Combustion Engines Finland

1. 14/3/2019
Combustion Engines Finland,
Branch Groupe of Technology Industries of
Finland
5.
Regulations Fuels Fuel supply Combustion Emissions

2. Black Carbon
emissions from
marine diesel engines
Päivi Aakko-Saksa, VTT
Engine Technology Seminar
21 March 2019, Vaasa
2

3. Contents
3.4.2019 VTT – beyond the obvious 3
 Why ship emissions?
 Black carbon emission factors
 How to control black carbon
and other emissions?
 Conclusions

4. Shipping emissions are substantial
Ref. Eyring et al. 2005 in Fagerlund and Ramne 2013.
NOx (Mt N) SOx PM10
CO2
Milliontons
Milliontons
Road
Aviation
Shipping
Health effects
Environmental effects
Global warming
Energy security
Acidification
Eutrophication
Shipping represents globally approximately 9% of SOx, 18-30% of NOx and 8-13% of
diesel black carbon (Winther 2014, Azzara 2015).

5. Existing and possible ECAs
Ships travel close to coast where dense
population lives
http://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/home

6. Black carbon emission warms the climate
Black carbon (BC) is the second strongest
human climate forcing emission in the
atmosphere, surpassed only by CO2
(Bond et al. 2013).
BC emission is a major contributor to warming
of Arctic climate. Even small deposits of BC on
snow and ice accelerate melting by reducing the
reflectivity. Opening of Northern sea routes
increasingly extend ship BC emissions to the
Arctic.
8.6.2016 / Päivi Aakko-Saksa VTT

7. Sulphur regulation speeds up need for
control of BC emission
IMO’s global 0.5% fuel sulphur
content regulation in 2020 will reduce
cooling feature (SOx emission) of ship
exhaust, while warming feature (BC
emission) remains.
Control of BC emission is on a high
priority in the IMO, and limit for BC
emission from ships is anticipated.
3.4.2019 VTT – beyond the obvious 7

8. BC emission factors
VTT 2018 8
250
100
50
1 0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
BC(mg/kgfuel)
2015 inventory, Comer et al. 2017
Marine diesel engines, state-of-the-art
(80% reduction compared with 2015 BC EF)
Distillate+PF, LNG, methanol ~ ambient air
BC emission factors are
lower for modern marine
diesel engines than for old
engines. However, there is
still substantial potential to
reduce BC emission burden
from shipping.

9. EMISSION
CONTROL
Fuel technologies
VTT 2018 9
 Fossil distillate fuels, LNG, methanol
 Renewable fuels
• Distillate-type fuels (e.g. HVO)
• Vegetable oils and animal fats
• Renewable methane (LNG-type)
• Renewable methanol
• Pyrolysis oil
• Electro-fuels based on green hydrogen
(Fuel additives: WiFE, metals)
Exhaust gas
treatment
 SOx scrubbers
 Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
 Diesel oxidation catalysts
 Developing: PM reducing technologies
e.g. particulate filters
Engine
technology
 Size, speed, load
 Injection
 Low BC tuning & SCR
 EGR
 Hybrids/alternative powertrains

10. Recent ship emission
measurement projects
 SEA-EFFECTS BC: laboratory and on-
board measurements
http://www.vtt.fi/sites/sea-effects
 EnviSuM: on-board measurements
https://blogit.utu.fi/envisum/wp-
content/uploads/sites/66/2018/06/EnviSumWP2Rep
ortFMI.pdf
 Measurements by VTT Technical
Research Centre of Finland, Finnish
Meteorological Institute (FMI),
Tampere University (TAU)

11. Ship emissions review in INTENS project
INTENS project website:
http://intens.vtt.fi/index.htm
11
Black carbon (BC) emissions from marine engines (MSD and SSD).
Engine loads >50% MCR. Example from a report of INTENS project.

12. BC control options
12
Timeline
Dashed lines = BC reduction potential limited or not evidenced

13. How to meet emission regulations and
GHG reduction targets?
3.4.2019 VTT – beyond the obvious 13
Renewable, clean
fuels?
Exhaust treatment
technologies?
Availability?
Affordability?
RENEWABLES
FOSSIL FUELS
Low SOx,
NOx, PM…
EMISSION
CONTROL
ENGINE
Fuel cells, batteries in the future
Renewable diesel, biofuels,
LBG, electrofuels (H2)
GHG
reduced
Biogas
Green H2
Climate &
health
benefits
Health
benefits
EMISSION
CONTROL
ENGINE
Low SOx,
NOx, PM…
High
GHG
HFO, distillates, LNG, methanol
Bio Renew. Renew.
LNG
Note: Some emission control devices may
set requirements for cleanliness of fuel
Scrubber,
SCR, DPF
SCR, DPF

14. Conclusions
Efficient emission reduction technologies for marine engines, for example
• LNG has very low BC emissions, and also methanol is efficient.
• Clean distillates combined with particulate filters reduce BC emissions.
• Reduction of other emissions may require additional exhaust treatment.
For low GHG emissions, renewable origin of fuel is essential.
Overall zero emissions could be achieved by
 Renewable/electro fuels combined with appropriate exhaust treatment.
 Full electric and hydrogen/fuel cell solutions based on renewable electricity.
VTT 2018 14

15. 3.4.2019 VTT – beyond the obvious 15
Thank you
The presentation is based on work in
projects funded by Business Finland,
Traficom and industrial partners.
paivi.aakko-saksa@vtt.fi