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pseudoexfoliative glaucoma
1.
2. Estimated, the global prevalence of glaucoma
to be 3.54%
◦ The number of people with glaucoma worldwide
(aged 40-80 years) will increase from 64.3 million
in 2013 to 111.8 million in 2040
1st leading cause of irreversible blindness
◦ 4.5 million people open-angle glaucoma
◦ 3.9 million people angle-closure glaucoma
These numbers are set to rise to 5.9 and 5.3 million,
respectively, by 2020
Global Prevalence of Glaucoma and Projections of Glaucoma Burden through 2040
Tham, Yih-Chung et al. ;Ophthalmology , Volume 121 , Issue 11 , 2081 - 2090
3. True
◦ True exfoliation or lamellar delamination of the lens
capsule
Pseudo
◦ Deposition of a protein-like material within the
anterior segment of the eye
Whitish-gray protein
Lens
Iris
Ciliary epithelium
Corneal endothelium
Trabecular meshwork
4. Pseudoexfoliation
syndrome
Pseudoexfoliative
glaucoma
• Presence of typical
pseudoexfoliation material
on the anterior lens capsule
in one or both eyes
• A normal optic disk
appearance and visual field
testing (Humphrey 30-2 SITA
standard test)
• IOP < 21 mm Hg
• Pseudoexfoliative material
on the anterior lens capsule
• Typical glaucomatous
cupping and visual field loss
in one or both eyes
• IOP > 21 mm Hg
Serpil Yazgan et al; (2015) Corneal Biomechanical Comparison of Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome, Pseudoexfoliative
Glaucoma and Healthy Subjects, Current Eye Research, 40:5, 470-475
5. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXS) is a systemic
condition with eye manifestations.
◦ Deposits on various structures of the anterior segment.
The nature of this material is mostly fibrillar with fibers made
up of microfibrils and coated with amorphous material.
Fibrils is diverse and includes
basement membrane components
enzymes involved in extracellular matrix maintenance.
Pseudoexfoliation is the most common cause of
secondary open-angle glaucoma worldwide.
Pseudoexfoliative Glaucoma, PXG
6. Late onset condition with prevalence that
increases markedly with age
Generally more prevalent in women than in
men
In Japan the incidence of PXS increased with
age from 0.7% in ages 50 to 60 years to 7.3%
in ages over 80 years.
Ritch R: Exfoliation syndrome: clinical findings and occurrence in patients with occludable angles.
Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1994, 92: 845-944
7. Evidence suggests a strong genetic
component to this condition.
PXS has been strongly associated with single
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the lysyl
oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) gene on chromosome
15q24.1
Elhawy E et. al.;Pseudoexfoliation syndrome, a systemic disorder with ocular manifestations. Human
Genomics 2012 6:22
8. Non-genetic factors correlated with
exfoliation syndrome
◦ exposure to ultraviolet radiation
◦ immunological or virus involvement
◦ transmission through keratoplasty
◦ nutrition – selenium, caffeine etc
9. PXM fibrils contain components of the elastic
fiber and basement membrane system
It is likely that PXM accumulation is a result of
a combination of both excessive synthesis
and insufficient degradation.
Elhawy E et. al.;Pseudoexfoliation syndrome, a systemic disorder with ocular manifestations. Human
Genomics 2012 6:22
11. Increased out flow resistance at TM
◦ Blockage by PXM
The side of accumulation and pathological alteration
occurs at juxtacanalicular tissue beneath inner wall of
Schlemm`s canal
Site of greatest resistance
Thickened through gradual deposition of PXM
Gradual build up of PXM at juxtacanalicular
tissue correlates with IOP level
◦ Development of Glaucomatous Optic Nerve damage
12. The age of the patient
Asymmetry and possible unilateral
13. Deposits on the anterior capsule, in a manner
resembling a target
Small white fibrillar deposits on the anterior
capsule or on the pupil margin
14. Pigmentation beyond the expected level
Peripupillary atrophy
Asymmetry in the signs
Poorly dilating pupils
16. PXM was identified in the wall of greater
vessels
Found in the heart, lung, liver, kidney, gall
bladder and cerebral meninges
Association with specific diseases
◦ TIA
◦ HPT
◦ MCI
◦ Stroke
◦ Alzheimer`s
◦ Hearing loss
17. IOP reduction
◦ Same as POAG treatment
LASER
◦ Laser trabeculoplasty delay the use of medical
therapy
Surgical Approach
◦ Trabeculectomy has comparable to those in POAG
Surgical complication more common
Pre op high IOP predispose
Choroidal hemorrhage or effusion
Weakened zonules-> lens movement / subluxation
Hyphaema