Tesla World 2015 Ronnie Belmans Keeping the Balance
1.
2. Keeping the balance
Ronnie Belmans
CEO of EnergyVille / Professor at University of Leuven
Executive Director of Global Smart Grid Federation
Honorary Chairman of Elia
4. We're the first generation to feel the impact of climate
change and the last generation that can do something
about it.
Barack Obama – August 2015
The world is changing
USA: Clean Power Plan
13. Flexibility is key – an opportunity!
Consumer-side Flexibility
Shiftable Demand
Generation-side Flexibility
Flexible Generation
Storage
Electricy
Heat
14. Consumer Flexibility: demand response
When large amounts of renewable energy are injected, grid
overload situations are possible
Activation of additional demand can solve thisQuote (Art. 15.8) from the European Commission Energy Efficiency Directive (2012/27/EU):
“Member states shall promote access to and participation of
Demand Response in balancing, reserves and other system services markets”
flexible
load
17. First electric power system
1882 Pearl Street Station, NY
Coal Powered DC GeneratorDesign by Thomas Edison
Used for lighting
18. Demand = street lighting
Early Demand Side Management
Only at night
Electricity Showrooms
Public: women
Electric Household Appliances
19. Flexibility is key – an opportunity!
Consumer-side Flexibility
Shiftable Demand
Generation-side Flexibility
Flexible Generation
Storage
Electricy
Heat
20. Generation-side Flexibility
Either you start up extra
classic power stations (peak
plants)
But peak plants are hard to
keep economically viable
You can also look for
production elsewhere?
21. Energy Generation in Europe
Demand
Renewable
Energy Sources
International
connections
are called for
22. Has the current transmission grid limits?
Stretching was a succes with trains
Not so with sailing ships
So, do we go for an AC grid or a DC grid?
Stretching was a succes with trains
25. Thanks to AC:
Fast growing economies in US & Europe
To satisfy more demand:
Large hydro power plants
Large thermal power plants
Large load centers
Interconnected AC
Networks:
Balance the system better
Minimise reserves
33. Batteries in Practice
Wind farm optimisation
Rokkasho Futamata Wind
Farm, Japan
Transmission line
51 MW Wind Turbine
(1,5MW x 34 Units)
34 MW (245 MWh) NAS Battery
39. Electric Vehicles New?
No gears & no
cranking
Reliable
Convenient refueling
at home
Beneficial for power
station operation
High market share in
US in 1900 (1575
electric vs. 936
gasoline cars)
40. Electric Vehicles New?
1905-1925:
combustion engine
took over:
1911 electric
starter
Abundant oil
reserves in USA
Ford Model T: 440$
1925: 4% market
share
for electric vehicle
in USA
44. The first grids = microgrids
Self-contained & Isolated
Systems
Low-voltage DC power
Battery backup for:
peak power
Short-term reserve
Lead-acid
45. Why would flexibility work now?
We’ve already seen:
Demand-side management
Decentralised systems
Electrical vehicles
All devices
Communicate
With each other
Share information
Greater efficiency
Automation
Security
Comfort
47. Electric Vehicles are Helping
Environmentally Friendly
Positive Price Evolution
Smart Devices
Flexible Buffer Load
Intelligent integration of
electric vehicles is key!
“First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight
you, then you win.” [Mahatma Gandhi]
48. Challenges for the Smart Grid
Security
Privacy
Stable Performance
Market & Regulation
Big Data
Keeping the balance
49. What would Edison think of all this?
In discussion with Henri Ford and Harvey Firestone in the 1930’s:
“I’d put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of
power. I hope we don’t have to wait until oil and coal run out
before we tackle that.”
Keeping the balance…
I’d put my money on the sun and solar
energy. What a source of power. I hope we
don’t have to wait until oil and coal run out
before we tackle that.”
Hinweis der Redaktion
Europe - 2030
40% cut in GHG
27% renewable energy consumption
Energy efficiency, no specific target
Europe - 2030
40% cut in GHG
27% renewable energy consumption
Energy efficiency, no specific target
Generation = demandPrerequisite for safe system operation
Uptil now: balancing the grid from above, centrally, making use of economy of scale.
Generation = demandPrerequisite for safe system operation
Uptil now: balancing the grid from above, centrally, making use of economy of scale.
Continental Europe
Van een centrale controle naar een decentrale controle
Economy of scale - 3 stage regulation procedure
Large-scale integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES)
Variability and intermittency
Replacing conventional controllable generation
Large-scale integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
Distributed & Renewable Generation (DG)
Distributed Storage
Electrification: e.g. Electric Vehicles (EVs), heat pump
Evolution towards Smart Grids
Paradigm in power sector
Demand drives generation -> generation drives demand
Bidirectional flows
Rethink “Fit-and-forget” approach
Coordinated TSO and DSO actions will be key!
Techno-economical puzzle
“Flexibility can be found in a broad range of appliances
and different kinds of customers.”
Residential:
hot tap water boiler
washing machine
tumble dryer
dish washer
airconditioning
heat pump
charging EV
Sme& buildigns:
airconditioning
ventilation
heat pump
cold storage
compressors
Pumps
…
Large industry:
steel industry
electrolysis
compressors
pumps
paper industry
…
In the early days of the grid
Vertically integrated utilities
Electricity demand mainly street lighting
Only when it’s dark
No efficient operation of power station
Electricity showrooms
Kort uitleggen waarom de gasstations wegvallen
Renewable energy resources in Europe are far away from load centers
A supergrid can transport energy over longer distances: a pan-European grid
Foto: 1926 UK National Grid
“Electric power systems embody the physical, intellectual, and symbolic resources of the society that constructs them”* >> Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power
Foto 1: hydropower at Niagara Falls
Foto 2: thermal power at Battersea
Foto: 1926 UK National Grid
“Electric power systems embody the physical, intellectual, and symbolic resources of the society that constructs them”* >> Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power
Foto: 1926 UK National Grid
“Electric power systems embody the physical, intellectual, and symbolic resources of the society that constructs them”* >> Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power
Costs go down every year
Green icons (not filled) are Tesla Model S batteries (lowest)
Simulation of Gigafactory Tesla in Nevada, imagine the effect on scalability for batteries
Battery Energy Systems in PracticeLi-ion batteries connected to transmission gridFrequency regulation as business model5MW/5MWh, West Mecklenburg, GermanySource: Younicos and Wemag AG
Application on a wind farm
NAS
Source: NGK Insulators
Distribution Grid
Li-ion-polymer
Li-ion-polymer 250kWh/500kW, Source: eCamion
Even moeilijk kiezen, want er is ook de Iron Edison ;o)
Even moeilijk kiezen, want er is ook de Iron Edison ;o)
Late 19th century: lead-acid
Batterij: a 900 watt direct current lgiht plant using 16 separate lead acid battery cells (32 volts)
Foto 1: Edison electric car battery (Ni-Fe)
Uitreksel 1889 General Meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers
EV in 1915 kostte >2000$
Limited or ‘new’ role of low voltage distribution grid in “rural areas”?
High local impact
1 EV: 3-4 MWh/year
≈ 1 household
Local clusters of EVs?
Low national impact
3-4 TWh/year for 1 M EVs
Belgium: 90 TWh/year and +/- 6 M vehicles
1 M EVs: +/- 4 % increase in Belgian electricity consumption