lecture 3, 4

1. Language and Culture
Lecture Three
Culture Fusion

2. Culture Fusion
 What we will be talking about:
 The many different types of Fusion that take
place between Chinese cultures and other
cultures
 The advantages and disadvantages of this
fusion
 Is this fusion helpful or harmful?

3. Types of Fusion
 Language Fusion
 Cuisine Fusion
 Tourist Fusion
 Medicinal Fusion (next week)

4. Language Fusion
 Chinese has started to be recognized as a
upcoming super power which has sparked the
interest for many to learn how to speak
Chinese
 English is a universal language but in order to
do business and close deals without an
interpreter, many people are trying to learn
the language

5. Language Fusion
 In order to work for places such as the United
Nations, you are required to know more than one
language at least (3 is ideal)
 Because a lot of business trades and deals are being
done with China at a rapid pace and a lot of attention
is being focused on China’s economy and social
standing, it would be beneficial to be able to
communicate with important members of the
country in their mother tongue

6. Language Fusion
 English has also made its way into the
Chinese culture
 Sayings such as “ok” “bye-bye” “no problem”
are words that are frequently used instead of
using the Chinese version of these words
 Increasingly, the use of idioms are being used
by Chinese ESL learners in order to converse
more naturally with English native speakers

7. Language Fusion
 Idioms: A group of words established by
usage as having a meaning not deducible
from those of the individual words (e.g.,
raining cats and dogs).
 Examples of some idioms:
 A Chip On Your Shoulder:
Being upset for something that happened in
the past.

8. Idioms
 A Dime A Dozen:
Anything that is common and easy to get.
 Close but no Cigar:
To be very near and almost accomplish a
goal, but fall short.
 A Piece of Cake:
A task that can be accomplished very easily.

9. Idioms
 Eighty Six:
A certain item is no longer available. Or this
idiom can also mean, to throw away
 On The Fence: Undecided.
 Hold Your Horses:
Be patient.
 No Dice:
To not agree. To not accept a proposition.

10. Idioms
 Icing On The Cake:
When you already have it good and get
something on top of what you already have.
 Let Bygones Be Bygones:
To forget about a disagreement or argument
 When It Rains, It Pours:
Since it rarely rains, when it does it will be a
huge storm.

11. Discussion
 Are there any idioms that you are familiar
with either because you hear them often or
because you use them yourself? Explain
 5 minutes

12. Language Fusion
 The rise of ESL schools in China has a
significant impact on the fusion of Chinese
and Western Culture
 When learning English you also learn the
basic communication practices of the Western
World (Canada, United States, Great Britain
and other English speaking countries)

13. Language Fusion
 Cultural mistakes are said to make people
more uncomfortable than grammatical
mistakes
 This means that along with the ESL teaching,
there is an element that includes cultural
education

14. Language Fusion
 Culture is a key part of every language which
makes it virtually impossible to teach a
foreign language without also teaching
students about the culture
 You cannot teach a language separate from its
culture
 Learning about the culture along with the
language helps students gain a deeper insight
into the language that you are learning

15. Language & Culture
 Language and culture are closely associated
with each other which means that as much as
culture has an affect on language, language
has an effect on culture.

16. Discussion (10 minutes)
 How has learning English helped you to learn
more about Western cultures?
 Do you think that you would be as
knowledgeable in Western culture if you had
not studied English as a second language?
 How have you benefited from learning about
Western culture?

17. Tourism and Language Fusion
 Subway
 Tour guides (great wall, forbidden city)
 Silk market (Fusion of Chinese culture with
Western Languages)
 Great wall tour

18. Tourism and Language Fusion
 Subway System
 When I first got to China and knew nothing at
all about the subway system, the fact that they
used English helped my journey
 Much more relaxed knowing that they speak
in Chinese first and then also in English for
tourists who may be riding the subway

19. Tourism and Language Fusion
 Subway Signs
 The signs on the subway for each stop are
written in Chinese Characters but also in Pin
Yin for people who are not native speakers
and cannot understand how to read Characters
 They do not make Western names for the
stations when helps you learn how to say
certain words properly

20. Tourism and Language Fusion
 Subway automated voice is also helpful if you
want to know how a certain subway stop is
pronounced
 You can listen to them say the name of the
station and then repeat after them, this is the
easiest way to get familiar with some Chinese
words

21. Tourism Culture Fusion
 Beijing has a lot to offer in terms of tourism
culture fusion
 This means that there are many traditional
Chinese landmarks and attractions that
represent the history and culture of China for
tourists
 Tourists are able to experience and learn
about the Chinese culture with the help of
tour guides who speak and understand
English

22. Tourism Culture Fusion
 Forbidden City: there is so much to learn and
see that a tour guide is often helpful to explain
the significance of the certain parts of the
forbidden city
 This allows tourists to experience Chinese
culture in their native language (there are tour
guides that speak many different languages)

24. Great Wall Tour
 Maybe people come to Beijing to see and
climb the Great Wall of China
 Most people are taken on a tour of many other
places along with the Great Wall so that they
can learn more about the Chinese culture
 Example: Jade factory, silk factory, pearl
factory, Dr. Tea Olympic stadium

25. Great Wall Tour
 On this tour, tourists learn about how pearls
are made, how to tell real jade from fake jade,
how silk is made, drink and learn about
Chinese tea, and they can even get good
massages and meet traditional Chinese
doctors who can help them

29. Silk Street

30. Silk Street
 Silk Street (Chinese: 秀水街 ; pinyin:
Xiùshuǐjiē, aka Silk Market, Silk Street
Market) is a shopping center in Beijing that
accommodates over 1,700 retail vendors,
notorious among international tourists for
their wide selection of counterfeit designer
brand apparels.

31. Silk Street
 The Silk Street attracts approximately 20,000
visitors daily (from 9am to 9pm) on weekdays
and between 50,000 and 60,000 on weekends
as of 2006
 The original outdoor Xiushui Market (a.k.a.
Silk Alley) was located in Xiushui Dongjie,
south-east of Ritan near the First Embassy
Area of Beijing

32. Silk Street
 It attracted 20,000 locals and foreigners on
weekends and reaped a total annual sales
volume of 100 million Yuan (US$12.5m).
 Perfect blend of western culture and Chinese
culture
 The silk market offers many traditional
Chinese goods as well as many Western
goods

33. Silk Street
 In order for people to work at the Silk Market
they have to know many different languages
due to the amount of tourists that shop there
daily
 Many vendors are multilingual and are able to
lure you in and bargain with you for a sale
 This fuses the well known Chinese art of
bargaining culture with the Western World

34. Silk Street
 Bargaining is not often seen in the Western
World unless you are in a Chinese part of
town so foreigners often get addicted to the
thrill of bargaining
 You are able to enjoy Western meals and food
chains at or around the Silk market as well as
traditional Chinese food

35. Discussion (5 minutes)
 Where are some other places where you are
likely to see culture fusion in China?
 Do you think that the Culture Fusion through
tourism is helpful or hurtful to the overall
image of China?

36. Cuisine Fusion
 In China: McDonald’s, KFC, Nike and Coke
are some English words that are very popular
in the Chinese language
 In the West: words like “kowtow and wok”
and “dim sum” have become very popular in
the West

37. Cuisine Fusion
 American Chinese cuisine refers to the style
of food served by many Chinese restaurants
in the United States. This type of cooking
typically caters to Western tastes, and differs
significantly from the
traditional Chinese cuisine.

38. Cuisine Fusion
 There are many Chinese specialties that are
not actually seen in China such as “chicken
balls” and “red sauce”
 American Chinese food typically treats
vegetables as a side dish or garnish while
cuisines of China emphasize vegetables

39. Cuisine Fusion
 Stir frying, pan frying, and deep frying tend to
be the most common
Chinese cooking techniques used in this
cuisine, which are all easily done using a wok
.
 There are a lot more steamed and boiled
traditional foods in China which are not in the
West at all
 An entirely new kind of Chinese cuisine was
created for the Western World

40. Examples of Western Chinese Dishes
 Almond chicken - chicken breaded in batter
containing ground almonds, fried and served
with almonds and onions
 General Tso's Chicken— chunks of chicken
that are dipped in a batter and deep-fried and
seasoned with ginger, garlic, sesame oil,
scallions, and hot chili peppers.

41. Examples of Western Chinese Dishes
 Sesame chicken— boned, battered, and deep-fried
chicken which is then dressed with a translucent red
or orange, sweet and mildly spicy sauce, made from
soy sauce, corn starch, vinegar, chicken broth, and
sugar.
 Fortune cookie —fortune cookies have become
sweetened and found their way to many American
Chinese restaurants. Fortune cookies have become
so popular that even some authentic Chinese
restaurants serve them at the end of the meal as
dessert and may feature Chinese translations of the
English fortunes.

42. Fortune Cookie

43. Chicken Balls

44. Western Influence

45. McDonald’s
 first McDonald's in China in Shenzhen in
1990
 During 2008: China was the No 1 growth
market for McDonald's, with 960 restaurants
and over 60,000 employees.
 2010: 165 new restaurants in the country with
a plan to add up to 200 outlets in 2011.

46. McDonald’s
 half of all new McDonald's restaurants to be
opened in the next three years in China will
feature Drive-Thru’s to appeal to China's
increasingly mobile population
 McDonald’s delivery in China and not in
Canada (cater to the high demand in China)

47. KFC

48. KFC
 KFC has more of the Culture Fusion than
McDonald’s by introducing dishes that have
never been seen in the Western World
 use of local ingredients -- both in its
management team and on its menus.
 hired Chinese managers to build partnerships
with local companies in its expansion drive
and used their expertise to offer an array of
regional dishes that appeal to domestic tastes

49. KFC
 KFC customers can purchase a bowl of congee, a
rice porridge that can feature pork, pickles,
mushrooms and preserved egg, as well as buy a
bucket of its famous fried chicken.
 3,200 KFCs and 500 Pizza Huts in 650 Chinese
cities --stretching from the tropical southern island
of Hainan to the North Korean border and the desert
oases of the ancient Silk Road. KFC’s target: to lift
that number fivefold to 20,000.

50. KFC in Tian’anmen Square
 China’s embrace of Yum’s brands -- and vice
versa -- is most apparent in the center of
Beijing, where Colonel Sanders meets
Chairman Mao in Tiananmen Square. On the
ground level of the three-story KFC, an
elaborate mural of the Great Wall greets
diners.

51. KFC
 On the second floor, the decor is meant to
resemble a hutong -- the traditional Beijing
neighborhoods that are disappearing to make
way for high-rise office and apartment blocks.
The third floor doubles as a gallery for local
photographers and painters. A plaque at the
entrance describes it as “an exchange channel
between KFC fast-food culture and Chinese
folk culture.”

52. KFC
 While other foreign companies entering China
recruited American or Southeast Asian-born
Chinese managers, Yum hired Chinese from
Taiwan, who speak the same Mandarin
Chinese as mainlanders and understand their
culture better

53. Discussion (10 Minutes)
 Do you think that it is better if Western Food
Chains come to China and try to integrate
with the Chinese Cuisine like KFC? Or would
you prefer if it stayed typically Westernized
like McDonald’s?
 Do you often eat at Western chain
restaurants? Why or Why not?

54. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has
formed a unique system to diagnose and cure
illness.
 understanding of the human body is based on
the holistic understanding of the universe as
described in Daoism, and the treatment of
illness is based primarily on the diagnosis and
differentiation of syndromes.

55. With Traditional Chinese Medicine…
 feel it through the qualities of its pulse at the
wrist. We can look inside the body through
the appearance of the tongue. We smell and
listen to diagnostically significant changes.
And finally, we interact directly with the
patient to locate issues within their awareness.

56. Traditional Chinese Medicine

57. Traditional Chinese Medicine
 In traditional Chinese medicine the theory of five
elements is used to interpret the relationship between
the physiology and pathology of the human body
and the natural environment.
 the five elements are in constant move and change,
and the interdependence and mutual restraint of the
five elements explain the complex connection
between material objects as well as the unity
between the human body and the natural world.

58. Traditional Chinese Medicine
 the visceral organs, as well as other organs
and tissues, have similar properties to the five
elements; they interact physiologically and
pathologically as the five elements do.

59. Traditional Chinese Medicine
 The order of mutual promoting among the
five elements is that wood promotes fire, fire
promotes earth, earth promotes metal, metal
promotes water, and promotes generates
wood. In this way each of the five elements
has this type of mutual promoting relationship
with the other, thus promoting is circular and
endless

60. Traditional Chinese Medicine
 Each of the five elements also shares this
restraining relationship with the other. Mutual
promoting and mutual restraining are two
aspects that cannot be separated.
 If there is no promoting, then there is no birth
and growth. If there is no restraining, then
there is no change and development for
maintaining normal harmonious relations.

61. Traditional Chinese Medicine
 The aspects involved in each of the five elements are
follows:
 Fire: draught, heat, flaring, ascendance, movement,
etc.
 Wood: germination, extension, softness, harmony,
flexibility, etc.
 Metal: strength, firmness, killing, cutting, cleaning
up, etc.
 Earth: growing, changing, nourishing, producing,
etc.
 Water: moisture, cold, descending, flowing, etc.

62. Yin and Tang Theory
 Traditional Chinese Medicine is based on the
5 elements and the Yin and Yan theory
 It is believed that there is a dark side and a
bright side to an object
 anything that is moving, ascending, bright,
progressing, hyperactive, including functional
disease of the body, pertains to yang

63. Yin and Yang Theory
 characteristics of stillness, descending,
darkness, degeneration, hypo-activity,
including organic disease, pertain to yin.
 Yin and yang are always in conflict however,
they are dependent on one another (without
cold there would be no hot, etc)
 human life is a physiological process in
constant motion and change through yin and
yang

64. Yin and Yang Theory
 If everything is normal: yin and yang are kept
within certain bounds, reflecting a dynamic
equilibrium of the physiological processes
 When the balance is broken, disease occurs.
Typical cases of disease-related imbalance
include excess of yin, excess of yang,
deficiency of yin, and deficiency of yang.

65. Acupuncture
 The practice of acupuncture is based on the
theory of meridians. According to this theory,
qi (vital energy) and blood circulate in the
body through a system of channels called
meridians, connecting internal organs with
external organs or tissues.

66. Acupuncture
 By stimulating certain points of the body
surface reached by meridians through
needling or moxibustion, the flow of qi and
blood can be regulated and diseases are thus
treated. These stimulation points are called
acupuncture points, or acupoints.
 Moxibustion is a form of fire heat treatment
that stimulates specific acupuncture points of
the body.

67. Herbal Therapy
 Herbal therapy is very popular within the
Chinese culture
 There are about 600 different herbs in
common use today.
 The herbs have two different elements,
temperature characteristics of the herb and
taste properties of the herb

68. Herbal Therapy
 Temperature Characteristics: namely hot (re),
warm (wen), cold (han), neutral (ping), and
aromatic.
 Taste properties: namely sour (suan), bitter
(ku), sweet (gan), spicy (xin), and salty (xian).

69. Herbal Therapy
 Warm herbs can be used with individuals suffering
from Heat disorders
 warm energy must be mixed with herbs with
Cool/Cold energy so that the overall balance of the
mixture is on the Cool side
 Cool herbs can be used with people with Cold
disorders as long as the overall balance of the
mixture is war
 Neutral herbs are those that are neither hot nor cold,
so they are often considered gentle herbs.

70. Western Medicine
 relies heavily upon industrially produced
medications and a strict devotion to the
formal scientific process
 all types of conventional medical treatment,
including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation,
and physical therapy.
 Treatments and medications pass a strict
review before a patient can receive them

71. Western Medicine
 This can be anything from surgery to taking a
painkiller for a headache (Tylenol or Advil)
 Western medicine likes to use technology to
isolate the smallest possible particle that may
be diseased all the way down to the electrical
charge of a molecule.
 Chinese medicine looks at the larger
perceptions unique to our human senses.

72. Western Medicine
 Chinese medicine makes diagnosis without
lab tests.
 Unlike TCM practices, Western Medicine
does not listen to what the body is saying
 Western approach tends to change the
environment and the Eastern way is to prefer
to adapt to the environment.

73. Fusion
 More recently, there has been a change in
patients
 More westerners are willing to try out TCM
because they are becoming more concerned
with what chemicals they put into their bodies
 In the same breath, there are many Easterners
who are turning to Western Medicine for
instant relief

74. Fusion
 You can often hear people in China tell you
that they will go to a Traditional Chinese
doctor for some things but if they have
something like a headache, they would just
prefer to take the Western medication because
they believe in it more

75. Fusion
 In the West, more people are becoming
fascinated by acupuncture and herbal
remedies
 These practices speak to people who are
getting older in the west or people who are
simply more comfortable with herbal and
natural remedies

76. Fusion
 You can see in the West that people are not
only interested in the TCM but they are also
interested in many herbal and medicinal teas
that are said to help certain parts of the body
 This has become fascinating to people in the
West because they feel like they can have
more control over their bodies

77. Fusion
 Teas for weight loss from China are becoming
very popular and are even being featured on
popular television shows
 Teas that are good for reducing blood
pressure and stress are very popular among
the older generations
 There are increasingly more and more tea
shops that are gaining a lot of revenue
because of this new market

78. Oolong Tea
 Oolong Tea may help reduce cholesterol
build-up in the bloodstream.
 Oolong Tea may help burn fat and thus, may
contribute to slimming.
 Oolong Tea can help prevent heart ailments.
 Oolong Tea can be used for treatment of
digestive disorders.

79. Oolong Tea
 Oolong Tea can promote longevity by
stimulating bodily functions and
strengthening the immune system.
 Oolong Tea may promote healthier and
stronger bones, protecting people from such
diseases as osteoporosis.
 Oolong Tea can also fight against tooth
decay.

80. Pu‘er Tea
 Pu’er tea is known to help lower blood
cholesterol levels.
 Pu’er tea may help boost the flow of blood
and help enhance circulation.
 Pu’er tea may help inhibit the formation and
growth of cancer cells.
 Pu’er tea aids in the proper digestion of food.

81. Pu‘er Tea
 Pu’er tea may help invigorate the spleen.
 Pu’er tea is known to help break down and
thus reduce fat in the system.
 Pu’er tea may help remove toxins.
 Pu’er tea may help heal aches and pains.

82. Chrysanthemum Tea
 Chrysanthemum Tea may help lower blood pressure
and consequently also help in the treatment of other
related ailments, i.e. angina and other heart
problems.
 Chrysanthemum Tea may help relieve headaches.
 Chrysanthemum Tea may help in the treatment of
colds, fever and the flu.

83. Chrysanthemum Tea
 Chrysanthemum Tea may help in the treatment of
such skin problems as acne, boils and sores.
 Chrysanthemum Tea is believed to contribute to
clear vision.
 Chrysanthemum Tea may help in the alleviation of
dizziness.
 Chrysanthemum Tea is believed to contribute to
alertness.

84. Green Tea
 healing and preventive processes that cater to
diseases like cancer, heart disease, rheumatoid
arthritis, infections, impaired immune
functions, and cardiovascular diseases
 improving the cholesterol rate in the body
 human body is cleansed from toxins that
usually cause a lot of health problems

85. Green Tea
 rich in EGCG or epigallocatechil gallate. This is a
powerful anti-oxidant that inhibits cancer cell
growth and kills present cancer cells without
harming the rest of the healthy tissues in the body.
 prevents the abnormal formation of blood clots in
wounds
 effective burning of calories when mixed with
caffeine and the prevention of tooth decay and food
poisoning because of its ability to destroy bacteria as
well.

86. Discussion
 Do you prefer Western Medicine or
Traditional Chinese Medicine? Why
 Do you often drink tea? Which teas do you
drink the most?

87. Homework
 Take pictures this weekend of places that you
notice are symbols of culture fusion. Post this
on your blog and write about the fusion and if
you like it or dislike it and why.
 Worth 5%