Informative slides

1. PROTON BEAM THERAPY FOR TUMORS OF
SKULL BASE
Presented By
UZMA ABID
TEHREEM RAZZAQ

3. LAYOUT OF PRESENTATION
 Brain Tumor
 Skull Base Anatomy
 How to Diagnose Tumors
 Radiation Therapy
 Introduction to Proton
 Proton Beam Therapy
 Advantages and Disadvantages
 Suggestions for future
 Conclusions

4. WHAT IS BRAIN TUMORS..?

5. TUMORS
“An abnormal mass of new tissues growth that
serves no function in the body”
Tumors are usually classified as:

6. BENIgN AND MALIgNANT
Benign Malignant
Slow
growing
Noncancerous
Do not spread to
surrounding tissues.
Cancerous
Fast growing
and aggressive
Can invade nearby
tissue and spread to
other parts of the
body

7. SKULL BASE TUMORS
Made up of cells that have spread
to the brain from some where
else in the body.
Originate in the Brain.
ChildrenPrimary
Secondary

8. ANATOMY OF SKULL BASE
Certain tumors and conditions tend to occur in specific
areas of the skull base. The three main regions of the
skull base and the tumors and conditions that occur
there most commonly are

10. Skull BaSe ConditionS
Anterior
Compartment
of skull base
Middle
Compartment of
skull base
Posterior
Compartment
of skull base
Contains the
eye sockets
and sinuses
Contains the
Pituitary gland
Optical bones

11. How to diagnoSe tumorS
Diagnostic
Machines
Brain scan
MRI
Angiogram
CT
scan
BiopsyPET

12. nuClear mediCineS
Nuclear medicine, is specialty that focuses on the use of radioactive
material call Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnoses, Therapy and
Research. Nuclear medicines pharmaceuticals give of gamma ray
and particles that allow us to track the radioactive tracer within the
body different tracers are used to diagnose different parts of the
body small amount are used for imaging scan and large amount is
used for therapy.

13. metHodS of treatment for tumorS
There are many types of cancer treatment. The type of
treatment that you receive will depend on the type of
cancer and how advance it is. Standard methods of
treatment for cancer are Surgery, Chemotherapy and
Radiation therapy.

14. Chemotherapy, (chemo) usually refers to the use of
medicines or drugs to treat cancer.
Surgery, is commonly used for cancer as a treatment
and to diagnose or learn more about the cancer.
Radiation therapy, uses high-energy radiation to shrink
tumors and kill cancer cells, X-ray, Gamma ray and
Charged particles are types of radiation used for
cancer treatment.

15. wHat iS radiationS
“In physics, radiations is the emission or
transmission of energy in the form of waves or
particles through space or through material
medium”.

16. typeS of radiationS
Radiations
Electromagnetic
radiations
Charged particles
α-particle
Β-minus
Β+plus
Protons

17. radiation tHerapy
The treatment of benign and
malignant diseases with ionizing
radiations is called radiation
therapy.
To deliver a precisely measured dose of
irradiation to a defined tumor volume
with minimal damage to surrounding
healthy tissues.

18. typeS of radiation tHerapy
Radiation therapy can be
delivered in two ways
Externally Internally

19. ExtErnal BEam radiation thErapy
External beam radiation therapy, uses a high
energy machine called linear accelerator to direct
radiation to the tumors the procedure
last few minutes.

20. intErnal BEam radiation thErapy
Internal beam radiation therapy, also called
brachytherapy, is a type of radiation therapy in which
radioactive materials are placed, temporarily or
permanently, inside the affected area. This form
of therapy delivers a high dose of radiation directly to
the cancerous area.

21. introduction to proton
In 1886, Eugen Goldstein discovered the positively charged particles produced
from gases. In 1917 Ernest Rutherford discovered protons. Symbol p, p+ and
mass of proton is 1.67 10-27 kg.
Protons are positively charged particles included in ionizing
radiation. Due to their ability of high ionizing radiation we used
in treatment of cancers.
Proton used in proton therapy, also called proton beam
therapy, is a type of radiation treatment that use beam of
protons rather than x-rays to treat cancer. At high energy,
protons can destroy cancer cells.

22. proton BEam thErapy
Proton therapy is an advanced form of
radiotherapy that uses a high-energy proton
beam for cancer treatment. These protons
damage the DNA of cancer cells, ultimately
inducing cell death.

23. history of proton BEam thErapy
 1946 Robert Wilson suggests use of protons
 1954 First treatment of tumors (brain)
 1967 First large-field proton treatments in Sweden
 1974 Large-field fractionated proton treatments
program begins at HCL, Cambridge, MA
 1990 First hospital-based proton treatment
center opens at Loma Linda Univ. Med. Ctr.
 2001 2nd proton center opens at Mass General
 2004-06 3 more centers open in TX, FL, and IN
 2009-10 2 additional centers open in OK, PA

24. physics BEhind proton BEam thErapy
Proton therapy is based on the use of
positively charged elementary particles of
hydrogen atom nuclei namely protons that
have a weight much higher than that of
electrons.
In Proton Therapy protons are produced
by a machine called a cyclotron. Protons
exit from the cyclotron and are directed
by magnetic fields to the patient

25. Protons deposit their maximum
energy in the tumor and then stop
do not affected tissues beyond it.
The radiation dose of a proton pencil
beam along its penetration depth into
the body. The range of these protons
is 25 cm. The dose distribution is
shown below in figure.

26. illustration of x-ray and proton BEam
 In Traditional Radiation therapy a radiation ray beam such as
x-ray beam release its maximum energy to the surface of body
continuously as a result it damage healthy tissues or organs
behind the tumors.
 In Proton therapy the beam of proton release its maximum
energy dose at a depth inside the body and end their.

27. proton accElErator

28. CYCLOTRON
The earliest operational circular accelerators were Cyclotrons,
invented in 1932 by Ernest Orlando Lawrence at the University
of California, Berkeley in which charged particle accelerate
outwards from the center along a spiral path.

29. SYNChROTRON
The Synchrotron accelerates the protons on a circular orbit up to
60% of light speed. The synchrotron is about seven meters in
diameter. When protons are accelerated to such a speed, they can
reach more than 30 cm deep in the human body. The first
synchrotron is built in 1952 by Sir Marcus Oliphant.
Synchrotron

30. WhY We ChOOSe pROTON TheRapY
They are able to deposit less energy on their way to the
tumors and do not affected tissues beyond it.
Today, Proton beam therapy patients have access to state of
the art delivery mode called pencil beam scanning.
With the active scanning techniques the physicians
are able to change the proton dose at any specific
location in the target

31. advaNTageS aNd diSadvaNTageS

32. SuggeSTiONS fOR fuTuRe

33. CONCLuSiONS
Proton beam therapy has been used safely and effectively in
thousand of patients with cancer. There is a sizeable amount of
literature supporting the use of proton beam therapy for pediatric
condition, lung cancer, prostate cancer, central nervous system
malignancies and other cancer sites. By harnessing improved
depth dose characteristic and rapid dose fall of proton beam
therapy compared with photon therapy. The future of proton
beam therapy is very promising.

34. ThaNk YOu..!