This is my Research based on 3 sources on the topic of "Employment in Tourism: Gender differentiation"

1. Research:
Theories and methods of tourism sciences
By: Liogchii Tatiana

2.  Which are the main problems of working
females in the Tourism Industry?
(please name 5 and give explanation where/if
needed).
 follow the red arrow
2

3. 1.Lucas, R., 2004, Employment relations in the
Hospitality and Tourism Industries, London:
Routledge. (slides: 13, 17, 19, 20)
2. Berhane, H., Van der Cammen, S., a. o.,
1999. Gender & Tourism: Women's
Employment and Participation in Tourism.
London: UNED-UK's Project Report. (slides:
15, 16, 20, 21, 25, 26)
3. Food Service Europe & Middle East Nr. 01,
2012, The Female Factor. (slides: 16-18, 22-
24)
3

4. The first 2 Case Studies carry similar ideas and
are presented so through the research. And
the 3rd source is mostly used for bringing up
different relevant examples.
The research is structured in a gradual way,
around 3 parts:
-Tourism;
-Employment and
-Women’s employment as an issue in tourism.
4

5. Purpose: To bring out the gender
aspects of tourism.
Objectives:
- Analysis of the literature on the problem of
Gender Inequality in Tourism Industry,
examples;
- Establishment of the reasons of gender
inequality;
- Emphasis of some advantages of being an
employed female, examples.
5

6. Methods:
- literature/synthesis of the reviews,
- research method,
- analytical method,
- deductive methods,
- qualitative research,
- quantitative research,
- online research methods.
6

7. Tourism, employment, gender, female,
payment, inequality, harassment, sex
tourism.
7

8. Gender & Tourism:
Employment relations in
Women's Employment
the Hospitality and The Female Factor
and Participation in
Tourism Industries
Tourism
• complex • complex • not complex
• key terms – defined • key terms – defined • key terms – not
defined
• mostly a primary data
• mostly a secondary • mostly a secondary
material
data material data material with
primary data
• involves a collection of • it is a case study
• involves a huge
collection of case case studies
studies
• contains general info • contains general info • contains specific info
8

9. Tourism is “the activities of a person outside his
or her usual environment for less than a
specified period of time and whose main
purpose of travel is other than exercise of an
activity remunerated from the place visited.”
(Source: Chadwick, 1994:66 in Pender and Sharpley,
2005, p.4)
9

10. The travel and tourism industry is one of the
largest and most dynamic industries in
today’s global economy.
(Source: www.ilo.org )
- Travel & Tourism contribution to World’s
Economy = over US $6 trillion or 9% of global
GDP (2011).
- Provided 255 million jobs = 8,7% of total
employment (2011).
(Source: www.wttc.org)
10

11. Tourism industry nourishes a country’s
economy, stimulates development process,
restores cultural heritage, and helps in
maintaining international peace and
understanding.
(Source:http://www.tradewinginstitute.com/world/m
ore.htm)
11

12. 1.
Accommodation
2. Adventure
7.
Tourism and
Transportation
Recreation
6. Tourism
3. Attractions
Services
5. Food and 4. Events and
Beverage Conferences
(own figure, adapted based on: www.cthrc.ca)
12

13. “Work dominates the lives of men and women”
(Source: Blyton and Turnbull, 1998: 3 in Lucas, R.,
2004, p. 8)
Tourism has a great potential for creating
direct and indirect employment possibilities
in almost all sectors of the national economy.
“Female workforce in the Tourism Industry
sector - 46 %.” (2007)
(Source: www.wttc.org)
13

14. There are also known to be challenges facing
women in tourism. Women are often
concentrated in low status, low paid and
precarious jobs in the tourism industry.
(Source: Global Report on Women in Tourism 2011,
p. 3)
14

15. As in many other sectors, there is a significant
horizontal and vertical gender segregation of
the labour market in tourism.
 Horizontally - women and men are placed in
different occupations - women are being
employed as waitresses, chambermaids,
cleaners, travel agencies sales persons, flight
attendants, etc., whereas men are being
employed as barmen, gardeners, construction
workers, drivers, pilots, etc.
15

16.  Vertically - the typical "gender pyramid" is
prevalent in the tourism sector - lower levels
and occupations with few career development
opportunities being dominated by women
and key managerial positions being
dominated by men.
(Source: Berhane, H., Van der Cammen, S., a. o.,
1999, p. 3)
 When it comes to management positions and
entrepreneurship, the picture changes and
men largely dominate the field.
(Source: The Female Factor, 2012, p. 37)
16

17.  Women “have shorter service, work fewer hours
and earn less pay, but are more likely to do jobs
performed equally by men and women.”
(Source: Lucas, R., 2004, p. 199)
1. "I do not 'present' myself as a woman. I'm a chef
and I do as much as I ask my male counterparts
to do and noticed that my gender is very easily
forgotten! In fact, my colleagues and my
employees call me 'Chef', never 'Madame' or
such, which I appreciate very much.“ says Susy
Massetti - Executive chef, the Masso for the
Palace Bahrain Hotel.
(Source: The Female Factor, 2012, p. 37)
17

18. 2. "Women always have to work twice as hard
at any job they do and especially in a male
dominated environment.“ Suzanne Husseini -
Dubai-based celebrity chef, book author and
TV presenter.
(Source: The Female Factor, 2012, p. 37)
18

19.  “Harassment is unwanted behavior of a sexual
nature including physical, verbal and non-verbal
behaviour.”
(Source: Sherry, 1995 in Lucas, R., 2004, p. 97)
Tourism “HRM has utilized and underpinned
existing sex segregation, with the core being
defined partly by reference to masculine
attributes. […] Assessment in selection […] is
understood in terms of power-based relations,
[…] tend to interact with gender and racial
stereotypes and lead to discrimination”.
(Source: Taylor and Tyler, 2000 in Lucas, R., 2004, p. 97)
19

20.  Female labour may be sexualized, requiring
workers to flirt or suffer harassment to earn
tips.
(Source: Lucas, R., 2004, p. 228)
Women are expected to dress in an "attractive"
manner, to look beautiful (ie slim, young,
pretty) and to "play along" with sexual
harassment by customers.
(Source: Berhane, H., Van der Cammen, S., a. o.,
1999, p. 7)
20

21. Prehistorically facts
Value of male & female
Biological considerations
skills
- Men’s power
- Women’s ability to give birth Reasons for
- Body’s different constitution gender
inequality in
Tourism
“Gender stereotypes are prevalent in “In addition, traditional gender
most cultures and rather resemble roles assign to women the
Family/household responsibilities
each other than being countries
Socio-cultural traditions of culturally main responsibilities for
specific.
(ex. Turkey, Dubai, Africa).stereotypes
Gender raising children, caring for the
influence the way we perceive each elderly, and doing household
other and how we see ourselves.” work.”
(Source: Berhane, H., Van der Cammen, S., a. o., 1999,
(own figure based on Jackson, Van der Cammen, and
(Source: Berhane, H.,
p. 4-5)
R., o., 1999, p. S., a.
2012, 4-5)
Jackson, R., 2012, Ch. 2, p. 29-48)
21

22. More
Multi-
attention
tasking
to details
Express
their
feelings
More open
‘Caretaker’ to
creativity
 (own figure based on ‘The Female Factor’, 2012, p.
37) 22

23. - Gabriele Kurz: "We may approach things
sometimes in a different way, but we are no
less focused, tough or professional than our
male colleagues," […] But it takes time to get
to the top in any company.“
- Susy Massetti: "There are obvious differences
mainly connected to the customs and
religious beliefs that affect the way a woman
is perceived or received. However, I found
very little if any challenges in this regard.”
23

24. As a female chef, I guess I am still seen as a
'novelty', in a positive way, I must note.“
- Suzanne Husseini: “Some men have preconceived
ideas about women but these are quickly
changed when they slice their way through any
task with excellence. That said, I know women
chefs do encounter their share of 'macho man
chefs' who still can't get over the fact that they
have to share their pots and pans with them.“
(Source: The Female Factor, 2012, p. 37)
24

25. 1.Women make up a large proportion of the
formal tourism workforce.
2.The tourism sector has almost twice as many
women employers as other sectors.
3.Women are well represented in service and
clerical level jobs but poorly represented at
professional levels.
4.Women in tourism are still underpaid, under-
utilized, under-educated, and under-
represented; but tourism offers pathways to
success.
25

26. 5.Women in tourism are typically earning 10%
to 15% less than their male counterparts.
6.A large amount of unpaid work is being
carried out by women in family tourism
businesses.
(Source: Global Report on Women in Tourism 2011,
p. 4)
7.Tourism development should be seen as a
major sector of development addressing all
issues related to all forms of tourism and
their impact.
(own conclusions, based on Berhane, H., Van der
Cammen, S., a. o., 1999, p. 13)
26

27. Data should be treated with caution, because it
is not the most recent.
Further discussions and review topics:
 East Asian states’ culture and females’
implication in the economy
 Sustainable gender policies of the future
 Feminist approach in Tourism.
27

28.  Food Service Europe & Middle East Nr. 01,
2012, The Female Factor, UAE, Bahrain, p. 37.
 Lucas, R., 2004, Employment relations in the
Hospitality and Tourism Industries, London:
Routledge.
 Berhane, H., Van der Cammen, S., a. o., 1999.
Gender & Tourism: Women's Employment and
Participation in Tourism. London: UNED-UK's
Project Report.
 Pender, L. and Sharpley, R., 2005. The
Management of Tourism. Padstow, Cornwall:
TJ International Ltd.
28

29.  World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and
the Employment of Women (UN Women),
2011, Global Report on Women in Tourism
2011.
 Jackson, R., 2012, Seminar: What causes
gender inequality?
 www.cthrc.ca acc. 22.10.2012
 www.ilo.org acc. 03.10.2012
 www.tradewinginstitute.com acc. 15.10.2012
 www.wttc.org acc. 03.10.2012
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30. 30

31. 31

32.  Please form 3-4 groups.
 Think of a real example of gender
discrimination in the employment sector that
took place in your life, your friends’ or family
members’. (2 min)
 Give solutions of how could the situation be
managed. (3 min)
 Give recommendations for Government,
NGOs, tourism organizations of how to avoid
or eradicate female discrimination. (10 min)
32

33. - providing child-care;
- affirmative action and equal opportunity
programmes;
- increased education and training for women
in non-traditional areas;
- create community based institutions and
services to help women and men to cope with
the double burden of family and household
work as well as work outside the home to
generate income;
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34. - school curricula should address issues of
cross-gender respect;
- providing educational programmes about
women's rights and how to properly respect
them in an inter-cultural context;
- loans to women's initiatives;
- providing information about customers and
successful strategies of marketing products;
- providing trainings for women to promote
activities that are indirectly linked to tourism,
such as printing, dying and folk-arts;
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35. - training and education programmes should
aim at encouraging women to move into non-
traditional occupations which require more
skills and are better paid and at encouraging
women to aim at rising into key managerial
positions;
- women should be encouraged to get involved
in independent community based tourism
initiatives: through promoting the
opportunities, offering advice, contacts and
networks, training and education, access to
information and access to credit - by national
and local governments, trade unions, NGOs
35

36. and industry collaborating with women's local
initiatives;
- international networking among women
should be built up more effectively and
widespread;
- create effective incentives for employers to
take measures towards the advancement of
women;
- employers should set targets for the
percentage of women in key management
positions;
36

37. - the tourism industry and tourism boards
should abolish marketing strategies using
women's stereotypical images as part of the
product;
- employers should review their standards and
criteria of employing women and men, and
their policies to protect women from sexual
objectification and sexual harassment by
customers.
(adapted based on Berhane, H., Van der Cammen,
S., a. o., 1999, p. 10-15)
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38. 38