5. The Unicorn in Captivity
(from the Unicorn Tapestries)
Date: 1495–1505
Culture: South Netherlandish
The Hunters Enter the Woods
(from the Unicorn Tapestries)
Date: 1495–1505
Culture: South Netherlandish
48. Dianthus – A possible lineage
D. plumarius D. caryophyllus
D. barbatus (multiflora)
× D. chinensis (sterile, grandiflora)
D. knappii
D. carthusianorum (multiple head)
Old-fashioned pinks (calyx split)
(select based on scent, flower form, colour)
Carnations (cut flower)
(select based on forcing, flower form, color)
Sweet william, modern pinks (mat-forming)
(select based on fast-growth, low-vernalization, flower color)
D. chinensis
×
D. hybrid
1850
1960
300 BC
1450
49. 學名、中名、英名對照表
學名 中名 英名
D. superbus 瞿麥 Garden pinks, wild pinks
D. barbatus 西洋石竹、美女撫子 Sweet Williams
D. (×)plumarius -- Feathered pinks, heirloom pinks,
grass pinks
D. gratianopolitanus -- Cheddar pinks
D. deltoides -- Maiden pinks
D. monspessulanus -- Fringed pinks
D. chinensis 中國石竹、美國石竹 China pinks
D. ×barbatus 五彩石竹 Sweet Williams, modern pinks
D. ×allwoodii 雜交石竹 Allwood pinks
D. arenarius -- Sand pink
53. Fig. Log-lineage-through-time plot for genus Dianthus (including Velezia), based on 1000 resampled
trees with missing taxa added using the method of Day et al. (2008). The line in bold corresponds to
the maximum credibility tree from the Bayesian dating analysis (conservative calibration). The
shaded panel highlights the time window in which a dramatic increase in diversification rates took
place, coinciding with a period of profound climatic transformations in the Pleistocene (更新世).
57. 已知可種間雜交組合
• D. arenarius × D. chinensis
• D. caryophyllus × D.
gallicus
• D. caesius × D. plumarius
• D. chinensis × D. knappii
• D. sylvestris × carnation
• D. chinensis × carnation
• D. caryophyllus × carnation
• D. gallicus × arenarius
• D. knappii × D. sylvestris
• D. knappii × D. arenarius
• D. knappii × carnation
• D. barbatus × D. deltoides
• D. barbatus × D. alpinus
• D. barbatus × D. glacialis
• D. areanarius × carnation
(Kottö and Gairdner, 1931)
58. 其他已知不容易成功組合
不易得種子
• D. ×plumarius × carnation
• D. (×)plumarius × D. knappii
• D. (×)plumarius × D. barbatus
後代雄不稔
• D. ×plumarius × D. knappii
• D. carthusianorum × D. gallicus
• D. barbatus × carnation
• D. arenarius × carnation
• D. ×plumarius × carnation
• D. ×plumarius × D. barbatus
• D. microlepis × D. barbatus
• D. microlepis × D. ×plumarius
(Kottö and Gairdner, 1931)
63. (Nakano et al., 1996)
Fig. Intergeneric somatic hybrid plantlets between Dianthus
barbatus and Gypsophila paniculata (SH-1). Bar = 2 cm.
64. Fig. Flowering plants and flowers of the parental
species and the hybrid, D. caryophyllus (left), the
hybrid (centre), and D. japonicus (right). Flower
variates in the interspecific hybrids.
(Nimura et al., 2003)
66. Fig. Flowering
plants and
flowers of the
parental species
and the hybrid,
D. ×isensis
(left), a hybrid
(centre), and D.
japonicus
(right). Flower
variates in the
interspecific
hybrids.
Fig. Flowers and pollen from the original hybrid and
natural chromosome-doubling amphidiploid.
(Nimura et al., 2006b)
67. (Nimura et al., 2006c)
Fig. Flowering plants, flowers, and flower
variations from a cross between carnation and D.
×isensis.
68. 其他石竹屬種間雜交案例
• 康乃馨(黃) × D. plumarius (白)粉紅
• D. plumarius (白) × D. knappii 黃
• D. giganteus (白) × D. carthusianorum (粉)淺粉
(Gatt et al., 1998: Lee et al., 2005)
西洋石竹D. barbatus,其種名意指綴飾有鬚毛,一個可能是指本屬物種花冠面近花冠管部分會有突出的短毛,也有可能是形容其花瓣末端叉裂。
在1960年代後期,當時GoldSmith公司的老闆Glenn Goldsmith警告育種家詹姆士先生,這個種間雜交組合很有可能會失敗得不到種子。但幸好GoldSmith老闆錯了,而順利得到的種間雜交後代就被命名為‘Queen of Hearts’,並且成功贏得1971年的全美園藝選(All-America Selection Award)花卉組獎。儘管這個西洋石竹與中國石竹的雜交組合得到了具良好開花表現的後代,但其不稔無法結種子。總結此一雜交組合後代之特性,包括來自中國石竹親本的大花性、西洋石竹親本的耐寒性與生長勢,且因不易結種子,相較於以往的花壇石竹品種容易因為大量結籽而在移植後一個半月至兩個月就失去觀賞價值,‘Queen of Hearts’能夠在整個花季期間開花不斷,打破當時一般人對石竹美麗但短暫的印象。
2004 Year of the Dianthus
Jan 30, 1971
The Home Garden - Two Zinnias Head List of All-America Flowers
BY ART KOZELKA / Garden Editor
Two showy zinnias that feature large, double blooms on dwarf-size plants head the list of six new flowers which have been named as All-America Selections for 1971. A new hybrid sweet corn was the only vegetable winner for 1971.
The zinnias are Peter Pan Plum, which is a fine, lavender-rose or plum color, and Peter Pan Pink, a coral pink beauty with a salmon-rose center. The two award-winning flowers have the added distinction of scoring more points in the All-America trials than any other flowers in the almost 40-year history of All-America Selections.
Perhaps as newsworthy as the announcement of these zinnia award winners is the fact that they were created by Charles L. Weddle of Palisades, Colo., who is still affectionately known as "Mr. Petunia" for his origination of dozens of outstanding petunias, including Comanche, Prima Donna, and many others that have won All-America awards.
It was only four years ago that Weddle switched his hybridizing talents from petunias toward the improvement of zinnias. Just a year later, he produced the popular Wild Cherry Zinnia which won All-America honors.
* * *
Weddle's new award-winning Peter Pan varieties are certain to be a boon to home gardeners who like to mass zinnias in beds and borders. The plants remain compact, maturing at 12 to 14 inches high, and flaunt their colorful, 3-to-4-inch blooms in profusion throughout the summer.
As with all zinnias, the Peter Pans grow easily from seed, which may be started in peat pots indoors and transplanted to the garden. Quite often these potted plants will bear flowers when only 6 inches tall, which means there can be color in the garden right after they have been transplanted. Seeds, of course, also can be sown directly outdoors after soil is warmed if there is no hurry for blooms.
* * *
The other 1971 flower award winners are Queen of Hearts, a brilliant, scarlet dianthus; Little Darling, a sturdy new, low-growing snapdragon; Silver Puffs, the first dwarf hollyhock; and Southern Belle, a huge-flowering perennial hibiscus.
Queen of Hearts, which is the first F1 [first generation] hybrid dianthus, grows 12 to 15 inches tall and about as wide and yields masses of single-flowered blooms 1 to 1 1/2 inches across. Seed can be sown directly in the garden borders. The plants also are excellent in pots for patio display.
* * *
Little Darling should bring snaps into even greater favor with gardeners for landscape border plantings. Because they grow only 12 inches tall and are compact in habit, they withstand windy locations better than the taller growing varieties. They come in a mixture of snap colors with the new open-face flowers popularized by Bright Butterflies, a previous, taller growing All-America winner.
Both Queen of Hearts dianthus and Little Darling snaps were developed by Goldsmith Seeds, Inc.
Fluffy, double, silvery-pink flowers are only one of the virtues of Silver Puffs, the award winning hollyhock. Growing to a height of only 2 feet, it is tailor made for home gardens. It never needs staking, and it branches well, with blooms forming on the side branches as well as main branches. It was originated by Sluis en Groot, a Dutch seed firm.
Not too many gardens boast hibiscus plantings, but Southern Belle should change this. Plants grow 5 to 6 feet tall and produce fantastically large, single flowers of crimson, red, rose, pink, white, and white with a red eye. It is not uncommon for the blooms to measure 10 inches across.
The plants die back each winter, but come back again the following season. For first year blooms on this unusual perennial, seed should be started early indoors. The new hibiscus was developed by Sakata & Co., a Japanese seed firm.
The 1970 award-winning vegetable is Early Xtra Sweet, an F1 hybrid sweet corn. It won the praise of All-America judges for its extra sugar content. It is much like its predecessor, Illini Xtra Sweet, but matures two weeks earlier and is more uniform. Ears are 7 to 9 inches long and 1 1/2 to 2 inches in diameter, with 12 to 16 rows of kernels on each cob.
You can enjoy this corn over a long season by making several plantings a few weeks apart. Plantings should be made as far away as possible from other corn varieties; otherwise pollen from the other varieties will keep it from developing its extra sugar content.
The All-America Selections, which are sponsored by the garden seed industry of the United States and Canada, evaluate the merits of new flower and vegetable varieties for two years in trial gardens throughout North America.
根據Flora of China及Flora of Taiwan之記述,臺灣及中國大陸地區共產17種石竹,其中包括中國石竹(D. chinensis)、瞿麥(D. superbus)、長萼瞿麥(D. longicalyx)三種分布最為廣泛,又中國石竹與瞿麥皆有納為中藥材使用之記錄,其餘石竹屬物種有3種特別出自臺灣,也就是巴陵石竹(D. palinensis)、玉山石竹(D. pygmaeus)及清水山石竹(D. seisuimontanus),西洋石竹(D. barbatus var. asiaticus)則僅產於吉林省與北韓及俄羅斯交界處,且因與歐洲產的西洋石竹有些許不同(歐洲產者較肥壯、葉片較寬且厚、植株較大、花較多),故被認定屬於亞洲變種。剩下的10種石竹屬物種則僅分布在新疆(尤其北部)及西藏等與中亞交界地帶。
我們可以根據這張將Flora of China中,依記述物種分布省分所繪製之分布圖觀察到,中國石竹與瞿麥的分布地重疊,因此不可見粉紅色區域,中國石竹大約僅分布在黃河以北地區,而瞿麥則仍持續向華中華南地區分布,但大約在福建、廣東一帶即不再有分布之記錄,相較之下,長萼瞿麥則更南、向海南及臺灣地區分布。其中,以山東、河南、陝西、寧夏、甘肅、山西、河北、吉林、內蒙一區,為三個物種的共同重疊區域。而位在河南省的古都洛陽一直是中國文化的中心,可以推測古人在這裡或鄰近地區可以同時觀察到這三種最為常見的石竹種類,因此在本草綱目中會記述有花大、花小之分。
有趣的是,在Flora of Taiwan的記述中,將瞿麥及長萼瞿麥視為同種,長萼瞿麥為變種(variety)而非種(species),並且認定臺灣產的瞿麥亦為變種應稱為臺灣瞿麥(var. taiwanensis)。但二者又以長萼瞿麥分布之海拔較高(1000-2100 m),臺灣瞿麥分布海拔較低且少見,採集紀錄多半在東半部山區草地中(800-1800 m)。不論如何,Flora of Taiwan中所有的石竹物種多半分布在山區,僅巴陵石竹生長在海拔600 m的臺灣北部(桃園巴陵),又即使是Flora of China中分布最南的長萼瞿麥,最低也分布至海拔800 m地帶,顯示本屬植物多半仍喜冷涼氣候。
Monticello
<<https://www.monticello.org/site/house-and-gardens/pinks-gilliflowers-carnations-exalted-flowers>>
Ward, C.W. 1903. The American Carnation – How to grow it. Applewood Books, Bedford, MA, USA. p.17-18.
根據這張演化分枝樹圖可以觀察到:在Valente等人(2010)參試的104個石竹屬及1個Velezia物種,共可分為五個演化分支,然而不論是哪一個演化分支群,多樣化都是發生在約150~200萬年前。當中又以歐亞擴散(Eurasian radiation)分支群的多樣化最為豐富,現代花壇石竹與康乃馨的重要親本如D. plumarius、D. barbatus、D. chinensis、D. superbus、D. knappii等都囊括在內。
Sect. Armerium: D. corymbosus, D. deltoides, D. tymphresteus, D. viscidius, D. myrtinervius, D. tenuiflorus, D. armeria, D. diffusus
Sect. Verruculosi: D. strictus, D. cyri, D. tripunctatus
Velezia: Velezia rigida
African clade: D. leptoloma, D. longiglumis, D. crinitus, D. serrulatus, D. laingsburgesis, D. excelsus, D. albens, D. zeyheri, D. thunbergii, D. bolusii, D. caespitosus pectinatus, D. caespitosus caespitosus, D. mooiensis, D. basuticus, D. micropetalus, D. namaensis
Eurasian radiation: D. barbatus, D. callizonus, D. collinus, D. giganteiformis, D. glacialis, D. henteri, D. integer, D. leucopheus, D. libanotis, D. petraeus, D. pinifolius, D. serotinus, D. strymonis, D. subacaulis, D. trifasciculatus, D. turkestanicus, D. eretmopetalus, D. serratifolius, D. plumarius, D. superbus (Russia), D. anatolicus, D. calocephalus, D. micranthus, D. erinaceus, D. giganteus, D. crinitus, D. orientalis, D. cretaceus, D. zederbaueri, D. gallicus, D. hyssopifolius, D. furcatus, D. pavonius, D. pallens, D. zonatus, D. pygamaeus, D. superbus (Japan), D. stenopetalus, D. rupicola, D. sylvestris, D. arrosti, D. ciliatus, D. haematocalyx, D. carmelitarum, D. biflorus, D. capitatus, D. cruentus, D. gracilis, D. knappii, D. fischeri, D. chinensis, D. subulosus, D. versicolor, D. microlepis, D. gredensis, D. serrulatus, D. lusitanus, D. multiaffinis, D. pyrenaicus, D. langeanus, D. laricifolius, D. charidemi, D. legionensis, D. toletanus, D. seguieri, D. pungens, D. multiceps, D. lusitanus, D. crassipes, D. costae, D. cintranus, D. broteri, D. benarnensis, D. anticarius, D. algetanus
在Flora of Taiwan中並未將清水山石竹列入。
兩位作者都將葉片線形做為將玉山石竹與其他原生種石竹區分之性狀,而李(2004)則強調株高可以做為重要的指標,因為玉山石竹即使在人工栽培環境下生長,株高也低矮。另外,萼筒長度在17-20 mm,較其他石竹屬物種在25 mm以上,為另一可利用的物種區別性狀。兩位作者都認同在剩下的3~4個原生石竹物種中,花瓣頂緣淺裂,不超過花瓣長度1/4為一可信的鑑別物種依據,可將巴陵石竹自其他植株較高的原生種分出。而其餘2~3個物種中,皆具有明顯膨大的節,但又以清水山石竹最為明顯,且清水山石竹葉片表面綠色具白粉,基生葉緊密排列(簇生特性)。而瞿麥及長萼瞿麥在Flora of Taiwan中主張長萼瞿麥為花瓣基部具有腺毛,瞿麥則否,但李(2004)觀察野外實際植株狀態則指出腺毛可能不是理想的鑑別依據,而採取與Flora of China相同的鑑別依據,即長萼瞿麥的萼為綠色,瞿麥則具有紅斑或為紫紅色。
Erwin, J. 2005. Factors affecting flowering in ornamental plants. In: M.B. McDonald and F.Y. Kwong (eds.). Flower seeds: Biology and technology. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA, USA.