1. By Teshome G.
Management information system

2. Levels of Management
According to the expert there are three types of level of management:
• Top Level Management or strategic management
• Middle Level Management or tactical management
• Low Level or Operative Management
Top Level Management
• Top level management consists of board of directors, managing directors
or executive committee members.
Objectives of Top Level Management include the following.
• Setting key objectives, policies and identifying factors essential for the
development of the organization.
• Making appointments to the top position of the organization such as
managers department heads etc.
• Reviewing the work of different personnel in various levels.

3. …conn
• Middle Level Management
• Middle level management consists of managers of
various departments such as productions, sales,
marketing, resource, finance etc.
Objectives of Middle Level Management include the
following.
• Follow the rules and policies formulated by the top level
management.
• Motivating personnel for higher productivity.
• Collecting detail analysis reports from the various
departments.
• Mutual understanding with other departments in the
organization.
• Recommendations to the top level management.

4. …conn
Low Level Management.
• Low level management consist of supervisors, daily workers etc. Follow
the rules and guidelines made out by the top level authentic of the
organization.
Some of the functions of Lower Level Management include the following:
• To issue orders and instructions to the workers and to supervise and
control their work
• To classify and assign jobs to the workers
• To direct and guide the workers about work procedure
• To arrange for the necessary tools, equipment, materials etc., for the
worker
• To solve the problems of workers
• To inform the management about the problems of workers which are not
solved at this level
• To maintain discipline among the workers and to develop in them the right
approach to work.
• To maintain good human relations.
• To build a high group morale among the workers.

5. conn…
Information
 Information is the result or product of processing data. Information can be defined as the data
which is organized and presented at a time and place so that the decision-maker may take
necessary act.
Data processing : is the process of changing data into an information
 Information consists of data that has been retrieved, processed or otherwise used, for informative
or inferential purposes, arguments or as a basis for forecasting.
 For example, some supporting documents, ledgers and so on, which comprise source material for
profit and loss statements may be used by the decision maker for profit planning and control.

6. What Went Wrong?
• Philip A. Pell, PMP, commented on how the U.S. IRS needed to
improve its project management process. “Pure and simple, good,
methodology-centric, predictable, and repeatable project
management is the SINGLE greatest factor in the success (or in
this case failure) of any project… The project manager is
ultimately responsible for the success or failure of the project.”*
• A 2014 U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) report
stated that IRS had significant cost and schedule variances in over
68 percent of its major IT projects
*Comments posted on CIO Magazine Web site on article “For the IRS, There’s No EZ Fix,”
(April 1, 2004).
Information Technology Project
Management, Eighth Edition
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7. Table 3-4. Stakeholder Management
Strategy
Name Level of Interest Level of Influence Potential Management Strategies
Joe Fleming High High Joe likes to stay on top of key projects and
make money. Have a lot of short, face-to-face
meetings and focus on achieving the financial
benefits of the project.
Louise Mills Low High Louise has a lot of things on her plate, and she
does not seem excited about this project. She
may be looking at other job opportunities.
Show her how this project will help the
company and her resume.
Contents are often sensitive, so do not publish this document.
Information Technology Project
Management, Eighth Edition
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8. Project Charters and Kick-off Meetings
• See Table 3-6 for an example of a charter
• Charters are normally short and include key
project information and stakeholder
signatures
• It’s good practice to hold a kick-off meeting at
the beginning of a project so that stakeholders
can meet each other, review the goals of the
project, and discuss future plans
Information Technology Project
Management, Eighth Edition
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