Chitoson & OilgomersChitin, Chitoson & Oilgomers
Shell wasteShell waste
FucoidonFucoidon
Sulfated polysaccharides –SeaweedsSulfated polysaccharides –Seaweeds
GlucansGlucans
YeastYeast
LactoferinLactoferin
MilkMilk
Lipopolysaccharides
Bacterial Cell wallBacterial Cell wall
HerbalsHerbals
W. somniferaW. somnifera,, A. calamos, T. cordifoliaA. calamos, T. cordifolia

First Generation of vaccine
Live, attenuated and killed forms
killer
Cellular immune responses
Second Generation of vaccine
Subunit vaccines
T Helper cells immunity
Third Generation of vaccine
DNA vaccines
Humoral & cellular immunity
Strong & long lasting
Vaccines in AquacultureVaccines in Aquaculture

DNA VaccineDNA Vaccine
Immunization with a circular piece
of DNA that code for an antigen
Plasmids consist of strong viral
promoter to drive the in vivo
transcription and translation
When injected into an individual,
the plasmid is taken up by the host
cells and its genetic information is
translated into the immunizing
protein.
Multicistronic vectors are
sometimes constructed to express
more than one immunogen, or to
express an immunogen and an
immunostimulatory protein.

Recombinant plasmids enter to the host cell
Gene of interest is transcribed by the RNA polymerase II &
synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA)
Translated into the corresponding protein in the cytoplasm
of the host cells
T- Cell as well as B-Cell immunity will developed & produced
antibody against the proteins
When pathogen (antigen) enters to the host cell, the T-Cells
as well as B cells recognize and killed.
How DNA vaccine plasmids Stimulate immune responses?

Specific Pathogen Free (SPF)Specific Pathogen Free (SPF)
Development of SPF doubling the production inDevelopment of SPF doubling the production in LitopenaeusLitopenaeus
vannameivannamei in US aqua industry during 1990sin US aqua industry during 1990s
They cross bread between two traitsThey cross bread between two traits
CPF and Oceana Institute develop the SPF by cross bread theCPF and Oceana Institute develop the SPF by cross bread the
better characters such asbetter characters such as salinity, low DO, pH and diseasesalinity, low DO, pH and disease
tolerance traitstolerance traits and analyze the characters at 30 generation andand analyze the characters at 30 generation and
commercializationcommercialization

TRANSGENIC FISH/ GENE TRANSFER TECHNOLOGYTRANSGENIC FISH/ GENE TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY
 Artificial transfer of rearranged genes into newly fertilized eggs
 Carry genes from other species
 Change their characters

Need for Transgenic fishNeed for Transgenic fish
Growth enhancementGrowth enhancement
Adaptation for environmentsAdaptation for environments
Increase disease resistanceIncrease disease resistance
Sexual maturationSexual maturation
Enhance nutritional qualityEnhance nutritional quality
Improve food utilizationImprove food utilization

..
TRANSGENESIS AND TRANSGENICTRANSGENESIS AND TRANSGENIC
PROTOCOLSPROTOCOLS
Introducing an exogenous gene – calledIntroducing an exogenous gene – called
a transgene – into a living organism so thata transgene – into a living organism so that
the organism will exhibit athe organism will exhibit a new property andnew property and
transmit that property to its offspring.transmit that property to its offspring.
Transgenesis can be facilitated byTransgenesis can be facilitated by
1.1.LiposomesLiposomes
2.2.plasmid vectorsplasmid vectors
3.3.viral vectorsviral vectors
4.4.pronuclear injectionpronuclear injection
5.5.protoplast fusionprotoplast fusion
6.6. ballistic DNA injectionballistic DNA injection

RNA Interference (RNAi) against Viral diseaseRNA Interference (RNAi) against Viral disease
““A process in which the introduction of double-strandedA process in which the introduction of double-stranded
RNA into a cellRNA into a cell inhibits the expressioninhibits the expression of genes”of genes”

Post Translational Gene SilencingPost Translational Gene Silencing
(PTGS) Pathway(PTGS) Pathway
Post Translational Gene SilencingPost Translational Gene Silencing
(PTGS) Pathway(PTGS) Pathway
ds RNA in the cytoplasm triggers theds RNA in the cytoplasm triggers the
multi domainmulti domain ribonuclease II enzymeribonuclease II enzyme
DICER which cleaves the ds RNA in to siDICER which cleaves the ds RNA in to si
RNA which areRNA which are 21 to 2321 to 23 nucleotidenucleotide
fragments.fragments.
These si RNA is recognized by theThese si RNA is recognized by the RNARNA
induced Silencing complex (RISC)induced Silencing complex (RISC),, aa
multi enzyme unit that brings aboutmulti enzyme unit that brings about
separation of two si RNA stands.separation of two si RNA stands.
The antisense Si RNA stand remainsThe antisense Si RNA stand remains
bound to RISC while the sense strand isbound to RISC while the sense strand is
released. Finally thereleased. Finally the antisense andantisense and
RISC complex bind the target mRNARISC complex bind the target mRNA
allowing the nuclease activity andallowing the nuclease activity and
degraded the target genedegraded the target gene
ds RNA in the cytoplasm triggers theds RNA in the cytoplasm triggers the
multi domainmulti domain ribonuclease II enzymeribonuclease II enzyme
DICER which cleaves the ds RNA in to siDICER which cleaves the ds RNA in to si
RNA which areRNA which are 21 to 2321 to 23 nucleotidenucleotide
fragments.fragments.
These si RNA is recognized by theThese si RNA is recognized by the RNARNA
induced Silencing complex (RISC)induced Silencing complex (RISC),, aa
multi enzyme unit that brings aboutmulti enzyme unit that brings about
separation of two si RNA stands.separation of two si RNA stands.
The antisense Si RNA stand remainsThe antisense Si RNA stand remains
bound to RISC while the sense strand isbound to RISC while the sense strand is
released. Finally thereleased. Finally the antisense andantisense and
RISC complex bind the target mRNARISC complex bind the target mRNA
allowing the nuclease activity andallowing the nuclease activity and
degraded the target genedegraded the target gene

 Crustaceans such as penaeid shrimp,
which can be infected by more than
twenty different viruses.
 Bunyaviridae, Herpesviridae,
Picornaviridae, Parvoviridae, Reoviridae,
Rhabdoviridae, Togaviridae, Iridoviridae
or a new virus family, the Nimaviridae
 Culture practices leading to stress
induced diseases, bacterial and viral
infections leading to severe economic
losses
 White spot syndrome virus (WSSV),
Yellow head virus (YHV), and Taura
syndrome virus (TSV)
 Crustaceans such as penaeid shrimp,
which can be infected by more than
twenty different viruses.
 Bunyaviridae, Herpesviridae,
Picornaviridae, Parvoviridae, Reoviridae,
Rhabdoviridae, Togaviridae, Iridoviridae
or a new virus family, the Nimaviridae
 Culture practices leading to stress
induced diseases, bacterial and viral
infections leading to severe economic
losses
 White spot syndrome virus (WSSV),
Yellow head virus (YHV), and Taura
syndrome virus (TSV)
Role of RNA Interference in aquatic disease controlRole of RNA Interference in aquatic disease control

Production of Yolk antibodyProduction of Yolk antibody
Principle
When chickens are faced with a foreign virus or
bacterium, they produce antibodies to fight the
invader. They pass that immunity on to their
offspring, and antibodies wind up in the eggs.
1. Chickens are more apt than mammals to make
high-avidity antibodies
2. A single chicken can produce an enormous
amount of antibody, upto 3 grams of IgY per
month, which is 10-20 times the amount of a
rabbit
3. chickens produce antibody much quicker-
high-titre antibody is available from eggs as
early as day 25
4. Storing of eggs (antibodies) is very easy
5. It is cheaper to feed and house chickens than
rabbits
6. Effective against drug-resistant bacteria.

IgYIgY production &production & purificationpurification
YolkYolk
DDHDDH22O WashO Wash
Cut OpenCut Open
Isoproponanl wash 1: 3 – 2 timesIsoproponanl wash 1: 3 – 2 times
Acetone wash- 1 timeAcetone wash- 1 time
Fitered & storeFitered & store
Complete removal ofComplete removal of
LipidsLipids

Algal BiotechnologyAlgal Biotechnology

Types of AlgaeTypes of Algae
Seaweed: Macro; benthic & muticellularSeaweed: Macro; benthic & muticellular
algaealgae
Microalgae: Diverse group of unicellular;Microalgae: Diverse group of unicellular;
occupy fresh, marine & extremeoccupy fresh, marine & extreme
environmentsenvironments
Algal Biotechnology focus on……Algal Biotechnology focus on……
Bio fuel productionBio fuel production
Bioconversion of CoBioconversion of Co22
Human health and nutraceuticalsHuman health and nutraceuticals
Aquaculture feedsAquaculture feeds
BioremediationBioremediation
Municipal waste treatmentMunicipal waste treatment
Food processingFood processing

Aquaculture FeedAquaculture Feed
Fin fish & Shellfish LarvaeFin fish & Shellfish Larvae
Chlorella, Dunaliella & nannochloropsisChlorella, Dunaliella & nannochloropsis
Rich in fatty acids & Beta caroteneRich in fatty acids & Beta carotene
NutraceuticalsNutraceuticals
Aphanizomenon flosaquaeAphanizomenon flosaquae, Arthrospira,, Arthrospira,
Chlorella spChlorella sp
Arthrospira & SpirulinaArthrospira & Spirulina (>70% protein)(>70% protein)
EFAsEFAs
DHA & FPA crucial forDHA & FPA crucial for human physiologicalhuman physiological
functionsfunctions
VitaminsVitamins
AntioxidantsAntioxidants
FucoidonFucoidon

Effluent RemediationEffluent Remediation
PhycoremediationPhycoremediation
Effectively removeEffectively remove ammoniaammonia (75 %) ;(75 %) ; NitriteNitrite (84(84
%) ;%) ; PhosphorusPhosphorus (89)(89)
Removal of nutrientsRemoval of nutrients
Remove excess nutients andRemove excess nutients and CoCo22 in wastein waste
water systemswater systems
SolveSolve BODBOD problemsproblems
ExcessExcess algal biomassalgal biomass may harvestedmay harvested
Removal of organic pollutantsRemoval of organic pollutants
Chlorella, ankistrodesmus in paper mills &Chlorella, ankistrodesmus in paper mills &
olive oil millsolive oil mills
Algae canAlgae can produce Oproduce O22 to bacteria and bacteriato bacteria and bacteria
degrade the nutrientsdegrade the nutrients
Diatomite-Diatomite- silicon compound forsilicon compound for chelatingchelating
Removal of Heavy metalsRemoval of Heavy metals
Sargassum sp special affinity to heavy metalsSargassum sp special affinity to heavy metals

Algae produce oxygen in spaceAlgae produce oxygen in space
Chlorella and Euglena grown in
photobioreactor is used to produce oxygen in
the space for the Astronauts using their waste
and help them for long term expedition in space
NASA and many other space research station
in the world open opportunities for
planktologist
Algal BioplasticsAlgal Bioplastics
TTypically, long chain polymers, present in the
algae lipids are used for making bioplastics
Algae is attractive for bioplastics because of
its high growth rate and high protein content.
The plastics market is worth more than $400
billion and has grown at an average of 3.5% per
year over the last two decades.

ALGAL ENERGYALGAL ENERGYALGAL ENERGYALGAL ENERGY

Algal Biogas ProductionAlgal Biogas Production
In a biogas reactor the substrates used are converted in several reaction
steps into biogas, consisting mainly of the components CH4 and CO2
The biogas yield of plants is generally limited by the greater or lesser
proportion of lignocellulose, which is difficult to recycle.
However, the use of microalgae with a low lignocellulose content, for
example Chlorella vulgaris, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Spirulina
platensis, permits an almost complete utilization of the organic substance.
.

ALGAL OIL PRODUCTIONALGAL OIL PRODUCTION
Storing the Sun’s Energy
(Photosynthesis)
What is needed Storage of Energy
Sunlight Lipids and oils
CO2 Carbohydrates
Nutrients

How to produce more oils ?How to produce more oils ?
The lipid content of an algae species can be increased by imposing a stress
factor, such as starving of nitrogen or silicon.
In this manner, lipid fractions up to 70-85% have been reported for nitrogen
starvation and 60% for silicon starvation

Algal Cell Harvest
Centrifugation- small microalgae
Filtration- different size of algae
Flocculation- Change of pH
 Acid flocculation – using alum and sulphuric
acid
 Alkali flocculation – using NaOH and KOH
 Autoflocculation – Interrupting the Co2 level

Algal Oil Extraction
Mechanical methods: Expeller press, with vegetable oils, with chemical
solvents
Osmotic methods: Sudden reduction in osmotic pressure
Ultrasonic assisted extraction: ultrasonic reactor, ultrasonic waves crate
the rupture of cell walls
Sonoenzymatic treatment: Accelerates extraction and increases yields
Chemical methods: Algal powders + organic solvents (1:2)
Supercritical fluid extraction: liquid CO2 With different pressure
Enzymatic extraction: Enzymes to degrade the cell walls

TransesterificationTransesterification
A reaction between anA reaction between an ester of oneester of one
alcohol and a second alcohol toalcohol and a second alcohol to
formform an ester of the second alcoholan ester of the second alcohol
and an alcohol from the originaland an alcohol from the original
ester,ester, as that of methyl acetateas that of methyl acetate andand
ethyl alcohol to form ethyl acetateethyl alcohol to form ethyl acetate
and methyl alcoholand methyl alcohol
Methods for produce biodieselMethods for produce biodiesel

AdvantagesAdvantages
Rapid and faster growth rates than terrestrial crops
The per unit area yield of oil from algae is estimated to be from between
5,000 to 20,000 gallons (18,927 to 75,708 litres) per acre, per year; this is 7 to
31 times greater than the next best crop, palm oil (635 gallons or 2,404 litres)
Certain species of algae can be harvested daily
Algal biofuel contains no sulphur, non-toxic and highly bio-degradable

High Value added ProductsHigh Value added Products
Bio moleculesBio molecules
IodineIodine
AlginAlgin
MannitolMannitol
Glycerol & ProlineGlycerol & Proline
PolymersPolymers
Phyto colloids (Phyto colloids (Alginate, agar,Alginate, agar,
carragennan etccarragennan etc))
Cyanobacterial origin –Cyanobacterial origin –CyanophycinCyanophycin
HydrocolloidsHydrocolloids
Thickening, Emulsify & stabilizersThickening, Emulsify & stabilizers
Also a polymer D-mannuronic & l-Also a polymer D-mannuronic & l-
guluronic acidguluronic acid
Laminaria, Ascophyllum & MacrrocystisLaminaria, Ascophyllum & Macrrocystis

Carotenoids-Carotenoids- Powerful antioxidantsPowerful antioxidants
Beta caroteneBeta carotene
AlgoteneAlgotene
AxtaxanthinAxtaxanthin
Dunaliella salinaDunaliella salina

FertilizersFertilizers
Phymato lithonPhymato lithon
EckloniaEcklonia
Ascophyllum – Agri & HorticultureAscophyllum – Agri & Horticulture
purposespurposes
Human & Animal foodHuman & Animal food
China, Japan &KoreaChina, Japan &Korea
Seaweeds:Seaweeds: Ulva, Laminaria, Undaria,Ulva, Laminaria, Undaria,
Uraeilarie, CladosiponUraeilarie, Cladosipon
Microalgae:Microalgae: Spirulina, Chlorella &Spirulina, Chlorella &
PorphyraPorphyra
For animalsFor animals
Cats, dogs, aquarium fish, ornamentalCats, dogs, aquarium fish, ornamental
birds, horses, poultry , cows andbirds, horses, poultry , cows and
breeding bullsbreeding bulls

Job Opportunities in Algal IndustryJob Opportunities in Algal Industry
Shrimp farm and Hatcheries
Algal oil industries
Carotenoids industries
DHA Production industries
Space research
Health product industries
Cosmetic industries
Biofertilizer industries

Recombinant products including
vaccines, oils, novel carotenoids,
antibodies, insecticidal proteins
and biohydrogen
Nuclear transformationsNuclear transformations inin
chlorophytes, diatoms and
dinoflagellates
Agitation with glass beads,
electroporation, microparticle
bombardment and Agrobacterium
mediated transformation are used
to transfer foreign genes into
unicellular eukaryotic microalgae
Chloroplast transformation is
achieved in Euglena gracilis and
unicellular red alga, Porphyridium
sp. for the production of
biosynthetic enzymes

POST-GRADUATE DIPLOMAPOST-GRADUATE DIPLOMA
IN PLANKTONOLOGYIN PLANKTONOLOGY
UGC Sponsored Innovative ProgrammeUGC Sponsored Innovative Programme
Dr. M. Michael BabuDr. M. Michael Babu
CoordinatorCoordinator
Co-CoordinatorCo-Coordinator

Scope of PlanktonologyScope of Planktonology
The students more practically in the job
rendering areas in planktons including algal
oil production, carotenoid industries, and
aquaculture sections, the students who
complete this Diploma will get job
opportunities in National and Global
employments
The syllabi framed for this course has made
only after consultation with the foresaid
plankton based industries and also the
students will be trained in plankton based
industries to complete their project work.
After analyzing all the renewable oil
resources, the microalgae which has more
than 50% of lipid to its body weight has now
been identified as an alternative to solve the
future fuel scarcity

Research and TrainingResearch and Training
Algal Identification
Zooplankton culture
Algal associated microbes
Carotenoid production
Algal oil production
Algal secondary metabolites
Aquaculture live feeds
Other compounds
Vaccine research

Infrastructure FacilitiesInfrastructure Facilities
Aquaculture wet lab
Marine Biotechnology Lab
Zooplankton culture
Algal culture facility
Huge Centrifuge
Freeze dryer
Algal identification system
HPLC system

Aquaculture companiesAquaculture companies
Amalgam Enterprises
Arbee Agencies
Arianee Landscapes
Avanti Feeds Ltd
Bright and Associates
Castlerock Group Of Companies
CIBA
Chirag International
Cochin Frozen Food Exports Ltd
Geo Seafood
Guybro Chemicals
L G Sea Foods
Aquaculture companiesAquaculture companies
Amalgam Enterprises
Arbee Agencies
Arianee Landscapes
Avanti Feeds Ltd
Bright and Associates
Castlerock Group Of Companies
CIBA
Chirag International
Cochin Frozen Food Exports Ltd
Geo Seafood
Guybro Chemicals
L G Sea Foods
Carotenoid CompaniesCarotenoid Companies
Allied Biotech Corporation
Carotenoid Technologies
Sociedad Anonima
Novepha Company
Agro Bio Chem (India) Pvt Ltd
Yunnan Green A Boiolgical
Company
Algart International Inc.
Proalgen Biotech Ltd, Chennai
MNC Globle
Divis Laboratories Ltd
Agro BioChem (India) Pvt Ltd
BOBO Corp
Hovid Bhd
Carotenoid CompaniesCarotenoid Companies
Allied Biotech Corporation
Carotenoid Technologies
Sociedad Anonima
Novepha Company
Agro Bio Chem (India) Pvt Ltd
Yunnan Green A Boiolgical
Company
Algart International Inc.
Proalgen Biotech Ltd, Chennai
MNC Globle
Divis Laboratories Ltd
Agro BioChem (India) Pvt Ltd
BOBO Corp
Hovid Bhd
Global OpportunitiesGlobal Opportunities

Algal oil producing companiesAlgal oil producing companies
Aquaflow Binomic Corporation (ABC)
Aquatic energy
Circle Biodiesel and Ethanol Corporation
Amalgam Enterprises
Green Star Products Inc., (GSPI)
Inventure Chemicals
LiveFuels OriginOil, Inc.,
PetroAlgae
Solazyme, Inc.,
Solix Biofuels
Texas Clean Fuels

For Further ContactFor Further Contact
Dr. M. Michael BabuDr. M. Michael Babu
CoordinatorCoordinator
PG Diploma in PlanktonologyPG Diploma in Planktonology
Centre for Marine Science andCentre for Marine Science and
TechnologyTechnology
RajakkamangalamRajakkamangalam
Kanyakumari DistrictKanyakumari District
Mobile: +91-9443731640Mobile: +91-9443731640
Email:Email: michaelmsu@live.commichaelmsu@live.com
michael@msuniv.ac.inmichael@msuniv.ac.in
Website:Website: www.msuniv.ac.inwww.msuniv.ac.in

MARINE GENOMICSMARINE GENOMICS

METAGENOMICSMETAGENOMICS
Defined as “Culture independent analysis of a mixture of microbial
genomes using an approach based either on expression or sequencing”
(Schloss and Handlesmann, 2005)

Why Metagenomics Need?
UnderstandingUnderstanding
MetabolismMetabolism
Defining theDefining the
MinimalMinimal
Gene SetGene Set
GenomeGenome
EngineeringEngineering
Understanding CellUnderstanding Cell
Structure & FunctionStructure & Function
Host InteractionsHost Interactions
Protein-ProteinProtein-Protein
InteractionsInteractions
ExpressionExpression
(RNA/Protein)(RNA/Protein)
Discover DNADiscover DNA
Variation, GenotypingVariation, Genotyping
ForensicsForensics
Drug/VaccineDrug/Vaccine
DevelopmentDevelopment

Approaches in metagenomicsApproaches in metagenomics

121
16S ribosomal RNA analysis of
microbial communities
16S rRNA genes have been
amplified, cloned and
sequenced from thousands of
distinct environmental niches,
but these surveys routinely
continue to identify unique new
bacterial and archaeal taxa.

DNA Bar codingDNA Bar coding
Taxonomic identification
Genetic marker COI-~ 600 bp
Fast mutation rate, resulting in the generation of diversity within
and between populations
Fish Barcode of Life Initiative (FISH-BOL)- a global effort to
coordinate an assembly of a standardized DNA barcode library for all
fish species

“A rigorously standardized sequence of a minimum length and quality from an
agreed-upon gene, deposited in a major sequence database, and attached to a
voucher specimen whose origins and current status are recorded”
- Paul Hebert & Ryan Gregory (2005)

Microbes
Sea grass & Mangroves
Marine Algae- 23 S & COI
Marine planktons
Lower chordates
Marine reptiles
Sea birds
Marine mammals

CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE DIRECTIONSCONCLUSIONS & FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Identify new sources of marine bio-products:Identify new sources of marine bio-products: New microbialNew microbial
strains for antibiotic, anticancer drugs and enzymesstrains for antibiotic, anticancer drugs and enzymes
Production optimization of bio-products:Production optimization of bio-products: Large scale supplyLarge scale supply
through bioprocess technology etcthrough bioprocess technology etc
Develop novel screening technologies:Develop novel screening technologies: Genomic, bar coding andGenomic, bar coding and
metagenomic approachmetagenomic approach
To promote the marine environmental biotechnology:To promote the marine environmental biotechnology: PollutionPollution
will be monitored.will be monitored.
Provide a sustainable source of supply:Provide a sustainable source of supply: Chemical synthesis,Chemical synthesis,
controlled harvesting of aquaculture species,controlled harvesting of aquaculture species, in vitroin vitro productionproduction
through cell culture of the macro or microorganism source andthrough cell culture of the macro or microorganism source and
transgenic productiontransgenic production

Your Valuable suggestions
please
Centre for Marine Science and TechnologyCentre for Marine Science and Technology
Manonmaniam Sundaranar UniversityManonmaniam Sundaranar University
Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari Dist, Tamilnadu, India 629502Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari Dist, Tamilnadu, India 629502
TelefaxTelefax + 91-4652-253078+ 91-4652-253078
MobileMobile + 91-9994273822+ 91-9994273822
E. mailE. mail citarasu@gmail.com
citarasu@msuniv.ac.in
WebWeb www.msuniv.ac.in
Research GateResearch Gate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thavasimuthu_Citarasu
LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/pub/thavasimuthu-citarasu/7/5b/753
Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DQx_qucAAAAJ&hl=en
Centre for Marine Science and TechnologyCentre for Marine Science and Technology
Manonmaniam Sundaranar UniversityManonmaniam Sundaranar University
Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari Dist, Tamilnadu, India 629502Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari Dist, Tamilnadu, India 629502
TelefaxTelefax + 91-4652-253078+ 91-4652-253078
MobileMobile + 91-9994273822+ 91-9994273822
E. mailE. mail citarasu@gmail.com
citarasu@msuniv.ac.in
WebWeb www.msuniv.ac.in
Research GateResearch Gate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thavasimuthu_Citarasu
LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/pub/thavasimuthu-citarasu/7/5b/753
Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DQx_qucAAAAJ&hl=en

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