Anonos FTC Comment Letter Big Data: A Tool for Inclusion or Exclusion

August
21,
2014
Submitted
online
at
https://ftcpublic.commentworks.com/ftc/bigdataworkshop/
Federal
Trade
Commission
FTC
Conference
Center
Constitution
Center
400
7th
Street
SW
Washington,
D.C.
20024
Re:
Big
Data:
A
Tool
for
Inclusion
or
Exclusion
-‐
Workshop,
Project
No.
P145406
Anonos
has
been
working
over
the
past
two
years
perfecting
risk
management-‐based
principals
for
the
global
data
privacy
industry.
Previously,
the
founders
of
Anonos
sold
their
risk
management
technology
company,
FTEN,
to
NASDAQ
OMX
following
the
2010
U.S.
financial
market
“Flash
Crash,”
when
the
Dow
Jones
industrial
average
briefly
plunged
nearly
1,000
points
erasing
$1
trillion
from
the
U.S.
financial
securities
markets.1
NASDAQ
OMX
acquired
FTEN
to
provide
technology
tools
around
the
world
to
manage
systemic
risk
in
global
financial
securities
markets.
We
believe
technology
inventions
of
similar
significance
as
the
invention
of
anonos.com
1
binary
code2
-‐
which
was
instrumental
to
the
birth
of
the
digital
revolution
-‐
are
necessary
to
limit
potential
discrimination
from
big
data.
Three
overlapping
factors,
which
we
refer
to
as
the
“3Vs,”
are
often
cited
in
the
context
of
big
data.
For
our
purposes,
we
define
them
as:
• Volume:
the
ever-‐increasing
volumes
of
data
made
possible
by
ever-‐decreasing
costs
of
storage;
• Variety:
the
availability
of
numerous
types
/
uses
of
data
in
addition
to
traditional
structured
electronic
data
–
e.g.,
metadata
(i.e.,
data
about
data),
unstructured
data
(i.e.,
we’re
no
longer
limited
to
data
in
predetermined
structured
schemas),
data
“born
analog”
that
is
later
converted
into
digital
data,
etc.;
and
• Velocity:
the
explosion
of
data
from
the
ever-‐increasing
numbers
of
data
sources
that
surround
us
–
everywhere
we
work,
play,
drive,
live,
etc.
1
See
http://money.cnn.com/2010/10/01/markets/SEC_CFTC_flash_crash/
2
All
data
that
is
input,
processed,
stored
or
communicated
digitally
is
represented
by
means
of
binary
code
comprised
of
0s
and
1s
due
to
the
fact
that
0s
can
be
represented
digitally
by
the
absence
of
electronic
current
in
a
circuit
and
1s
can
be
represented
by
the
presence
of
electronic
current
in
a
circuit.
See
http://introcs.cs.princeton.edu/java/51data/.

anonos.com
2
The
May
2014
White
House
report
entitled
Big
Data:
Seizing
Opportunities,
Preserving
Values3
highlights
the
situation
as
follows:
“The
declining
cost
of
collection,
storage,
and
processing
of
data,
combined
with
new
sources
of
data
like
sensors,
cameras,
geospatial
and
other
observational
technologies,
means
that
we
live
in
a
world
of
near-‐ubiquitous
data
collection.
The
volume
of
data
collected
and
processed
is
unprecedented.”
Prior
to
the
3Vs,
private
sector
data
collection
about
consumers
was
limited
principally
to
collection
by
parties
with
whom
a
consumer
had
knowingly
decided
to
conduct
business
–
parties
whom
the
consumer
had
decided
to
trust
–
if
a
party
violated
the
trust
of
a
consumer,
the
consumer
could
cease
doing
business
with
them.
The
increasing
prevalence
of
the
3Vs
in
a
world
where
“You
are
shedding
data
everywhere”4
has
caused
the
consequence
of
parties
violating
consumer
trust
to
become
more
far-‐reaching
and
difficult
to
manage.
As
a
result,
it
is
to
everyone’s
disadvantage
to
have
a
society
where
consumers
have
little,
if
any:
• Voice
regarding
what
data
is
collected
about
them;
• Awareness
of
how
their
data
is
being
used
(complex,
take-‐it-‐leave-‐it
“notice
and
consent”
terms
and
conditions
are
acknowledged
as
a
“market
failure”
in
the
May
2014
President’s
Council
of
Advisors
on
Science
and
Technology
report
entitled
Big
Data
and
Privacy:
A
Technological
Perspective
(the
“PCAST
Report”)5;
or
• Control
over
the
scope
and
/
or
selective
use
of
their
data
(policy
alone
may
not
provide
consumers
with
adequate
protection.)6
3
Available
at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/big_data_privacy_report_may_1_2014.pdf
4
See
May
1,
2014
New
York
Times
article
entitled
Call
for
Limits
on
Web
Data
of
Customers
available
at
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/us/white-‐house-‐report-‐calls-‐for-‐transparency-‐in-‐online-‐data-‐collection.html
5
Available
at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/PCAST/pcast_big_data_and_privacy_-‐_may_2014.pdf
6
As
noted
above,
we
“live
in
a
world
of
near-‐ubiquitous
data
collection,”
where
“[t]he
volume
of
data
collected
and
processed
is
unprecedented”
and
“[y]ou
are
shedding
data
everywhere.”
The
3Vs
combined
with
ongoing
advances
in
the
ability
to
use
analytic
processes
to
find
correlations
between
and
among
data
means
technical
control
mechanisms
may
be
necessary
between
the
digital
recording
of
everything
that
takes
place
everywhere
in
the
world
and
the
unencumbered
ability
to
conduct
analysis
on
resulting
data.
Policy
control
mechanisms
may
not
be
enough
by
themselves.
Policy
tools
may
need
complimentary
technology
tools
to
be
effective.
Policy
tools
by
themselves
can
provide
clarity
as
to
when
situations
involve
wrongdoing
or
inappropriate
use
of
data.
However,
policy-‐based
remedies
available
to
aggrieved
consumers
may
be
“too
little,
too
late”
if
they
suffer
identity
theft,
loss
of
credit,
denial
of
time
sensitive
services,
etc.
An
analogy
exists
between
the
potential
need
for
technology
tools
as
a
compliment
to
policy
tools
and
the
need
for
injunctive
relief
in
appropriate
circumstance
as
a
compliment
to
legal
remedies.
An
injunction
is
an
equitable
remedy
that
is
traditionally
available
when
a
wrongdoing
cannot
be
effectively
remedied
by
an
award
of
monetary
damages
–
i.e.,
when
there
is
"no
adequate
remedy
at
law."
See
http://www.academia.edu/1548128/The_Inadequacy_of_Damages_as_a_Remedy_for_Breach_of_Contract.
Without
the
benefit
of
complimentary
technology
tools,
in
certain
circumstances
it
is
possible
that
there
may
be
“no
adequate
remedy
by
policy
alone.”

anonos.com
3
Ongoing
innovations
in
policy
are
worthy
of
careful
consideration,
evaluation
and
debate.
However,
innovations
in
complimentary
technology
tools
may
also
be
required
to
address
potential
digital
discrimination
without
unduly
limiting
the
expansion
and
development
of
beneficial
big
data
applications.
Technology
tools
can
help
reinsert
trust
and
civility
into
our
society
by
providing
consumers
with
the
ability
to
have
more
effective
Voice,
Awareness
and
Control
in
a
manner
that
supports
economic
models.
Commissioner
Julie
Brill
highlighted
the
need
for
technology
tools
as
the
centerpiece
of
her
October
23,
2013
speech
entitled
A
Call
to
Arms:
The
Role
of
Technologists
in
Protecting
Privacy
in
the
Age
of
Big
Data.
While
discussing
her
"Reclaim
Your
Name"
initiative
at
the
Polytechnic
Institute
of
New
York
University
(NYU-‐Poly)
Cyber
Security
Lecture,
she
exhorted
the
audience
by
saying:
“And
you
-‐-‐
the
engineers,
computer
scientists,
and
technologists
-‐-‐
you
can
help
industry
develop
this
robust
system
for
consumers…This
is
your
‘call
to
arms’
-‐-‐
or
perhaps,
given
who
you
are,
your
‘call
to
keyboard’
-‐-‐
to
help
create
technological
solutions
to
some
of
the
most
vexing
privacy
problems
presented
by
big
data.”7
The
invention
of
binary
code
and
the
ability
to
represent
information
by
the
absence
or
presence
of
electronic
current
was
critical
to
the
birth
of
the
digital
revolution.
In
order
to
limit
potential
digital
discrimination
from
big
data
applications,
we
believe
new
technology
innovations
and
tools
of
the
same
magnitude
as
the
invention
of
binary
code
are
necessary.
The
combination
of
such
technical
innovations
and
appropriate
policy
innovations
can
help
consumers
benefit
from
big
data
without
subjecting
them
to
unnecessary
digital
discrimination
and
loss
of
privacy.
As
stated
in
the
PCAST
Report,8
“…privacy”
encompasses
not
only
avoiding
observation,
or
keeping
one’s
personal
matters
and
relationships
secret,
but
also
the
ability
to
share
information
selectively
but
not
publicly.“
Innovations
in
technology
tools
are
necessary
to
provide
consumers
the
means
of
control
necessary
to
enjoy
this
kind
of
privacy,
avoid
digital
discrimination
and
empower
ongoing
big
data
developments.
As
noted
in
our
August
5,
2014
comment
letter
to
the
National
Telecommunications
and
Information
Administration
(NTIA)
of
the
U.S.
Department
of
Commerce
(a
copy
of
which
is
attached
as
Appendix
A
and
referred
to
herein
as
the
“Anonos
NTIA
Comment
Letter,”
the
7
See
http://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/public_statements/call-‐arms-‐role-‐technologists-‐protecting-‐privacy-‐age-‐big-‐
data/131023nyupolysloanlecture.pdf
8
See
supra,
Note
3.

anonos.com
4
contents
of
which
are
incorporated
herein
by
reference),
the
2012
Consumer
Privacy
Bill
of
Rights9
expressly
acknowledges
the
importance
of
private
sector
participation
in
achieving
its
goals
and
objectives.
We
believe
that
private
sector
research
and
development
needs
to
pick
up
the
slack
and
develop
control
tools
and
technologies
that
will
allow
consumers
to
obfuscate
data
until
they
provide
approval
to
share
information
selectively
but
not
publicly.
The
Anonos
NTIA
Comment
Letter
also
provides
information
on
how
data
could
be
managed
by
trusted
parties
/
proxies
in
accordance
with
permissions
established
by,
or
on
behalf
of,
individual
data
subjects.10
Figures
1
and
Figure
2
below
graphically
represent
potential
benefits
of
technology
tools
that
can
obscure
data
down
to
the
data
element
level.
In
the
first
figure,
the
different
nodes
represent
data
elements
related
to
two
different
consumers
that
are
capable
of
being
tracked,
profiled
and
/
or
analyzed
because
they
are
associated
with,
and
/
or
re-‐identified
to,
each
of
the
consumers.
The
second
figure
presents
a
simplified
visual
depiction
of
the
same
data
elements
that
could
be
retained
–
without
loss
of
Voice,
Awareness
or
Control
–
and
without
loss
of
context
necessary
to
support
beneficial
big
data
applications;
this
can
be
achieved
by
obfuscating
connections
between
each
of
the
consumers
and
the
data
elements
in
a
controlled
manner
via
technology
tools.
Figure
1
-‐
Non-‐Obfuscated
Data
Elements
Figure
2
-‐
Obfuscated
Data
Elements
9
Available
at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/privacyfinal.pdf
10
A
discussion
of
policy
issues
pertaining
to
whether
consumers,
or
trusted
third
parties
/
proxies
on
the
behalf
of
consumers,
should
manage
consumer
data
is
beyond
the
scope
of
this
letter.
The
Anonos
NTIA
Comment
Letter
provides
information
on
the
Anonos
Dynamic
Anonymity
risk
management
platform,
which
could
help
address
tensions
between
big
data
and
the
Fair
Information
Practice
Principles
(FIPPs)
(see
http://www.nist.gov/nstic/NSTIC-‐FIPPs.pdf).
In
addition,
the
Anonos
Dynamic
Anonymity
risk
management
platform
could
help
a
company:
(a)
comply
with
the
FTC
framework
outlined
in
the
2012
report
entitled
Protecting
Consumer
Privacy
in
an
Era
of
Rapid
Change:
Recommendations
For
Businesses
and
Policymakers
Framework
(available
at
http://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/federal-‐trade-‐commission-‐
report-‐protecting-‐consumer-‐privacy-‐era-‐rapid-‐change-‐recommendations/120326privacyreport.pdf)
(the
“FTC
Framework)
by
implementing
Privacy
by
Design,
Simplified
Consumer
Choice
and
Transparency
as
described
therein;
and
/
or
(b)
avoid
application
of
the
FTC
Framework
by
helping
to
ensure
that
the
company's
data
is
not
"reasonably
linked
to
a
specific
consumer,
computer,
or
other
device”
by
(i)
showing
reasonable
measures
are
undertaken
to
ensure
that
data
is
de-‐identified,
(ii)
supporting
public
commitments
by
the
company
not
to
use
data
in
a
de-‐identified
fashion
by
restricting
via
technological
means
attempts
to
re-‐identify
data,
and
(iii)
imposing
technical
restrictions
on
other
entities
with
whom
the
company
shares
de-‐identified
data
from
re-‐identifying
data.

anonos.com
5
The
proverbial
pendulum
has
swung
too
far
to
one
side
-‐
digital
data
is
“out
there”
on
all
of
us,
being
used
for
purposes
not
intended
at
the
time
of
disclosure
and
over
which
we
have
ineffective
Voice,
Awareness
or
Control.
We
believe
a
new
mindset
is
necessary
–
the
private
sector
needs
to
dedicate
resources
and
energy
to
developing
technologies
that
can
have
as
much
of
an
impact
on
big
data
as
binary
encoding
had
on
digitizing
information.
New
inventions
and
technologies
that
can
obfuscate
linkages
between
and
among
data
elements
while
still
retaining
the
beneficial
utility
of
such
data
–
if
combined
with
appropriate
innovations
in
policy
–
can
facilitate
protection
of
consumer
rights
while
enabling
robust
usage
of
big
data.
Anonos
appreciates
the
opportunity
to
submit
this
letter
in
response
to
the
Federal
Trade
Commission’s
request
for
public
comments
on
the
FTC
Examination
of
Effects
of
Big
Data
on
Low
Income
and
Underserved
Consumers
Workshop;
Project
No.
P145406.
Respectfully
Submitted,
M.
Gary
LaFever
Ted
Myerson
Co-‐Founder
Co-‐Founder

Appendix
A
Anonos
NTIA
Comment
Letter

anonos.com
1
August
5,
2014
Sent
via
Email
to
privacyrfc2014@ntia.doc.gov
Mr.
John
Morris,
Associate
Administrator
Office
of
Policy
Analysis
and
Development
National
Telecommunications
and
Information
Administration
U.S.
Department
of
Commerce
1401
Constitution
Avenue
NW
Washington,
DC
20230
Re:
Request
for
Public
Comment
on
‘‘Big
Data’’
Developments
and
How
They
Impact
the
Consumer
Privacy
Bill
of
Rights
-‐
Docket
No.
140514424–4424–01
Dear
Mr.
Morris,
Pursuant
to
the
request
for
public
comments
issued
by
the
National
Telecommunications
&
Information
Administration
(“NTIA”)
published
in
the
Federal
Register
at
79
Fed.
Reg.
32,714
(“NTIA
Request
For
Public
Comments”),
Anonos
respectfully
submits
this
Comment
Letter
with
specific
responses
to
questions
1,
4,
7,
11,
and
13
through
17
of
the
NTIA
Request
For
Public
Comments.
Introduction
As
technology
capabilities
expand,
the
ability
to
process
and
analyze
large
complex
data
sets
offers
an
unprecedented
opportunity
to
address
the
critical
health,
security,
scientific,
commercial
and
economic
issues
facing
our
nation.1
Whether
it
is
aggregating
data
to
study
correlations
in
disease,
ensuring
our
nation
is
safe
from
cyber-‐attack,
or
optimizing
business
efficiency,
big
data
has
a
role
to
play
in
keeping
America
competitive.
Although
these
technological
advances
provide
significant
promise,
data
breaches
and
the
unauthorized
use
of
personal
information
by
government
and
industry
are
eroding
confidence
that
personal
data
will
be
used
in
appropriate
and
responsible
ways.
It
is
critical
to
ensure
that
consumers
and
citizens
trust
that
their
data
is
private
and
protected.
Without
a
foundation
of
1
President’s
Council
of
Advisors
on
Science
and
Technology
(PCAST),
Report
to
the
President;
Big
Data
and
Privacy:
A
Technological
Perspective,
Section
2.
Examples
and
Scenarios
(May
2014).
Available
at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/PCAST/pcast_big
_
data_and_privacy_-‐_may_2014.pdf.

anonos.com
2
trust,
businesses,
government,
and
researchers
will
be
unable
to
realize
the
full
potential
and
societal
benefits
of
big
data
capabilities.
Responses
to
NTIA
Request
For
Public
Comments
Questions
1.
How
can
the
Consumer
Privacy
Bill
of
Rights,
which
is
based
on
the
Fair
Information
Practice
Principles,
support
the
innovations
of
big
data
while
at
the
same
time
responding
to
its
risks?
We
believe
innovations
of
big
data
can
be
supported
while
at
the
same
time
managing
associated
risks
by
increasing
participation
by
the
private
sector
in
developing
tools
that
provide
consumers
with
greater
transparency
and
control
at
the
data
element
level
as
necessitated
by
the
realities
of
big
data.
The
Consumer
Privacy
Bill
of
Rights2
expressly
acknowledges
the
importance
of
private
sector
participation
in
achieving
its
goals
and
objectives
via
statements
like
those
found
on
page
12,
“Innovative
technology
can
help
to
expand
the
range
of
user
control,”
and
page
15,
“This
level
of
transparency
may
also
facilitate
the
development
within
the
private
sector
of
innovative
privacy-‐enhancing
technologies
and
guidance
that
consumers
can
use
to
protect
their
privacy.”
Exhibit
1
to
this
Comment
Letter
provides
an
overview
of
the
Anonos
private
sector
Dynamic
Anonymity3
risk
management
platform.
More
importantly
than
what
Anonos
represents
in
its
own
right,
is
what
it
represents
as
a
category
–
private
sector
developed
technologies.
Private
sector
developed
technologies
can
help
to
reconcile
tensions
between
identifiable
and
functional
information
by
providing
tools
that
enable
trust
and
control
in
order
to
achieve
the
goals
and
objectives
of
the
Consumer
Privacy
Bill
of
Rights.
However,
as
evidence
of
the
general
failure
of
the
private
sector
to
step
up
to
this
challenge,
as
recently
as
October
2013,
FTC
Commissioner
Julie
Brill
exhorted
the
audience
at
the
Polytechnic
Institute
of
New
York
University
(NYU-‐Poly)
Third
Sloan
Foundation
Cyber
Security
Lecture,
by
stating
“And
you
-‐-‐
the
engineers,
computer
scientists,
and
technologists
-‐-‐
you
can
help
industry
develop
this
robust
system
for
consumers….This
is
your
‘call
to
arms’-‐-‐or
perhaps,
given
who
you
are,
your
‘call
to
keyboard’
-‐-‐
to
help
create
technological
solutions
to
some
of
the
most
vexing
privacy
problems
presented
by
big
data.”4
2
Available
at
http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/privacyfinal.pdf
3
Anonos,
CoT,
DDID,
Dynamic
Anonymity,
and
Dynamic
De-‐Identifier
are
trademarks
of
Anonos.
4
See
http://engineering.nyu.edu/news/2013/11/05/ftc-‐commissioner-‐brill-‐warns-‐about-‐cyberspace-‐big-‐data-‐abuse

anonos.com
3
4.
What
mechanisms
should
be
used
to
address
the
practical
limits
to
the
‘‘notice
and
consent’’
model
noted
in
the
Big
Data
Report?
How
can
the
Consumer
Privacy
Bill
of
Rights’
‘‘individual
control’’
and
‘‘respect
for
context’’
principles
be
applied
to
big
data?
Should
they
be?
How
is
the
notice
and
consent
model
impacted
by
recent
advances
concerning
‘‘just
in
time’’
notices?
The
notice
and
consent
model
has
been
widely
criticized
as
ineffective.
In
too
many
cases,
particularly
where
electronic
consent
is
obtained,
a
user
clicks
an
“I
Agree”
button,
perhaps
after
quickly
scrolling
through
a
consent
form.
This
system
does
not
build
trust
between
individuals
and
the
entities
that
use
their
data.
As
stated
in
the
PCAST
Report,
“Only
in
some
fantasy
world
do
users
actually
read
these
notices
and
understand
their
implications
before
clicking
to
indicate
their
consent.”
5
A
lack
of
real
consent
erodes
the
trust
between
data
owners
and
data
users.
And,
while
more
detailed
requirements
for
“just
in
time”
notices
have
been
a
step
in
the
right
direction,
it
is
still
a
stretch
of
the
imagination
to
say
consumer
consent
is
knowingly
and
voluntarily
provided
when
withholding
consent
prevents
a
consumer
from
using
the
application
in
question.
This
current
framework
does
not
build
trust
with
the
individual
and
does
not
effectively
serve
researchers,
business,
or
government.
We
see
it
in
the
news
every
day:
the
proliferation
of
technology,
while
opening
some
doors,
has
seemingly
pitted
privacy
interests
against
the
interests
of
national
security
and
economic
growth.
Alternatives
are
needed
that
can
help
realize
the
promise
big
data
holds
and
maintain
the
trust
of
consumers
and
citizens.
Privacy-‐enhancing
technologies
go
by
different
names
including
“privacy-‐preserving
technologies”
and
even
“privacy
substitutes”
6
but
they
all
generally
share
the
common
goal
of
balancing
functionality
and
protecting
consumer
privacy.
When
a
more
robust
methodology
that
identifies
data,
retains
utility,
and
provides
individuals
and
trusted
parties
/
proxies
with
the
ability
to
manage
access
to
personal
data
is
needed,
dynamic
functional
data
obscurity
provides
a
new
and
effective
alternative.
Functional
data
obscurity
is
a
new
method
to
dynamically
de-‐identify
data
while
retaining
its
utility.
Instead
of
stripping
the
identifying
information
from
the
data,
which
significantly
reduces
its
value,
functional
data
obscurity
replaces
the
identifying
information
with
obscure
values
that
dynamically
mask
identity
but
preserve
association.
In
this
way,
data
privacy
is
protected,
but
analysis
between
data
points
is
preserved.
5
PCAST
Report,
at
xi.
6
Mayer,
Jonathan
&
Narayanan,
Arvind,
Privacy
Substitutes,
66
Stan.
L.
Rev.
Online
89
(2013).
Available
at
http://www.stanfordlawreview.org/
online/privacy-‐and-‐big-‐data/privacy-‐substitutes

anonos.com
4
Functional
data
obscurity
can
apply
the
Consumer
Privacy
Bill
of
Rights’
‘‘individual
control’’
and
‘‘respect
for
context’’
principles
to
big
data
in
the
following
ways:
• When
functional
data
obscurity
is
used,
the
utility
of
each
data
element
is
preserved
and
protected;
• Users
get
only
the
information
they
need
and
are
entitled
to
receive
-‐
data
subjects
know
their
information
is
protected
and
limited;
and
• Functional
data
obscurity
fundamentally
changes
the
way
we
treat
data
by
providing
individuals
with
different
ways
to
assemble
and
access
information.
The
approach
to
functional
data
obscurity
embodied
in
the
Anonos
Dynamic
Anonymity
risk
management
platform
allows
data
subjects
/
trusted
parties
/
proxies
to
determine
on
a
time,
place,
and
purpose-‐specific
basis
what
data
elements
to
share
and
what
level
of
identifying
information
to
include
at
the
time
of
sharing.
In
addition,
it
enables
controlled
data
fusion
by
providing
controlled
anonymity
for
data,
identity
of
data
subjects
/
trusted
parties
/
proxies
as
well
as
“context”
(e.g.,
time,
purpose,
place)
by
obfuscating
connections
between
and
among
the
foregoing,
enabling
the:
• Undoing
or
reversal
of
either
rights
granted
or
access
to
data;
and
• Rejuvenation
of
data
to
support
additional
secondary
uses
without
violating
promises
to
data
subjects.
The
identifiers
used
by
the
Anonos
Dynamic
Anonymity
risk
management
platform
in
providing
functional
data
obscurity
can
be
replaced
dynamically
at
the
data
element
level,
not
just
at
the
data
subject
or
data
record
level.
This
means
that
individual
consumers
and
citizens
can
have
control
over
what
data
is
shared
or
accessed
enabling
effective
dynamic
de-‐identification
without
de-‐valuation.
An
individual
no
longer
has
to
choose
to
share
the
entirety
of
their
personal
information
or
strip
it
of
all
its
identifiers;
instead,
the
individual
(or
a
trusted
party
or
proxy)
can
decide
which
elements
to
share
with
whom.
7.
The
PCAST
Report
states
that
in
some
cases
‘‘it
is
practically
impossible’’
with
any
high
degree
of
assurance
for
data
holders
to
identify
and
delete
‘‘all
the
data
about
an
individual’’
particularly
in
light
of
the
distributed
and
redundant
nature
of
data
storage.
Do
such
challenges
pose
privacy
risks?
How
significant
are
the
privacy
risks,
and
how
might
such
challenges
be
addressed?
Are
there
particular
policy
or
technical
solutions
that
would
be
useful
to
consider?
Would
concepts
of
‘‘reasonableness’’
be
useful
in
addressing
data
deletion?
EMC
and
International
Data
Corporation
estimate
that
the
size
of
the
digital
universe
doubles
every
two
years,
ever
expanding
to
include
an
increasing
number
of
people,
enterprises
and

smart
devices
connected
to
the
Internet.
They
estimate
that
by
2020,
the
digital
universe
will
contain
nearly
as
many
digital
bits
as
there
are
stars
in
the
universe
and
that
the
data
we
create
annually
will
reach
44
zettabytes,
or
44
trillion
gigabytes.7
In
their
law
review
article,
anonos.com
5
Big
Data
Ethics,
Neil
Richards
and
Jonathan
King
explain
how
“…we
as
a
society
have
effectively
built
a
‘big
metadata
computer’
that
is
now
computing
data
and
associated
metadata
about
everything
we
do
at
an
ever
quickening
pace.
As
the
data
about
everything
(including
us)
have
grown,
so
too
have
big
data
analytics—new
capabilities
enable
new
kinds
of
data
analysis
and
motivate
increased
data
collection
and
the
sharing
of
data
for
secondary
uses.”8
Richards
and
King
go
on
to
note
that
“Much
of
the
tension
in
privacy
law
over
the
past
few
decades
has
come
from
the
simplistic
idea
that
privacy
is
a
binary,
on-‐or-‐off
state,
and
that
once
information
is
shared
and
consent
given,
it
can
no
longer
be
private.
Binary
notions
of
privacy
are
particularly
dangerous
and
can
erode
trust
in
our
era
of
big
data
and
metadata,
in
which
private
information
is
necessarily
shared
by
design
in
order
to
be
useful.”9
While
it
may
be
“practicably
impossible”
to
delete
all
the
digital
data
information
that
has
been
amassed
to
date,
technologies
that
can
effectively
de-‐identify
without
de-‐valuing
data
going
forward
enable
us
to
benefit
from
the
capabilities
of
big
data
while
simultaneously
managing
risks.
The
capabilities
of
technologies
to
de-‐identify
without
de-‐valuing
data
should
be
used
to
define
what
is
“reasonable”
going
forward.
They
should
be
leveraged
to:
• Significantly
decrease
risks
associated
with
data
breaches,
misuse
of
personal
data
and
re-‐identification;
• Maximize
data
use
for
businesses
and
government
entities;
• Improve
business
models;
• Facilitate
research
and
development;
and
• Work
within
the
current
system
to
balance
trust,
control
and
utility.
This
century
has
brought
an
explosion
of
data
as
well
as
the
ability
to
make
use
of
unstructured
data.
We
can
now
make
use
of
not
just
formalized
data
records
but
also
data
down
to
the
data
element
level
–
and
we
can
go
even
beyond
the
data
element
level
to
the
“meta
data
level”
–
i.e.,
data
related
to
data.
We
believe
this
is
the
real
revolution
in
big
data
–
not
the
volume
of
data
but
the
diversity
of
data
arising
from
the
availability
of
meta
data
and
unstructured
data.
To
really
protect
against
potential
abuses
of
big
data,
you
need
to
be
able
to
get
down
to
the
data
element
level
so
that
organizations
can
be
in
control
and,
where
possible
and
desired,
7
EMC
Digital
Universe
with
Research
&
Analysis
by
IDC,
The
Digital
Universe
of
Opportunities:
Rich
Data
and
the
Increasing
Value
of
the
Internet
of
Things.
Available
at
http://www.emc.com/leadership/digital-‐universe/2014iview/index.htm.
8
Richards,
Neil
and
King,
Jonathan,
Big
Data
Ethics
(2014)
at
395.
Wake
Forest
Law
Review.
Available
at
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2384174
9
Id
at
396.

extend
controls
to
individuals.
Control
down
to
the
data
element
level
makes
risk
mitigation
possible
in
the
age
of
big
data
–
beyond
the
reach
of
controls
targeted
only
at
the
data
record
or
data
subject
level.
Ultimately,
this
creates
capabilities
that
favor
the
Consumer
Privacy
Bill
of
Rights
and
enables
tool
kits
that
allow
consumers
to
exercise
more
control.
11.
As
the
PCAST
Report
explains,
‘‘it
is
increasingly
easy
to
defeat
[deidentification
of
personal
data]
by
the
very
techniques
that
are
being
developed
for
many
legitimate
applications
of
big
data.’’
However,
deidentification
may
remain
useful
as
an
added
safeguard
in
some
contexts,
particularly
when
employed
in
combination
with
policy
safeguards.
How
significant
are
the
privacy
risks
posed
by
re-‐identification
of
deidentified
data?
How
can
deidentification
be
used
to
mitigate
privacy
risks
in
light
of
the
analytical
capabilities
of
big
data?
Can
particular
policy
safeguards
bolster
the
effectiveness
of
deidentification?
Does
the
relative
efficacy
of
deidentification
depend
on
whether
it
is
applied
to
public
or
private
data
sets?
Can
differential
privacy
mitigate
risks
in
some
cases?
What
steps
could
the
government
or
private
sector
take
to
expand
the
capabilities
and
practical
application
of
these
techniques?
With
the
ever-‐increasing
amount
of
data
being
deposited
into
the
“big
metadata
computer”
we’re
building
as
a
society,10
there
are
ever-‐increasing
risks
of
when
static
approaches
to
anonymity
or
are
used.
At
least
as
early
as
2000,
experts
like
Latanya
Sweeney,
former
Chief
Technologist
at
the
FTC,
noted
in
her
Carnegie
Mellon
University
paper,
anonos.com
6
Simple
Demographics
Often
Identify
People
Uniquely,11
the
weakness
of
static
identifiers
in
providing
effective
anonymity.
Professor
Paul
Ohm,
in
his
seminal
2009
article,
Broken
Promises
of
Privacy:
Responding
to
the
Surprising
Failure
of
Anonymization,
revealed
how
computer
scientists
can
re-‐identity
individuals
presumably
hidden
by
statically
anonymized
data.12
More
recently,
James
Turow
noted
in
his
2013
book,
The
Daily
You:
How
the
New
Advertising
Industry
Is
Defining
Your
Identity
and
Your
Worth,13
that
this
is
particularly
the
case
“when
firms
intermittently
add
offline
information
to
online
data
and
then
simply
strip
the
name
and
address
to
make
it
‘anonymous.’”
However,
continued
private
sector
development
of
dynamic
and
functional
data
obscurity
capabilities
such
as
embodied
in
the
Anonos
Dynamic
Anonymity
risk
management
platform
described
in
Exhibit
1,
particularly
when
employed
in
combination
with
policy
safeguards,
can
mitigate
privacy
risks
notwithstanding
the
analytical
capabilities
of
big
data
and
regardless
of
whether
applied
to
public
and
/
or
private
data
sets.
10
See
notes
6
and
7,
supra.
11
Sweeney,
Latanya,
Simple
Demographics
Often
Identify
People
Uniquely.
Carnegie
Mellon
University,
Data
Privacy
Working
Paper
3.
Pittsburgh
2000.
Available
at
http://dataprivacylab.org/projects/identifiability/.
12
Ohm,
Paul,
Broken
Promises
of
Privacy:
Responding
to
the
Surprising
Failure
of
Anonymization
(2009).
UCLA
Law
Review,
Vol.
57,
p.
1701,
2010;
U
of
Colorado
Law
Legal
Studies
Research
Paper
No.
9-‐12.
Available
at
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1450006.
13
Turow,
James,
The
Daily
You:
How
the
New
Advertising
Industry
Is
Defining
Your
Identity
and
Your
Worth,
Yale
Press
(2013).
Available
at
http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300165012

13.
Can
accountability
mechanisms
play
a
useful
role
in
promoting
socially
beneficial
uses
of
big
data
while
safeguarding
privacy?
Should
ethics
boards,
privacy
advisory
committees,
consumer
advisory
boards,
or
Institutional
Review
Boards
(IRBs)
be
consulted
when
practical
limits
frustrate
transparency
and
individuals’
control
over
their
personal
information?
How
could
such
entities
be
structured?
How
might
they
be
useful
in
the
commercial
context?
Can
privacy
impact
assessments
and
third-‐party
audits
complement
the
work
of
such
entities?
What
kinds
of
parameters
would
be
valuable
for
different
kinds
of
big
data
analysts
to
consider,
and
what
kinds
of
incentives
might
be
most
effective
in
promoting
their
consideration?
De-‐identification
or
anonymization
is
not
about
the
perfection
of
technologies
–
making
it
impossible
for
data
to
ever
be
re-‐identified.
Given
enough
time
and
the
capabilities
of
supercomputers,
one
could
argue
that
there
is
nothing
that
cannot
eventually
be
re-‐identified.
Rather,
effective
and
anonymization
are
about
limiting
purpose
and
use
to
parties
that
a
data
subject
has
specifically
authorized
and
sufficiently
increasing
the
difficulty
of
third
parties
to
gain
access
to,
or
misuse,
personal
information.
You
cannot
just
depend
on
technology
–
it
has
to
be
a
blend
of
advanced
technology
and
policies
that
go
with
it.
Even
the
most
advanced
toolsets
may
still
be
dependent
in
most
cases
on
policy
decisions.
Technology
does
not
have
to
be
perfect
–
but
it
does
need
to
be
much
better
than
what
has
been
previously
available.
Advanced
technology
like
the
Anonos
Dynamic
Anonymity
risk
management
platform
make
it
possible
to
have
access
to
tools
to
ensure
that
proper
controls
are
available
when
data
is
used
for
different
purposes.
Accountability
requires
policies
and
contracts
as
well
as
more
effective
tools
that
can
bring
control
down
to
the
data
element
level
from
the
data
record
or
data
subject
level.
Effective
privacy
governance
requires
having
access
to
more
effective
tools
to
recalibrate
the
equilibrium
point
via
mitigation
strategies.
Once
you
understand
the
balancing
points,
you
must
have
controls
down
to
the
data
element
level
to
achieve
mitigation
strategies
–
it
is
no
longer
“good
enough”
to
have
controls
just
at
the
data
record
or
data
subject
level.
Ethics
boards,
privacy
advisory
committees,
consumer
advisory
boards,
and
/
or
Institutional
Review
Boards
(IRBs)
can
serve
a
valuable
role
in
helping
to
determine
the
kind
of
tools,
policies
and
contracts
that
represent
“best
practice.”
14.
Would
a
system
using
‘‘privacy
preference
profiles,’’
as
discussed
in
Section
4.5.1
of
the
PCAST
Report,
mitigate
privacy
risks
regarding
big
data
analysis?
We
believe
that
“privacy
preference
profiles”
along
the
lines
discussed
in
Section
4.5.1
of
the
PCAST
Report
can
play
a
role
in
mitigating
privacy
risks
of
big
data
analysis.
However,
we
do
not
anonos.com
7

anonos.com
8
necessarily
agree
with
the
statement
in
the
PCAST
report
that
“…the
responsibility
for
using
personal
data
in
accordance
with
the
user’s
preferences
should
rest
with
the
provider,
possibly
assisted
by
a
mutually
accepted
intermediary,
rather
than
with
the
user.”14
As
reflected
in
the
discussion
of
the
Anonos
Circle
of
Trust
(CoT)
provided
in
Exhibit
1,
both
data
subject
and
data
stewardship
implementations
of
technologies
like
the
Anonos
Dynamic
Anonymity
risk
management
platform
are
technically
feasible.
The
goal
of
technologies
should
be
to
provide
risk
management
/
mitigation
tools
that
can
be
used
as
determined
appropriate
by
jurisdictionally
empowered
legislators
and
regulators
–
which
in
different
situations
may
or
may
not
include
users
having
the
ability
to
directly
control
use
of
data
in
accordance
with
personal
privacy
preference
profiles.15
15.
Related
to
the
concept
of
‘‘privacy
preference
profiles,’’
some
have
urged
that
privacy
preferences
could
be
attached
to
and
travel
with
personal
data
(in
the
form
of
metadata),
thereby
enabling
recipients
of
data
to
know
how
to
handle
the
data.
Could
such
an
approach
mitigate
privacy
risks
regarding
big
data
analysis?
While
“privacy
preference
profiles”
attached
as
metadata
could
help
identify
sources
of
data
breaches
and
misuse
of
personal
data,
they
would
only
provide
after-‐the-‐fact
means
of
determining
fault
to
assess
culpability
and
award
monetary
damages.
Our
belief
is
that
reputational
damage
is
not
always
capable
of
being
made
entirely
whole
by
means
of
monetary
damages.
A
more
effective
means
of
honoring
privacy
preferences
is
to
use
them
to
establish
allowable
operations
such
as
what
data
can
be
used
by
whom,
for
what
purpose,
what
time
period,
etc.
along
the
lines
discussed
on
page
14
of
Exhibit
1
in
the
context
of
“Permissions”
or
“PERMs”
used
by
the
Anonos
Dynamic
Anonymity
risk
management
platform
to
specify
desired
anonymization
levels
and
when
/
where
/
how
to
use
Dynamic
De-‐Identifiers
(DDIDs)
in
the
context
of
providing
anonymity
for
the
identity
and
/
or
activities
of
a
data
subject,
when
to
use
other
techniques
in
connection
with,
or
in
lieu
of,
DDIDs,
when
to
provide
identifying
information
to
facilitate
transactions,
etc.
16.
Would
the
development
of
a
framework
for
privacy
risk
management
be
an
effective
mechanism
for
addressing
challenges
with
big
data?
We
strongly
believe
that
privacy
risk
management
frameworks
are
some
of
the
most
effective
mechanisms
for
addressing
many
of
the
challenges
with
big
data.
Anonos
was
founded
to
leverage
our
knowledge
and
experience
in
previously
successfully
implementing
financial
14
PCAST
Report
at
page
40.
15
Providing
users
with
the
ability
to
directly
control
use
of
data
in
accordance
with
personal
privacy
preference
profiles
may
be
useful
in
helping
to
reconcile
differences
between
EU
“fundamental
right”
and
US
balancing
of
privacy
rights
/
right
to
free
expression
/
commerce
perspectives
on
data
privacy
protection.
For
background,
see
American
Bar
Association
Antitrust
magazine
article
entitled
“So
Close
Yet
So
Far,
The
EU
and
US
Visions
of
a
New
Privacy
Framework”
by
Hogan
Lovells
partners
Winston
Maxwell
(Paris)
and
Chris
Wolf
(Washington)
at
Antitrust,
Vol.26,
No.3,
Summer
2012;
available
at
http://www.hldataprotection.com/uploads/file/ABA%20Antitrust%20Magazine(1).pdf.

securities
risk
management
across
the
globe.
As
more
fully
described
in
Exhibit
1,
before
being
acquired
by
NASDAQ
OMX
in
2010,
our
prior
company,
FTEN,
was
the
largest
processor
of
real-‐
time
financial
securities
risk
management
in
the
world
–
each
trading
day
providing
real-‐time
risk
management
and
surveillance
for
up
to
17
billion
executed
shares
of
U.S.
equities,
accounting
for
$150
billion
in
risk
calculations.16
At
Anonos,
we
are
now
applying
this
knowledge
and
experience
to
the
data
privacy
sector
to
reduce
the
risk
of
inadvertent
or
unauthorized
disclosure
of
identifying
information.
Rather
than
offering
control
just
at
the
data
subject
or
data
record
level
–
which
is
primarily
what
Notice
and
Consent
is
about
–
the
Anonos
Dynamic
Anonymity
risk
management
platform
can
provide
data
privacy
risk
management
tools
down
to
the
data
element
level.
Tools
that
enable
a
relationship
of
trust
and
control
can
support
risk
mitigation
by
analyzing
pros
and
cons
of
different
types
of
transactions
and
helping
to
determine
whether
to
permit
them
or
not.
Privacy-‐enhancing
technology
such
as
the
Anonos
Dynamic
Anonymity
risk
management
platform
allow
flexible,
granular
control
–
something
previously
not
available.
17.
Can
emerging
technologies
mitigate
privacy
risks
to
individuals
while
preserving
the
benefits
of
robust
aggregate
data
sets?
For
the
reasons
outlined
above
and
discussed
in
Exhibit
1,
we
believe
technologies
like
the
Anonos
Dynamic
Anonymity
risk
management
platform
can
help
mitigate
privacy
risks
to
individuals
while
preserving
the
benefits
of
robust
aggregate
data
sets.
Anonos
appreciates
the
opportunity
to
submit
this
Comment
Letter
in
response
to
the
NTIA's
Request
for
Public
Comment
on
‘‘Big
Data’’
Developments
and
How
They
Impact
the
Consumer
Privacy
Bill
of
Rights
(Docket
No.
140514424–4424–01).
Respectfully
Submitted,
anonos.com
9
M.
Gary
LaFever
Ted
Myerson
Co-‐Founder
Co-‐Founder
16
See
http://ir.nasdaqomx.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=537252.

anonos.com
10
ANONOS
ACKNOWLEDGES
THAT
THIS
MATERIAL
MAY
BECOME
PART
OF
THE
PUBLIC
RECORD
AND
POSTED
TO
HTTP://WWW.NTIA.DOC.GOV/CATEGORY/INTERNET-‐POLICY-‐
TASK-‐FORCE.
THIS
INFORMATION
DOES
NOT
CONSTITUTE
CONFIDENTIAL
BUSINESS
INFORMATION
BUT
IS
PROTECTED
UNDER
PATENT
APPLICATIONS,
INCLUDING
BUT
NOT
LIMITED
TO,
U.S.
APPLICATION
NOS.
13/764,773;
61/675,815;
61/832,087;
61/899,096;
61/938,631;
61/941,242;
61/944,565;
61/945,821;
61/948,575;
61/969,194;
61/974,442;
61/988,373;
61/
992,441;
61/994,076;
61/994,715;
61/994,721;
62/001,127;
14/298,723;
62/015,431;
62/019,987
AND
INTERNATIONAL
APPLICATION
NO.
PCT
US13/52159.
ANONOS,
COT,
DDID,
DYNAMIC
ANONYMITY,
AND
DYNAMIC
DE-‐IDENTIFIER
ARE
TRADEMARKS
OF
ANONOS.
Exhibit
1
Introduction
to
the
Anonos
Dynamic
Anonymity
Risk
Management
Platform
The
Anonos
Dynamic
Anonymity
risk
management
platform
currently
under
development
is
designed
to
provide
the
benefit
of
minimizing
risk
of
identity
disclosure
while
respecting
and
protecting
digital
rights
management
for
individuals
/
trusted
parties
/
proxies
–
enabling
them,
at
their
election
and
control,
to
avail
themselves
of
the
benefits
of
big
data.
Risk
Management
by
Associating
Unassociated
Data
Elements
–
the
Financial
Industry
In
2003
at
their
prior
company,
FTEN,
the
founders
of
Anonos
helped
develop
technology
that
utilized
real-‐time
electronic
“drop
copies”
of
data
from
trading
venues
-‐
(e.g.,
stock
exchanges,
matching
engines,
‘dark’
pools,
etc.)
regardless
of
the
numerous
disparate
trading
platforms
used
to
submit
the
trades
to,
or
the
different
record
layouts
or
programming
languages
used
at,
the
different
trading
venues.
By
means
of
the
sophisticated
FTEN
data-‐mapping
engine,
FTEN
was
able
to
correlate
each
data
element
to
its
individual
owner(s)
as
well
as
to
each
relevant
financially
accountable
intermediary
party(s).
This
was
achievable
because
at
the
most
fundamental
level,
electronic
information
all
breaks
down
into
ones
and
zeros.17
For
a
given
trading
firm
(e.g.,
a
proprietary
trading
group,
high
frequency
trading
(HFT)
firm,
hedge
fund,
etc.),
FTEN
could
present
their
trades
in
real-‐time
across
all
markets
despite
using
multiple
trading
platforms,
going
through
multiple
financial
intermediaries
and
ending
up
at
50+
disparate
trading
venues.
For
each
given
financial
intermediary
(e.g.,
a
bank,
broker,
etc.),
17
See
http://www.electronics-‐tutorials.ws/binary/bin_1.html.

FTEN
could
present
in
real-‐time
the
trades
for
which
they
were
financially
accountable.
By
means
of
the
FTEN
data-‐mapping
engine,
FTEN
could
‘slice
and
dice’
trading
data
to
show
firms
their
dynamic,
aggregated
real-‐time
risk
exposure
thereby
enabling
real
time
transparency
and
risk
management
control.
Initially,
there
was
some
push
back
because
the
FTEN
invention
(referred
to
as
“RiskXposure”
or
“RX”18)
highlighted
what
was
actually
going
on
during
the
trading
day.
Prior
to
this
time,
in
certain
circumstances
a
trading
firm
could
trade
millions
(even
billions)
of
dollars
more
than
they
had
been
authorized
–
so
long
as
they
unwound
their
positions
before
the
end
of
the
day
and
returned
to
their
authorized
financial
position
–
no
one
would
be
the
wiser.
However,
financially
accountable
intermediaries
had
factored
the
“looseness”
of
systems
into
the
credit
and
other
arrangements
that
they
granted
to
trading
firms.
Now
that
they
could
actually
see
their
dynamic,
aggregated
real-‐time
risk
exposure,
the
risk
to
financial
intermediaries
was
substantially
reduced
and
they
were
more
willing
to
extend
increased
credit
to
qualified
trading
firms.
By
making
risk
management
quantifiable,
financially
accountable
intermediaries
were
able
to
better
align
their
risk
and
reward
so
everybody
won.
Before
being
acquired
by
NASDA
OMX
in
2010,
FTEN
was
the
largest
processor
of
real-‐time
financial
securities
risk
management
in
the
world
–
each
trading
day
providing
real-‐time
risk
management
and
surveillance
for
up
to
17
billion
executed
shares
of
U.S.
equities,
accounting
for
$150
billion
in
risk
calculations.19
After
being
acquired
by
NASDAQ
OMX,
FTEN
risk
management
technology
was
offered
to
domestic
and
international
clients,
NASDAQ
‘s
own
domestic
trading
venues
and
the
70+
exchanges
powered
by
NASDAQ
OMX
technology
around
the
globe.
As
NASDAQ
OMX
executives,
the
founders
of
Anonos
next
developed
a
big
data
partnership
with
Amazon
Web
Services
(AWS)
to
enable
electronic
storage
of
financial
books
and
records
via
cloud
computing
(i.e.,
“in
the
cloud”)
in
a
manner
that
satisfied
strict
regulatory
requirements
that
financial
data
cannot
be
altered
or
deleted.
This
well-‐received
cloud-‐based
big
data
approach
to
financial
books
and
records
made
significant
cost
reductions
possible
while
at
the
same
time
enabling
significant
improvements
in
functionality.20
18
“RiskXposure”
and
“RX”
are
trademarks
of
FTEN,
Inc.
owned
by
NASDAQ
OMX.
19
See
http://ir.nasdaqomx.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=537252.
20
See
Nasdaq
OMX
launches
financial
services
cloud
with
Amazon
Web
Services
at
http://www.bankingtech.com/49065/nasdaq-‐omx-‐launches-‐
financial-‐services-‐cloud-‐with-‐amazon-‐web-‐services/;
Nasdaq
OMX
Sets
up
Data
Storage
Solution
in
the
Amazon
Cloud
at
http://www.referencedatareview.com/blog/nasdaq-‐omx-‐sets-‐data-‐storage-‐solution-‐amazon-‐cloud;
Nasdaq,
Amazon
Launch
Data
Management
Platform
at
http://www.waterstechnology.com/sell-‐side-‐technology/news/2208160/nasdaq-‐and-‐amazon-‐launch-‐data-‐
management-‐platform;
AWS
Case
Study:
NASDAQ
OMX
FinQloud
at
http://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-‐studies/nasdaq-‐finqloud/;
NASDAQ
OMX
FinQloud
-‐
A
Cloud
Solution
for
the
Financial
Services
Industry
at
http://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/nasdaq-‐finqloud/;
NASDAQ
OMX
Launches
FinQloud
Powered
by
Amazon
Web
Services
(AWS)
at
http://ir.nasdaqomx.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=709164;
Nasdaq
OMX
FinQloud
R3
Meets
SEC/CFTC
Regulatory
Requirements
at
http://www.wallstreetandtech.com/data-‐management/nasdaq-‐omx-‐finqloud-‐
r3-‐meets-‐sec-‐cftc-‐regulatory-‐requirements-‐say-‐consultants/d/d-‐id/1268024
anonos.com
11

anonos.com
12
Risk
Management
by
Dynamically
Disassociating
Associated
Data
Elements
–
the
Data
Privacy
Industry
The
consumer
Internet
industry
generally
claims
that
it
needs
real-‐time
transparency
to
support
current
economic
models
–
many
vendors
claim
they
need
to
know
“who”
a
user
is
at
all
times
in
order
to
support
a
free
Internet.21
The
Anonos
founders
challenged
themselves
to
come
up
with
a
revolutionary
“leap-‐frog”
improvement
from
the
sophisticated
data
mapping
engine
approach
they
successfully
implemented
in
the
financial
markets
to
apply
to
the
consumer
Internet.
They
set
out
to
see
if
they
could
develop
a
new
and
novel
platform
that
would
enable
monetization
in
roughly
the
same
manner
as
done
today
–
if
not
better.
Their
hypothesis
was
that
vendors
would
not
need
to
know
“who”
a
user
is
if
they
could
tell
“what”
the
user
wanted
–
their
belief
was
that
vendors
chase
“who”
users
are
in
an
effort
to
try
to
figure
out
“what”
users
may
desire
to
purchase.
But
vendors
are
sometimes
more
incorrect
than
correct
and
can
offend
users
by
delivering
inappropriate
ads
or
delivering
appropriate
ads
long
after
the
demand
for
an
advertised
product
or
service
is
satisfied.
They
began
working
with
engineers;
“white
hat
hackers”
and
trusted
advisors
to
refine
and
improve
upon
their
goal
of
bringing
sophisticated
risk
management
methodologies
to
the
consumer
Internet.
But
when
they
began
talking
with
global
data
privacy
professionals
from
“Fortune
50”
corporations,
they
were
told,
“If
you
have
what
it
looks
like
you
have
–
you
have
no
idea
what
you
have.”
The
view
of
certain
data
privacy
professionals
was
that
Anonos
had
invented
a
novel,
unique
and
innovative
application
of
technology
that
was
larger
than
the
consumer
Internet
industry
with
potential
domestic
and
international
applications
in
numerous
areas
including
healthcare,
consumer
finance,
intelligence
and
other
data
driven
industries.
Anonos
Two-‐Step
Dynamic
Anonymity
-‐
minimizing
the
risk
of
to
the
point
that
it
is
so
remote
that
it
represents
an
acceptable
mathematically
quantifiable
risk
of
identifying
an
individual.
Step
1:
Dynamic
De-‐Identifiers
or
DDIDs
are
associated
with
a
data
subject
on
a
dynamic
basis
-‐
changing
dynamically
based
on
selected
time,
purpose,
location-‐based
and
/
or
other
criteria.
DDIDs
are
then
re-‐assigned
to
different
data
subjects
at
different
times
for
different
purposes
making
it
impracticable
to
accurately
track
or
profile
DDIDs
external
to
the
system.
Step
2:
-‐
Internal
to
the
system,
information
pertaining
to
different
DDIDs
used
at
different
times
for
different
data
subjects
for
different
purposes
together
with
information
concerning
the
activity
of
the
data
subjects
that
occurred
when
associated
with
specific
DDIDs
is
stored
in
a
secure
database
referred
to
as
the
Anonos
Circle
of
21
See
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2011/01/03/do-‐not-‐track-‐rules-‐would-‐put-‐a-‐stop-‐to-‐the-‐internet-‐as-‐we-‐know-‐it

Trust
or
“CoT.”
This
information
is
retained
for
future
use
as
approved
by
the
data
subject
/
trusted
parties
/
proxies
by
accessing
“keys”
that
bear
no
relationship
or
association
to
the
underlying
data
but
which
provide
access
to
applicable
information
by
accessing
a
data
mapping
engine
which
correlates
the
dynamically
assigned
and
re-‐
assignable
DDIDs
to
data
subjects,
information
and
activity.
In
the
context
of
the
consumer
Internet,
this
would
be
comparable
to
every
time
a
user
visits
a
website,
they
were
viewed
as
a
first-‐time
user
with
a
new
“cookie”
or
other
identifier
assigned
to
them.
When
the
user
was
done
with
a
browsing
session,
their
cache,
cookies
and
history
could
be
stored
within
a
secure
Circle
of
Trust
(CoT)
enabling
the
user
to
retain
the
benefit
of
information
associated
with
their
browsing
activity.
When
the
user
wanted
a
website
to
know
who
they
were,
they
could
identify
themselves
to
the
website
-‐
but
prior
to
that
time
-‐
anonos.com
13
they
would
remain
dynamically
anonymous.
Tracking
information
gathered
during
each
browsing
session,
possibly
augmented
with
information
from
the
CoT
representing
“what”
the
user
is
interested
in
without
revealing
“who”
they
are,
could
be
used
to
support
delivery
of
targeted
advertising.
And,
when
a
user
was
ready
to
engage
in
a
transaction,
identifying
information
could
be
accessed
from
the
CoT
as
necessary
to
consummate
the
transaction.
If
adopted
on
a
widespread
basis,
this
approach
could
even
become
the
default
so
users
could
be
served
ads
based
on
“what”
they
are
interested
in
without
having
to
reveal
“who”
they
are.
Additionally,
users
could
“opt-‐out”
to
receive
only
generic
ads
(such
as
would
be
the
case
in
a
true
Do
Not
Track
environment)
or
alternatively
“opt-‐in”
by
sharing
even
more
personalized
qualifying
characteristics
from
the
CoT
in
order
to
receive
even
more
targeted
/
personalized
ads
–
all
without
revealing
their
identity
by
means
of
dynamically
assigned
and
re-‐assignable
Dynamic
De-‐Identifiers
(DDIDs)
thereby
overcoming
the
shortcomings
of
static
anonymity
highlighted
in
the
answer
to
Question
11
(including
corresponding
footnotes
10
through
13)
on
page
6
above.
One
potential
application
in
the
context
of
the
consumer
Internet
relates
to
the
interaction
of
a
user
with
a
hypothetical
travel
website.
Some
travel
websites
appear
to
increase
the
cost
shown
to
a
user
for
a
ticket
when
the
user
checks
back
on
the
price
of
the
ticket.
This
increase
may
not
reflect
an
increase
in
the
cost
of
the
ticket
generally,
but
rather,
an
increase
in
price
for
a
particular
user
based
on
their
apparent
interest
in
the
ticket.22
Anonos
two-‐step
dynamic
anonymity
(referred
to
as
“Dynamic
Anonymity”)
would
enable
users
to
be
treated
in
a
nondiscriminatory
basis
in
this
example.
A
user
would
always
be
viewed
as
a
first
time
visitor
to
a
website
–
thereby
always
seeing
the
same
price
shown
to
other
parties
visiting
the
site
–
until
such
time
as
they
were
prepared
to
make
a
purchase
at
which
point
identifying
information
could
be
accessed
from
the
CoT
as
necessary
to
consummate
the
transaction.
22
See
http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/columnist/mcgee/2013/04/03/do-‐travel-‐deals-‐change-‐based-‐on-‐your-‐browsing-‐
history/2021993/

anonos.com
14
The
Anonos
Circle
of
Trust
(CoT)
manages
data
use
by
“Users”
in
accordance
with
permissions
(PERMS)
managed
by
trusted
parties
/
proxies.
“Users”
may
be
the
data
subjects
themselves
who
are
the
subject
of
the
data
in
question
(e.g.,
users,
consumers,
patients,
etc.
with
respect
to
their
own
data
–
for
purposes
hereof,
“Subject
Users”);
and
/
or
third
parties
who
are
not
the
subject
of
the
data
in
question
(e.g.,
vendors,
merchants,
healthcare
providers,
etc.
–
for
purposes
hereof,
“Third
Party
Users”).
PERMs
relate
to
allowable
operations
such
as
what
data
can
be
used
by
whom,
for
what
purpose,
what
time
period,
etc.
PERMS
may
also
specify
desired
anonymization
levels
such
as
when
/
where
/
how
to
use
Dynamic
De-‐Identifiers
(DDIDs)
in
the
context
of
providing
anonymity
for
the
identity
and
/
or
activities
of
a
data
subject,
when
to
use
other
privacy-‐
enhancing
techniques
in
connection
with,
or
in
lieu
of,
DDIDs,
when
to
provide
identifying
information
to
facilitate
transactions,
etc.
In
Data
Subject
implementations
of
Anonos,
Subject
Users
establish
customized
PERMS
for
use
of
their
data
by
means
of
pre-‐set
policies
(e.g.,
Gold
/
Silver
/
Bronze)
that
translate
into
fine-‐

grained
dynamic
permissions
or
alternatively
may
select
a
“Custom”
option
to
specify
more
detailed
dynamic
parameters.
In
Stewardship
implementations
of
Anonos,
Third
Party
Users
establish
PERMs
that
enable
data
use
/
access
in
compliance
with
applicable
corporate,
legislative
and
/
or
regulatory
data
use
/
privacy
requirements.
In
healthcare,
DDIDs
could
help
facilitate
self-‐regulation
to
improve
longitudinal
studies
since
DDIDs
change
over
time
and
information
associated
with
new
DDIDs
can
reflect
new
and
additional
information
without
revealing
the
identity
of
a
patient.
This
could
be
accomplished
by
using
DDIDs
to
separate
“context”
or
“meta”
from
the
data
necessary
to
perform
analysis.
The
results
of
the
analysis
could
be
shared
with
a
Trusted
Party
/
Proxy
who
would
apply
the
“context”
or
“meta”
to
the
data
resulting
from
the
analysis.
There
are
a
multitude
of
players
in
the
healthcare
industry
–
many
of
which
use
different
data
structures.
The
Anonos
Dynamic
Anonymity
risk
management
approach
could
support
collection
of
disparate
data
from
different
sources
in
different
formats,
normalize
the
information
into
a
common
structure
and
separate
“context”
or
“meta”
from
“content”
by
means
of
dynamically
assigning,
reassigning
and
tracking
DDIDs
to
enable
effective
research
and
analysis
without
revealing
identifying
information.
This
methodology
could
allow
the
linking
of
data
together
about
a
single
person
from
disparate
sources
without
having
to
worry
about
getting
consent
because
individuals
would
not
be
identifiable
as
a
result
of
the
process.
Only
within
the
CoT
would
identifying
information
be
accessible
by
means
of
access
to
the
mapping
engine
that
correlates
information
to
individuals.
With
appropriate
oversight
and
regulation,
Trusted
Parties
/
Proxies
could
offer
controls
via
a
Circle
of
Trust
(CoT)
to
help
reconcile
tensions
between
identifiable
and
functional
information.
For
example,
currently
in
healthcare
/
life
science
research,
significant
“data
minimization”
efforts
are
undertaken
to
ensure
that
only
the
minimal
amount
of
identifiable
information
is
used
in
research
because
of
potential
risk
to
individuals
of
re-‐identification.
If
methodologies
such
as
the
Anonos
CoT
are
proven
to
effectively
eliminate
the
risk
to
individuals,
much
of
the
burden
placed
on
regulators
regarding
enforcement
of
laws
and
the
burden
on
companies
associated
with
privacy
reviews
and
engineering
could
be
substantially
reduced.
At
the
same
time,
more
complete
data
sets
could
be
made
available
for
healthcare-‐related
research
and
development.
anonos.com
15

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