2. Abstract
• Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy
by removal or expulsion of an
embryo or fetus before it can survive
outside the uterus. An abortion that
occurs without intervention is known
as a miscarriage or spontaneous
abortion. When deliberate steps are
taken to end a pregnancy, it is called
an induced abortion, or less
frequently "induced miscarriage".
The unmodified word abortion
generally refers to an induced
abortion. A similar procedure after
the fetus has potential to survive
outside the womb is known as a "late
termination of pregnancy" or less
accurately as a "late term abortion".
3. Introduction
The abortion debate deals with the rights and wrongs of deliberately ending a pregnancy
before normal childbirth, killing the fetus in the process. Abortion is a very painful topic for
women and men who find themselves facing the moral dilemma of whether or not to
terminate a pregnancy. It's one of the most polarizing moral issues - most people are on one
side or the other, very few are undecided.
The two Views about abortion:
• On the other side are those who call themselves 'pro-choice' or 'supporters
of abortion rights', and who regard intentional abortion as acceptable in
some circumstances.
• On one side are those who call themselves 'pro-life'. They say that
intentionally caused abortion is always wrong (although it may on very rare
occasions be the best thing to do).
4. • What gives a being the right to life?
• Is a fetus a human being?
• Is a fetus a separate being from its mother?
• If the fetus has a right to life, does that right take priority over the mother's right to control her own body?
• Does the fetus have a right to be carried in the woman's womb until it's ready to be born?
• Is any other right more important than the right to life - for example, a woman's right to decide what to do
with her own body?
• If the woman's life is in danger because of the pregnancy, how do we decide whose rights should prevail?
• deliberately killing innocent human beings is wrong,a fetus is an innocent human being
• abortion is the deliberate killing of a fetus
therefore abortion is the deliberate killing of an innocent human being.therefore, abortion is wrong
If we follow this argument and accept that a fetus has a right to live, then we face part two of the problem:
“abortion is wrong unless it serves some right of the mother that is as morally
important as the fetus' right to life”
“the right to life outweighs another person's right to control her own body”
The argument about abortion covers several issues, such as:
5. Abortion ethics
Don Marquis is Professor of Philosophy at the University
of Kansas. He defends the view that, except in unusual
circumstances, abortion is seriously wrong.
The purpose of this essay is to set out an argument the
claim that abortion, except perhaps in instances, is
seriously wrong. One reason for these exceptions is to
eliminate from consideration cases whose ethical
analysis should be controversial detailed for clear-
headed opponents of abortion. Such cases include
abortion after rape and abortion during the first
fourteen days after conception when there is an
argument that the fetus is not definitely an individual.
Another reason for making these exceptions allow for
those cases in which the permissibility of abortion is
compatible with the argument of this essay. Such cases
include abortion when continuation of a pregnancy
endangers a woman's life and when the fetus is
anencephalic. When I wrongness of abortion in this
essay, a reader she presume the above qualifications. I
mean by an abortion an action intended to bring about
the death of a fetus for the sake of the woman who
carries it. (Thus, as is standard on the literature on this
subject, I eliminate spontaneous abortions from
consideration.) I mean by a fetus a developing human
being from time of conception to the time of birth.
(Thus, as is standard, I call embryos and zygotes,
fetuses.)
6. Why Abortion should be legal?
• Abortion should be
Mother’s choice. It’s
reproduction on own
body.
• In case of risk to the
mother‘s life.
• Abortion should be legal
in case of rape or incest.
Details:
https://www.tandfonline.com/
doi/pdf/10.1016/0968-
8080%2893%2990002-B
7. Why abortion should be illegal?
• Abortion is Murder.
• Life begins at conception, so
unborn babies are human
beings with a right to life.
• Fetuses feel pain during the
abortion procedure
Details:
https://abortion.procon.org/
8. Devate over abortion:
1. Do Fetuses Have the Right to Life?
2. THE "FUTURE LIKE OURS" ACCOUNT
OF THE WRONGNESS OF KILLING
3. The Analogy with Animals Argument
4. The Problem of Equality
1. The Considered Judgment Argument
2. The Worst of Crimes Argument
3. Religious Arguments.
4.The Argument from Interests.
9. History and religion, Society and culture, Other animals
Abortion ethics:
1.history and religion:
Main articles: History of abortion and Religion and abortion
10. 2. Society and culture:
• Abortion debate
• Modern abortion law
• Sex-selective abortion
• Anti-abortion violence
occurring throughout recorded history and at all levels of societal
organization. Techniques are highly varied, as are the circumstances under
which it is practised. The status of and attitudes towards abortion in
Western civilization are variable and have, in most cases, been changing. As
of 1982, 10% and 18% of the world's population respectively, lived in
countries where abortion was totally prohibited or where it was permitted
only to save the mother's life. In the USA, various national surveys indicate
liberalization of public attitudes towards pregnancy termination between
1965 and the years immediately following the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court
decision (1973) which legalized abortion. More recent polls demonstrate
little attitudinal change since 1972-1973: between 80% and 90% of
Americans approve of abortion in the case of poor health, a seriously
defective fetus, or rape, and between 40% and 50% indicate approval for all
other reasons as well. Only 10% of the American population would like to
see abortion prohibited under all circumstances
11. 3. Other animals Abortion:
Spontaneous abortion occurs in various
animals. For example, in sheep it may be
caused by stress or physical exertion, such
as crowding through doors or being
chased by dogs. In cows, abortion may be
caused by contagious disease, such
as brucellosis or Campylobacter, but can
often be controlled by
vaccination. Eating pine needles can also
induce abortions in cows. Several plants,
including broomweed, skunk
cabbage, poison hemlock, and tree
tobacco, are known to cause fetal
deformities and abortion in cattle and in
sheep and goats. In horses, a fetus may be
aborted or resorbed if it has lethal white
syndrome (congenital intestinal
aganglionosis). Foal embryos that are
homozygous for the dominant white gene
(WW) are theorized to also be aborted or
resorbed before birth. In many species of
sharks and rays, stress-induced abortions
occur frequently on capture.
12. Conclution:
This essay contains an argument for the view that, except in unusual
circumstances, abortion is seriously wrong. Deprivation of an FLO explains why
killing adults and children is wrong. Abortion deprives fetuses of
FLOs. Therefore, abortion is wrong. This argument is based on an account of
the wrongness of killing that is a result of our considered judgment of the
nature of the misfortune of premature death. It accounts for why we regard
killing as one of the worst of crimes. It is superior to alternative accounts of the
wrongness of killing that are intended to provide insight into the ethics of
abortion. This account of the wrongness of killing is supported by the way it
handles cases in which our moral judgments are settled. This account has an
analogue in the most plausible account of the wrongness of causing animals to
suffer. This account makes no appeal to religion. Therefore, the FLO account
shows that abortion, except in rare instances, is seriously wrong.
