The document discusses cross infection control in dentistry. It defines cross infection as the transfer of infectious agents between people, directly or indirectly, and cross infection control as measures taken to prevent cross infection. It describes various pathogens that can be transmitted and discusses ways of transmission including direct contact and indirect transmission between patients, dental workers, and through dental office equipment. It outlines standard precautions for personal protection, maintaining an aseptic environment, and basic cross infection control. It also discusses cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization procedures for dental instruments and the environment.

1. DEPARTMENT OF PROSTHODONTICS –
DIEKIOHS
“CROSS INFECTION CONTROL”
BY
SUMAIYA HASAN

2.  Cross infection = Transfer of infectious agents among people either
directly from person to person or indirectly e.g through instruments
 Cross infection control = Measures taken to prevent cross infection
Dr Sumaiya Hasan
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3. Herpes Simplex
Pseudomonas
HBV
HIV
Klebsiella
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Mycobacterium
tuberculosis

4. Dr Sumaiya Hasan
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5. WAYS OF TRANSMISSION
 Direct transmission
 From patient to dental worker
 Indirect transmission
 From dental worker to patient
 From one patient to another
 From dental office to commuity
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6. GROUPS OF ITEMS INVOLVED
Non critical
Critical
Semi critical
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7. CROSS INFECTION CONTROL PROTOCOLS
In 1996 CDC (Centre for Disease Control USA) and the Hospital
Infection Control Practice Advisory Committee (HICPAC) introduced
infection control precautions.
 Standard
 Additional
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8. STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
 Apply to all body fluids
 Developed as a response to the understanding that other body fluids
besides blood are potentially infectious, and that anyone with patient
contact could be at risk
Personal
protection
Aseptic
environment
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Basic cross
infection
control

9. PERSONAL PROTECTION
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10. Ref: (2005, April). Hand hygiene guidelines from
http://www.manchesterpct.nhs.uk/document_uploads/Infection_Guidelines/handhygiene.pdf
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11. SANITIZER TYPE
MECHANISM
DISADVANTAGES
Antibacterial soaps
(Triclosan)
Attacks cell membrane
Toxicity against infant
dermal fibroblast
Alcohol based
Destruction of proteins of
bacterial cell
Causes dry and flaky skin
Iodine based
Acts as an oxidizing agent
Contact dermatitis
Hydrogen peroxide based
Acts as an oxidizing agent
Toxicity against
keratinocytes
Ammonium based
Destruction of cell
membrane
Skin irritation
Ref: Moore, D. , Toreki, W. , Carr, R. , Liesenfeld, B. , Schultz, G. , Batich, C. , Mikhaylova, A. , Dominguez, P. ,
Vella, J. , Olderman, G. (2009). Hand sanitizer technology and progress towards a more functional concept.
Symposium on advanced wound care and wound healing society meeting. Florida: Quick Med Technologies.
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12. Dr Sumaiya Hasan
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13. ASEPTIC ENVIRONMENT
In surgery
environment
Instruments and
appliances
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14. DISPOSABLE ITEMS
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15. Dr Sumaiya Hasan
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16. STERILIZATION OF INSTRUMENTS
 Pre-sterilization cleaning
Manual / Washer disinfectors /
Ultrasonic bath
 Disinfection
 Sterilization
 Aseptic storage
Dry heat /
Moist heat /
Gaseous
sterilization
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Downward displacement
autoclaves
Positive pressure
displacement autoclaves

17. DISINFECTANT
EXPOSURE TIME
ACTIVITY LEVEL
Formaldehyde
30 minutes or more
Intermediate
Glutaraldehyde
10 minutes or more
Intermediate
(If used with alcohols for 4
hrs above room
temperature then high
level)
Chlorine compounds
30 minutes or more
Intermediate
Iodophors
30 minutes or more
Intermediate
Alcohol compounds
10 minutes or more
Intermediate
Ref: Tucker, M. , Ellis III, E. , Hupp, J. 2009. Contemporary Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery (5th
edition pg. 65). India: Elsevier
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18. TEMPERATURE (DEGREES
CENTIGRADE)
TIME DURATION
DRY HEAT
121
6-12 hours
140
3 hrs
150
2 and a half hrs
160
2 hrs
170
1hr
STEAM
116
60 min
118
36 min
121
24 min
125
16 min
132
4 min
138
1 and a half min
Ref: Tucker, M. , Ellis III, E. , Hupp, J. 2009. Contemporary Oral And Maxillofacial
Surgery (5th edition pg. 63). India: Elsevier
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DIEKIOHS

19. ENVIRONMENT OF DENTAL CLINIC
 Cleaning of surfaces
 Covering of surfaces using disposable covers
 Cleaning of dental unit water supplies
 Proper disposal of wastes
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20. ADDITIONAL MEASURES
 For “at risk” patients
 Airborne precautions
 Contact precautions
 Sterilization precautions
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21. REFERENCES
 Tucker, M. , Ellis III, E. , Hupp, J. 2009. Contemporary Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery (5th
edition ). India: Elsevier
 Seymour, S. (2001). Disinfection, sterilization and preservation. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins
 Shah, H. A. & Wyne, A. H. (2010 July). Cross infection control in dentistry: A review.
Pakistan Oral And Dental Journal, Vol. 35
 Moore, D. , Toreki, W. , Carr, R. , Liesenfeld, B. , Schultz, G. , Batich, C. , Mikhaylova, A. ,
Dominguez, P. , Vella, J. , Olderman, G. (2009). Hand sanitizer technology and progress towards
a more functional concept. Symposium on advanced wound care and wound healing society
meeting. Florida: Quick Med Technologies.
 Rampal, N. (2010). Infection control in prosthodontics. Journal of oral health and community
dentistry, Vol. 4 (Issue 1)
 Truscot, W. & Stoessel, K. (2001). Potential consequences of glove powder. Northampton:
Kimberley-Clark Healthcare UK. From https://www.kchealthcare.com
 (2005, April). Hand hygiene guidelines from
http://www.manchesterpct.nhs.uk/document_uploads/Infection_Guidelines/handhygiene.
pdf
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22.  Curtis, L. (2006 July). Aseptic technique from
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/86653540/ASEPTIC-TECHNIQUE[1]
 Open gloving technique from http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/surgery/4969.html
 Cross infection control from http://www.schulke-mayr.co.uk
 Pre sterilization cleaning and disinfection of instruments from
http://www.dentaquip.co.uk/Autoclaves
 Steriization equipment from http://globe-tek.com/sterilization-equipment
 Guidelines on infection control practice in dentistry from
http://www.dentalcouncil.ie/files/Cross%20Infection%20Control.pdf
 Cross infection control from
http://www.deitsch.plus.com/Cross%20Infection%20Control.html
 Disinfection and sterilisation of dental materials and instruments from
http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/milmed/dental.pdf
 Latex and nitrile gloves from http://www.glovenation.com/index.html
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