The document discusses key events and developments during American industrialization and expansion in the late 19th century, including: 1) Important inventions like the Bessemer Process for steel production, the steel plow, barbed wire, and the transcontinental railroad that aided western expansion. 2) The rise of industrialists like John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and Cornelius Vanderbilt and their monopolistic business practices. 3) Social and legal issues surrounding the rapid urbanization, immigration, and formation of unions during this time period.

1. Friday, February 5, 2010
Agree Disagree 1. The Bessemer Agree Disagree
____ ____ Process involved ____ ____
blowing air through molten
gold to burn away impurities.
____ ____ 2. The last major ____ _____
Native American conflict
occurred at Wounded Knee.

2. Friday, February 8, 2010
Agree Disagree 1. Henry Ford Agree Disagree
____ ____ used the assembly ____ ____
line to make the Model T.
____ ____ 2. John D. Rockefeller ____
_____
believed the wealthy had a responsibility
to use it for the betterment of the poor.

3. Friday, February 9, 2010
Agree Disagree 1. Theodore Roosevelt Agree Disagree
____ ____ passed the Food and ____ ____
Drug Act after reading
The Jungle.
____ ____ 2. Clayton Antitrust Act ____ _____
gave the government the power to investigate
companies for unfair business practices .

4. Friday, February 10, 2010
Agree Disagree 1. W.E.B. Dubois Agree Disagree
____ ____ organized the ____ ____
the Niagara Movement.
____ ____ 2. Plessy vs. Ferguson ____ _____
was a Supreme Court case that
ended segregation in America .

5. AHSGE Chapter 7
Expansion and Industrialization
The Railroads
Promontory Point, Utah
– town where the Union Pacific and Central Pacific
railroads met completing the transcontinental railroad.
How important were
the railroads for expansion
in the U.S.?
Railroads became the chief
means of national
transportation
during the second half of
the 19th century.

6. Conflicts with Native Americans
 Reservations – see previous notes
What was the significance of the buffalo to
the Native Americans?
Buffalos were the main source of food for
Native Americans living on the Great Plains.
White settlers killed many buffalo for their
hides and left the meat to rot taking away the
livelihood of the Native Americans.

7. Important Indian Battles and Congressional
Action
 Battle of the Little Bighorn –
Sioux warriors surrounded
U.S. Army General George Custer
and killed every soldier under
his command.
 Dawes Act (General Allotment Act)
– In an attempt to assimilate Native Americans into
the mainstream of society, Congress dissolved
reservations and gave each Native American
family 160 acres to farm. Any excess land had to
be sold to the government at low prices plunging
the Native Americans deeper into poverty.

8.  With white settlers ability to move to
the west with the development of the
Transcontinental Railroad, possibility of
free land with the Homestead Act and
the Discovery of gold in California. War
with the Native Americans was almost
inevitable.

9. Wounded Knee
 Wovoka
– Sioux prophet who developed a religious ritual called
the Ghost Dance (Sioux believed this dance would
bring back the buffalo and return the Native
American tribes to their land.) This frightened white
settlers.
 Sitting Bull
– Sioux leader whom
the U.S. Army believed was using
the Ghost Dance to start a
Native American uprising.

10.  Wounded Knee
– After trying to arrest Sitting Bull a fight
broke out and he was killed by the U.S. Army.
They then pursued the Sioux men, women and
children to their camp at Wounded Knee
Creek. The Sioux were massacred by the U.S.
army (around 350 killed). This marked the end
of U.S. Army battles with Native Americans.

11. CHUNK #1 The Bessemer Process
Turn to page 92. Read The Bessemer
Process, and answer the following
questions.
Setting When? –
Characters Who? -
Plot What is it? –
Outcome What could now be done? –

12. Important Development used in Continental
Expansion
 The Bessemer Process
– process by which steel could be made faster
and more efficiently. Bessemer, Alabama
(important steel center) is named
after man who invented process.
 Revolver
– type of pistol which had a cylinder containing
several chambers allowing for more rapid
firing. Became a standard for personal
protection in the West.

13.  Steel Plow
– Invented by John Deere. The plow was strong
enough to cut thorough the though prairie sod
of the Midwest and the Plains.
 Windmill
– Farmers in the Plains
used the wind’s power to pump water
(which was 100 feet underground)
to the surface.

14.  Barbed Wire
– Wire with barbed points that gave farmers a
cheap and efficient way to fence in their land.
 Transcontinental Railroad
– Provided the easiest way to move people and
products to the major cities. Towns
developed along the railroads which lead to
the settlement of the west.
 All of these inventions helped in the
settlement of the Great Plains.

15. Farming in the 1870s and 1880s
 Grange
– Cooperative formed by local farmers to
protect their interests from industries
cutting into their farming revenues (profits).
 Populist Movement started by farmers who
wanted higher prices for their crops and
livestock.
 Populists Party
– formed to address the concerns of
farmers and other reformers.

16. Alabama Agriculture and Industry
 Boll Weevil
Insect that destroyed the cotton crops of Alabama.
Forced farmers to diversify their crops.
 Birmingham, Alabama – known for steel and iron making.
 Mobile, Alabama – known for its important shipping
industry.
 Many investors came to Alabama and started large textile
industries due to the states’ ready
supply of cotton.

17. Review
3. Describe the Dawes Act.
5. Name the important developments
listed in the PowerPoint that were
used in the Continental Expansion.

18. Important Industrial Inventions
 Industrial Revolution
– During the 1880s the
U.S. used its natural
resources and spirit
of invention to begin
the process of industrialization.
 Transatlantic Cable – first telegraph cable beneath
the Atlantic Ocean. It allowed the U.S. to hear of
developments in Europe immediately through
telegraph messages.
 Alexander Graham Bell – first
telephone transmission.

19. Move to the Cities
 Many people left their farms and moved
to the city for higher wages (more money)
as the industrialization continued in the
U.S. They were looking for jobs.
 Waves of immigrants from Europe also came in search
of work.
 A population explosion created many opportunities
and caused many problems in the cities.

20.  Henry Ford – In 1913, the first
moving automobile assembly line
was introduced improving the way
items were made in America.
 Suburbs began to develop in
association with the growing
availability of the automobile.

21. CHUNK #2 Robber Barons
Turn to page 96. Read Famous Robber Barons and
Their Monopolies, and answer the following questions.
John D. Rockefeller - Owned
.
- Monopoly in the oil industry because he
was the only supplier of oil from
.
Andrew Carnegie - Owned a that
controlled the and
owned the railroads
and steam ships.
- Monopoly in the production of steel and
competition.
Cornelius Vanderbilt - Owned the
railroad.

22. Negative Aspects of Urbanization
 Monopoly – only one supplier for a particular
industry.
 Robber Barons – the name for some 19th
century capitalists because they became
wealthy by exploitation and ruthlessness.
 John D. Rockefeller – owned
the Standard Oil Company.

23. 
`
Andrew Carnegie – owned a steel company that
controlled the iron and coal mines and owned railroads
and steam ships.
 Gospel of Wealth – belief by
Andrew Carnegie that the wealthy
had a responsibility to use it for
the betterment of the poor. Gave
much of his wealth away.
 Cornelius Vanderbilt – owned the Central Railroad.
 Social Darwinism – Only the
strongest business will survive.

24. Labor Unions
 Labor Unions – organizations of workers who
put pressure on industries to improve working
conditions.
 Strike – the refusal to work
until certain conditions are met.
 American Federation of Labor (AFL) –
worked to organize strikes in entire
industries (car manufacturing).

25. Immigrants
 Racism – prejudice.
 Nativism – favoring one’s nation
or region.
 1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act – prohibited
Chinese from immigrating to the U.S.

26.  1921 – The Emergency Quota Act – Law
limiting the number of legal immigrants to 3%
of the total population of each nationality
from Southern and Eastern Europe.
 1924 – National Origins Act of 1924 –
Changed quota of immigrants from Southern
and Eastern Europe to 2% and prohibited all
immigration from Asia.

27. The Progressive Movement
 Progressivism – developed in response to the
growing corruption in big business. It
championed the causes of whoever was being
oppressed by society.
 Muckrakers – journalists who wrote stories
about the abuses of big business on workers
and consumers.

28.  The Jungle by Upton Sinclair – exposed the
miserable working conditions and dangerous
food quality in meat processing
plants in Chicago.
 The History of the Standard
Oil Company by Ida Tarbell – exposed
the ruthless practices of the
Standard Oil Company it its quest
to gain a monopoly in the oil company.
 Horace Mann – pushed for the public
education of men and women in the early 19th
century.

29. Review
3. Why were quota acts passed in the
early 1920’s?
5. What is Progressivism?

30. CHUNK #3 Important Amendments to the
Constitution
Gist – Turn to page 98. Read Important Amendments to the
Constitution, and described the four amendments in the
space provided that gives the “gist” or summary of the
selection.
16th Amendment -
17th Amendment -
18th Amendment -
19th Amendment -

31. Important Amendments to the Constitution
 The Progressive Movement gained a lot of
momentum in the early 1900s and lead to the
passage of new amendments.
Progressive Amendments – led to the reform of
government and businesses.
 16th – Congress now had the power to collect
taxes on business and individuals.

32.  17th – The election of senators by states
instead of the state legislatures.
 18th – Prohibited the making, selling or
transporting of alcoholic beverages.
 19th – Gave women the right to vote.

33. President Theodore Roosevelt
 Theodore Roosevelt was a
progressive president who
initiated several reforms
while in office.
 National Parks System – protected huge
amounts of land from development.
 Sherman Antitrust Act – Act passed by
Congress that declared the formation of
trusts in order to monopolize business was
illegal.

34.  Northern Securities Trust – a group of
smaller railroad companies formed to set
prices and eliminated smaller
competitors. Prosecuted by Roosevelt
for violating the
Sherman Antitrust Act.
 Square Deal – a verbal contract with the
American people to maintain equality for
individuals and for businesses.
 Food and Drug Act – passed after Roosevelt
read The Jungle. Protected the health of
U.S. consumers

35. Election of 1912
 Woodrow Wilson – established
a reform program called
New Freedom. His goal was to
ensure that there was competition
in the marketplace.
 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) – A
commission that had the power to investigate
companies for unfair business practices.

36.  Clayton Antitrust Act - Act passed by
Congress during Woodrow Wilson’s
administration that banned businesses from
controlling prices from competition.
 This act made sure that businesses could not
use antitrust laws to break up labor unions.

37. Review
3. What was the Square Deal and whose
presidency is it associated with?
5. What did President Wilson’s reform
program call for?

38. Race Relations After Reconstruction
 Ku Klux Klan – increased their
terrorizing of blacks. Lynchings
were commonplace and schools
were burned. Because of this
many blacks left the South and moved to the
North in what is known as the Black Exodus.
Booker T. Washington – founded
the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.
He believed in the separation of
races.

39.  Tuskegee Institute – school which provided
training in the industrial and agricultural
fields. Became an important center for
technical education in the South
 George Washington Carver –
student at Tuskegee Institute.
He became famous for his
agricultural experimentation
with peanuts, soybeans and
cottons. His contributions
enabled farmers in the South
to grow different kinds of crops for
profit besides cotton.

40.  W.E.B. Dubois – First black PH.D. graduate
from Harvard University. He disagreed with
Booker T. Washington’s philosophy. He
believed blacks should pursue white collar
jobs not settle low paying jobs.
 Niagara Movements –
organized by W.E.B. Dubois.
Meeting of black intellectuals
that outlined an agenda for black
progress in the United States.

41.  NAACP (National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People) –
organization of black and white intellectuals
who adopted the goals of the Niagara
movement as their own. Powerful organization
that helped change the minds of many people
about race relations.
 Plessy v Ferguson – Supreme Court decision
that stated segregation
(separation of races) was
legal as long as facilities
and services were equal.
(Separate but equal).

42. Review
 What was the goal of the NAACP?
 What kind of impact did Plessy v
Ferguson have on society?