2. Also known as the Law of Armed Conflict, or the Law of War.
It is designed to regulate the excesses of armed conflict by:
limiting the means and methods of warfare, and
limiting the suffering caused by war
IHL protects those that have not, or are no longer, taking a direct
part in hostilities:
civilians
wounded who give up fighting
prisoners or detainees
4. 1977
Protocols
Additional
to the GC
(AP 1 - 169 states
AP 2 - 165 states)
AP3 – 2005
(AP 3 - 46 states)
International
Armed Conflict
Non-International
Armed Conflict
5. IHRL is a set of international rules, established by treaty or
custom, on the basis of which individuals and groups can
expect and/or claim certain behavior or benefits from
governments.
Human rights are inherent entitlements which belong to
every person as a consequence of being human.
6. IHRL has following 6 main treaty sources:
International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966),
Conventions on
Genocide (1948),
Racial Discrimination (1965),
Discrimination Against Women (1979),
Torture (1984) and
Rights of the Child (1989).
7. IHL is applicable in times of armed conflict, whether international
or non-international.
International conflicts are wars involving two or more states, and
wars of liberation, regardless of whether a declaration of war has
been made or whether the parties involved recognize that there is
a state of war.
Non-international armed conflicts are those in which government
forces are fighting against armed insurgents, or rebel groups are
fighting among themselves.
IHRL applies at all times, i.e. both in peacetime and in situations
of armed conflict.
8. IHL deals with an exceptional situation – armed conflict – no
derogations whatsoever from its provisions are therefore
permitted.
IHRL Governments may derogate from certain rights in situations
of public emergency threatening the life of the nation.
Derogations must, however, be proportional to the crisis at hand,
must not be introduced on a discriminatory basis and must not
contravene other rules of international law – including rules of
IHL.
Certain human rights are never derogable. Among them are the
right to life, prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment, prohibition of slavery and servitude
and the prohibition of retroactive criminal laws.
9. IHL binds all actors to an armed conflict: in international conflicts it
must be observed by the states involved, whereas in internal conflict
it binds the government, as well the groups fighting against it or
among themselves.
Thus, IHL lays down rules that are applicable to both state and non-
state actors.
IHRL lays down rules binding governments in their relations with
individuals.
10. IHL
The 1st GC of 1864 – Protection of wounded and sick in the field.
The 2nd GC of 1899 – Protection of the wounded, sick and
shipwrecked at sea
The 3rd GC of 1929 – Protection of Prisoners of War
The 4th GC of 1949 – Protection of the Civilian Population
IHRL, being tailored primarily for peacetime, applies to all persons.
11. ….at the national level
The duty to implement both IHL and IHRL lies first and foremost with
states.
IHL: States have a duty to take a number of legal and practical
measures – both in peacetime and in armed conflict situations – aimed
at ensuring full compliance with IHL, including :
translating IHL treaties;
preventing and punishing war crimes, through the enactment of
penal legislation;
protecting the red cross and red crescent emblems;
applying fundamental and judicial guarantees;
disseminating IHL;
training personnel qualified in IHL and appointing legal advisers to
the armed forces.
12. IHRL also contains provisions obliging states to implement its
rules, whether immediately or progressively.
They must adopt a variety of legislative, administrative, judicial
and other measures that may be necessary to give effect to the
rights provided for in the treaties.
This may include enacting criminal legislation to outlaw and
repress acts prohibited under IHRL treaties, or providing for a
remedy before domestic courts for violations of specific rights
and ensuring that the remedy is effective.
13. ….at the international level
IHL: As regards international implementation, states have a
collective responsibility under the Geneva Conventions to respect
and to ensure respect for the Conventions in all circumstances.
The ICRC ensures protection and assistance to victims of war,
encourages states to implement their IHL obligations and
promotes and develops IHL.
14. The IHRL supervisory system consists of bodies established either
by the United Nations Charter or by the main IHRL treaties.
The principal UN Charter-based organ is the UN Commission on
Human Rights.
Six of the main IHRL treaties also provide for the establishment of
committees of independent experts charged with monitoring
their implementation.
A key role is played by the Office of the High Commissioner for
Human Rights which has primary responsibility for the overall
protection and promotion of human rights.
Hinweis der Redaktion
International Humanitarian Law is also known as the law of war or the law of armed conflict. To military audiences it is usually called the law of war.
It applies during situations of armed conflict, from the first act of hostilities, regardless of whether both parties agree that there is an armed conflict or not.
International Humanitarian Law ceases to apply once an armistice has been signed. An armistice signals the cessation of hostilities.
State responsibilities under IHL may not conclude at the time an armistice is signed. Activities like the repatriation of prisoners of war may not have been completed when an armistice is signed and so there are responsibilities to be met once an armed conflict is officially concluded, with the signing of an armistice.
The 1st GC of 1864 – Protection of wounded and sick in the field.
The 2nd GC of 1899 – Protection of the wounded, sick and shipwrecked at sea - adapted from the 1st GC.
The 3rd GC of 1929 – Protection of Prisoners of War - followed the first war (WW1) in which large numbers of prisoners were taken and yet no codified rules existed for how prisoners of war were to be treated.
The 4th GC of 1949 – Protection of the Civilian Population - followed the first war (WW2) in which the number of civilian deaths exceeded those of the military forces (60 million civilians died, as well as 50 million military personnel).
As each additional Convention was added, the earlier Conventions were updated. The final revision of the GC was conducted in 1949, at the time that the 4th GC was produced.
Do not use this slide to explain the qualification of armed conflict.
After WW2 the majority of wars were "non-international" in nature, being mostly wars of liberation, or wars against foreign domination. IHL had always adapted to changes in the way wars were fought and it was obvious that IHL needed to be updated to cope with changes in the world. In 1970 the ICRC arranged teams of lawyers to draft the additional protocols to the Geneva Conventions. In 1977 two "Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions" were concluded – AP 1 for international Armed Conflict; and AP 2 for non-international (internal) Armed Conflict.
Why not just amend the GC? It was considered that states that were willing to ratify the GC in 1949 – with the memory of WW2 fresh in their minds – might not be so keen to re-sign an amended GC in 1977. Consequently the AP were produced.
AP 3 was completed in 2005 to produce a third protective emblem – the red crystal. This was designed to allow states whose national societies did not use the Red Cross or Red Crescent emblems, to officially join the Movement. Before 2005 states whose "national societies" used other than either the Red Cross or Red Crescent (the only two approved emblems) were not allowed membership of the Movement. This paved the way for two states to join the Movement for the first time. They were Israel, which used the red Star of David, and Kazakstan which used both the Red Cross and Red Crescent emblem.
Less states have ratified the AP than the GC, including many major nations. AP2 (non-international armed conflict) is a very short body of law – just 22 articles long. Some would suggest that this is so short compared to AP1 because it reflects what states would accept in terms of being told how they were to treat their own citizens in cases where conflict existed within a state's borders. In other words, states don't like to be told how to treat their own citizens.