Html5 bangla-e-book

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01712901842 (Shihab)
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E-mail : gyankoshprokashoni@gmail.com
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cÖKvkKvj : RyjvB 2013 Bs‡iwR
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ISBN : 978-984-90538-0-4
g~j¨ : 360.00 (wmwW mn) UvKv gvÎ |

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Aa¨vq c„ôv
Aa¨vq-1 t GBPwUGgGj (HTML) wb‡q cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv :..........................................16
1.1: GBPwUGgGj (HTML) Kx?......................................................................................17
1.2: HTML j¨vs¸‡qR wKfv‡e KvR K‡i?..........................................................................17
1.3: GBPwUGgGj j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxqZv.......................................................................18
1.4: K¨vwiqvi wn‡m‡e HTML j¨vs¸‡qR..........................................................................19
Aa¨vq-2 t HTML e¨vwmK:....................................................................................21
2.1 t HTML U¨vM (Tag)........................................................................................................22
2.1.1 t HTML U¨vM †jLvi wbqg......................................................................................22
2.1.2 t I‡cwbs U¨vM (Opening Tags) .............................................................................22
2.1.3 t †K¬vwRs U¨vM (Closing Tags) ...............................................................................22
2.1.4 t HTML G¤úwU U¨vM (Empty Tags) .....................................................................22
2.2 t HTML †WwcÖ‡K‡UW U¨vM (Deprecated Tags) I A¨vwUªweDU (Attributes) .............................22
2.3 t HTML A¨vwUªweDU (Attributes) I f¨vwjD (Value) ...........................................................23
2.3.1 t A¨vwUªweDU †jLvi wbqg ..........................................................................................23
2.3.2 t f¨vwjD †mU Kivi wbqg .........................................................................................23
2.3.3 t HTML Gi cÖavb A¨vwUªweDU mg~n ..........................................................................23
2.3.3.1 t id ........................................................................................................24
2.3.3.2 t class ...................................................................................................24
2.3.3.3 t title .....................................................................................................24
2.3.3.4 t style ...................................................................................................25
2.4 t Kb‡U›U (Contents) .......................................................................................................25
2.5 t HTML G·‡Ubkb (Extension) .....................................................................................25
2.6 t HTML GwWUi .............................................................................................................26
2.7 t HTML dvBj Gi e¨vwmK MVb .........................................................................................27
2.8 t HTML G cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg †jLv ...........................................................................................27
2.9 t Bb‡W‡›Ukb (Indention) .................................................................................................35
2.10 t GBPwUGgGj K‡g›U (Comments) .................................................................................36
2.10.1 t K‡g›U (Comments) Gi e¨envi .........................................................................36
2.11 t WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qv‡ikb ..............................................................................................37
Aa¨vq-3 t GBPwUGgGj Bwj‡g›U (Elements)...................................................................39
3.1 t HTML Bwj‡g›U (Elements) .........................................................................................40
3.1.1 t Bwj‡g›U Gi MVb .................................................................................................41
3.1.2 t †b‡óW GBPwUGgGj Bwj‡g›U (Nested HTML Elements) .......................................42
3.1.3 t HTML Gi cÖavb Bwj‡g›Umg~n ..............................................................................43
3.1.3.1 t <html> Element .................................................................................44
3.1.3.2 t <head> Element ................................................................................45

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3.1.3.3 t <title> Element .................................................................................46
3.1.3.3.1 t <title> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi t .......................................................47
3.1.3.4 t <body> Element ...............................................................................49
3.1.3.4.1 t <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi t ......................................................49
3.1.3.4.1.1 t <body> Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ............................52
3.1.3.4.1.1.1 t alink .................................................................52
3.1.3.4.1.1.2 t background ......................................................54
3.1.3.4.1.1.3 t bgcolor .............................................................56
3.1.3.4.1.1.4 t link ..................................................................58
3.1.3.4.1.1.5 t text ...................................................................60
3.1.3.4.1.1.6 t vlink .................................................................61
Aa¨vq-4 t GBPwUGgGj †U·U di‡gwUs : ............................................................................65
4.1 t HTML Basic Text Formatting ..................................................................................66
4.1.1 t Heading (<h1> †_‡K <h6>) Elements wb‡q Av‡jvPbv .........................................66
4.1.1.1 t.Heading Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ..................................................72
4.1.1.1.1 t align (Deprecated) .................................................................72
4.1.1.1.1.1 t left ...............................................................................72
4.1.1.1.1.2 t right .............................................................................73
4.1.1.1.1.3 t center ...........................................................................74
4.1.2 t Paragraph (<p>) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ...........................................................75
4.1.2.1 t.Paragraph Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ..............................................76
4.1.2.1.1 t align A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated) ..................................................76
4.1.2.1.1.1 t left ...............................................................................77
4.1.2.1.1.2 t right .............................................................................78
4.1.2.1.1.3 t center ...........................................................................79
4.1.2.1.1.4 t justify ..........................................................................80
4.1.2.1.2 t style A¨vwUªweDU ...........................................................................81
4.1.2.1.3 t dir A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................85
4.1.2.1.3.1 t ltr .................................................................................85
4.1.2.1.3.2 t rtl .................................................................................86
4.1.3 t bb †eªwKs †¯úm ( ) Gi eënvi ....................................................................87
4.1.4 t jvBb †eªK (<br />) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ...........................................................89
4.1.5 t Preformatted (<pre>) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ...................................................92
4.1.6 t Font (<font>) Element wb‡q Av‡jvPbv (Deprecated).........................................93
4.1.6.1 t.Font Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ........................................................93
4.1.6.1.1 t color A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)..................................................93
4.1.6.1.2 t face A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated) ...................................................96
4.1.6.1.3 t size A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated) ...................................................97
4.2 t HTML Presentational Elements ...............................................................................97

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4.2.1 t Bold <b> Element .......................................................................................100
4.2.2 t Italic <i> Element ........................................................................................100
4.2.3 t Underline <u> Element ...............................................................................101
4.2.4 t Center <center> Element (Deprecated)......................................................102
4.2.5 t <s> Ges <strike> (Deprecated) Elements ..................................................104
4.2.6 t <tt> Element (Deprecated)..........................................................................105
4.2.7 t <sup> Element ............................................................................................106
4.2.8 t <sub> Element ............................................................................................107
4.2.9 t <big> Element (Deprecated).......................................................................108
4.2.10 t <small> Element ........................................................................................109
4.2.11 t <hr> Element .............................................................................................110
4.2.11.1 t align A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)............................................................111
4.2.11.2 t width A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated) .........................................................112
4.2.11.3 t noshade A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated).......................................................112
4.2.11.4 t size A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated).............................................................118
4.3 t HTML Phrase Elements ..........................................................................................119
4.3.1 t <em> Element ..............................................................................................121
4.3.2 t <strong> Element ........................................................................................121
4.3.3 t <address> Element ......................................................................................122
4.3.4 t <abbr> Element ...........................................................................................122
4.3.4.1 t title A¨vwUªweDU......................................................................................124
4.3.5 t <acronym> Element (Deprecated).............................................................124
4.3.5.1 t title A¨vwUªweDU .....................................................................................126
4.3.6 t <dfn> Element ............................................................................................128
4.3.7 t <blockquote> Element ................................................................................129
4.3.7.1 t cite A¨vwUªweDU ......................................................................................131
4.3.8 t <q > Element ...............................................................................................132
4.3.9 t <cite > Element ...........................................................................................133
4.3.10 t <code> Element .........................................................................................134
4.3.11 t <kbd> Element ..........................................................................................135
4.3.12 t <var> Element ...........................................................................................136
4.3.13 t <samp> Element ........................................................................................137
4.4 t Editing Text Elements ............................................................................................138
4.4.1 t <ins> Bwj‡g›U ................................................................................................138
4.4.1.2 t cite A¨vwUªweDU ......................................................................................141
4.4.1.3 t datetime A¨vwUªweDU ..............................................................................142
4.4.2 t <del> Bwj‡g›U ................................................................................................143

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4.4.2.2 t cite A¨vwUªweDU ......................................................................................146
4.4.2.3 t datetime A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................147
Aa¨vq-5 t GBPwUGgGj wj÷ ............................................................................................151
5.1 t List <li> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................152
5.2 t Ordered List (ol) Bwj‡g›U ..........................................................................................152
5.2.1 t type A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi .................................................................................154
5.2.2 t start A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi .................................................................................160
5.3 t Unordered List (ul) Bwj‡g›U ......................................................................................166
5.3.1 t type A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi .................................................................................138
5.4 t Directory List (dir) Bwj‡g›U ......................................................................................172
5.5 t Menu List (menu) Bwj‡g›U ........................................................................................173
5.6 t Definition List (<dl>,<dt> & <dd>) Bwj‡g›U ............................................................175
5.7 t Nesting Lists ...........................................................................................................177
Aa¨vq-6 t GBPwUGgGj wjsK ...........................................................................................187
6.1 t <a> Bwj‡g›U ...............................................................................................................188
6.1.1 t href A¨vwUªweDU .................................................................................................188
6.1.2 t style A¨vwUªweDU ...............................................................................................204
6.1.3 t name A¨vwUªweDU ..............................................................................................206
6.1.4t target A¨vwUªweDU ...............................................................................................212
6.1.4.1 t _blank f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ......................................................................213
6.1.5t tabindex A¨vwUªweDU ..........................................................................................217
6.1.6 t accesskey A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ........................................................................219
6.2 t <link /> Bwj‡g›U ........................................................................................................219
6.3 t <nav> Bwj‡g›U ...........................................................................................................219
Aa¨vq-7 t GBPwUGgGj B‡gR ..........................................................................................222
7.1 t <img /> Bwj‡g›U ........................................................................................................223
7.1.1 t src A¨vwUªweDU ..................................................................................................227
7.1.2 t alt A¨vwUªweDU ...................................................................................................227
7.1.3 t height A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................................229
7.1.4 t width A¨vwUªweDU ..............................................................................................231
7.1.5 t border A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)......................................................................233
7.1.6 t hspace A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated).....................................................................233
7.1.7 t vspace A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)......................................................................234
7.2 t <figure> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................235
7.3 t <figcaption> Bwj‡g›U ................................................................................................237
Aa¨vq-8 t GBPwUGgGj B‡gR ..........................................................................................239
8.1 t <table> Bwj‡g›U .........................................................................................................240
8.1.1 t border A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)......................................................................242

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8.1.2 t cellpadding A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)..............................................................243
8.1.3 t cellspacing A¨vwUªweDU
(Deprecated)...............................................................245
8.1.4 t width A¨vwUªweDU
(Deprecated)........................................................................246
8.1.5 t align A¨vwUªweDU ...............................................................................................249
8.1.5.1 t left ....................................................................................................249
8.1.5.2 t center ................................................................................................251
8.1.5.3 t right ..................................................................................................252
8.1.6 t bgcolor A¨vwUªweDU ...........................................................................................253
8.2 t <tr> Bwj‡g›U ..............................................................................................................255
8.2.1 t align A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated).........................................................................257
8.2.2 t bgcolor A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)....................................................................259
8.3 t <td> Bwj‡g›U .............................................................................................................261
8.3.1 t align A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)........................................................................264
8.3.2 t bgcolor A¨vwUªweDU (Deprecated)....................................................................265
8.3.3 t colspan A¨vwUªweDU ..........................................................................................267
8.3.4 t rowspan A¨vwUªweDU .........................................................................................269
8.4 t <th> Bwj‡g›U .............................................................................................................271
Aa¨vq-9 t GBPwUGgGj dg© ..............................................................................................276
9.1 t <form> Bwj‡g›U .........................................................................................................275
9.1.1 t action A¨vwUªweDU ............................................................................................278
9.1.2 t method A¨vwUªweDU ...........................................................................................280
9.1.3 t target A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................................282
9.2 t <input> Bwj‡g›U ........................................................................................................284
9.2.1 t type A¨vwUªweDU ................................................................................................284
9.2.1.1 t text f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ...........................................................................284
9.2.1.1.1 t size A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ...........................................................286
9.2.1.1.2 t value A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ........................................................287
9.2.1.2 t password f¨vwjD Gi eënvi .................................................................288
9.2.1.2.1 t size A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ...........................................................289
9.2.1.3 t checkbox f¨vwjD Gi eënvi .................................................................290
9.2.1.4 t radio f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ........................................................................292
9.2.1.4.1 t name A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ........................................................293
9.2.1.5 t file f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ...........................................................................296
9.2.1.6 t reset f¨vwjD Gi eënvi .........................................................................296

15
9.2.1.7 t submit f¨vwjD Gi eënvi ......................................................................297
9.2.2 t <label> Bwj‡g›U .............................................................................................300
9.2.2.1 t for A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ........................................................................302
9.2.3 t <select> Bwj‡g›U ............................................................................................302
9.2.3.1 t multiple A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ...............................................................303
9.2.4 t <option> Bwj‡g›U ...........................................................................................305
9.2.4.1 t disabled A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi ...............................................................307
Aa¨vq-10 t GBPwUGgGj Kvjvi .......................................................................................310
10.1 t GBPwUGgGj Kvjvi .....................................................................................................311
10.2 t Kvjvi Gi eënvi ........................................................................................................311
10.2.1 t Color name (Kvjvi Gi bvg) eënvi K‡i : ........................................................311
10.2.2 t t RGB Code eënvi K‡i ...............................................................................311
10.2.3 t Hex (Hexadecimal) †KvW eënvi K‡i t ..........................................................312
Aa¨vq-11 t GBPwUGgGj GbwUwU (Entities) ...................................................................315
11.1 t GBPwUGgGj GbwUwU (Entities) ....................................................................................316
11.1.1 t GbwUwU Gi eënvi ............................................................................................316
Aa¨vq-12 t GBPwUGgGj wgwWqv (Media) ......................................................................320
12.1 t <audio> Bwj‡g›U ......................................................................................................321
12.1.1 t src A¨vwUªweDU ................................................................................................321
12.1.2 t controls A¨vwUªweDU .......................................................................................322
12.1.3 t loop A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................................324
12.1.4 t autoplay A¨vwUªweDU ......................................................................................325
12.2 t <video> Bwj‡g›U ......................................................................................................326
12.2.1 t src A¨vwUªweDU ...............................................................................................327
12.2.2 t controls A¨vwUªweDU ........................................................................................327
12.2.3 t loop A¨vwUªweDU ..............................................................................................329
12.2.4 t autoplay A¨vwUªweDU .......................................................................................331
12.2.5 t width A¨vwUªweDU ............................................................................................332
12.2.6 t height A¨vwUªweDU ...........................................................................................333
12.2.7 t muted A¨vwUªweDU ...........................................................................................334
12.2.8 t poster A¨vwUªweDU ...........................................................................................335
12.3 t <source> Bwj‡g›U ....................................................................................................336
12.3.1 t <src> A¨vwUªweDU ............................................................................................336
12.3.2 t <type> A¨vwUªweDU .........................................................................................337
Aa¨vq-13 t GBPwUGgGj MÖ“wcs
(Grouping)..................................................................340

16
13.1 t <div> Bwj‡g›U ..........................................................................................................341
13.1.1 t align A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................................341
13.1.2 t id A¨vwUªweDU ..................................................................................................344
13.1.3 t class A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................................347
13.2 t <span> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................348
13.2.1 t class A¨vwUªweDU .............................................................................................348
Aa¨vq-14 t GBPwUGgGj †nW (Head) ............................................................................349
14.1 t <head> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................351
14.2 t <title> Bwj‡g›U .........................................................................................................351
14.3 t <meta> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................352
14.3.1 t name A¨vwUªweDU ............................................................................................352
14.3.2 t content A¨vwUªweDU .........................................................................................354
14.4 t <style> Bwj‡g›U .......................................................................................................355
14.4.1 t type A¨vwUªweDU ..............................................................................................356
Aa¨vq-15 t GBPwUGgGj cÖ‡R± (cÖ‡R±) ...........................................................................358
15.1 t Project-1 (Two Column Layout with a Header and a Footer) ..............................359
15.2 t Project-2 (Three Column Layout with Header, Navigation bar and Footer) ........361
15.3 t Project-3 (Creating a Index Page) .........................................................................364
15.4 t Project-4 (Creating a Page using List) ..................................................................367
15.5 t Project-5 (Use of Images in Table in a Page) .......................................................374
15.6 t Project-6 (Uses of Images and Paragraph in Table in a Page) .............................378
15.7 t Project-7 (Creating a Registration Page) ..............................................................382
15.8 t Project-8 (Creating a Login Page) ........................................................................385
15.9 t Project-9 (Creating a Full Website) ......................................................................388
Aa¨vq-1

17
GBPwUGgGj (HTML)
wb‡q cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv

18
1.1 t GBPwUGgGj (HTML) Kx t
nvBcvi‡U·U gvK©Avc j¨vs¸‡qR (HyperText Markup Language) Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q GBPwUGgGj
(HTML)| GwU †Kvb †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR bq, GwU g~jZ GKwU gvK©Avc j¨vs¸‡qR|
 Hyper : AwZ cyi‡bv (HTML •Zwii c~‡e©) Kw¤úDUvi ¸‡jv‡Z †Kvb †jLv‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖKvk Kivi
Rb¨ †jLvi wb‡P †iLv Uvbv nZ| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b ïay †iLvB bq, "Hyper" Gi gva¨‡g eënviKvixiv GLb Ab¨
†Kvb I‡qe‡cBR G cÖ‡ek Ki‡ZI m¶g n‡‛Q|
 Text:Text ej‡Z g~jZ Avgiv hv co‡Z cvwi| GwU †Kvb kã ev k‡ãi mgwó‡K eySvq|
 Markup:I‡qe‡c‡Ri MVb wba©viY/cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡Z eëüZ c×wZB n‡‛Q Markup.
†hgb:mvaviYZ †Kvb †U·U‡K wjsK Kivi Rb¨ <a> U¨vM eëüZ nq|
 Language:G‡¶‡Î j¨vs¸‡qR ej‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ eëüZ wewfbœ j¨vs¸‡qR‡K eySv‡bv n‡q
_v‡K| †hgb : HTML (Markup Language), XML (Markup Language), PHP
(Programming Language) BZ¨vw`|
gvK©Avc j¨vs¸‡qR g~jZ c~e© wba©vwiZ wKQz †KvW ev U¨vM Gi mgwó, hv †Kvb GKwU I‡qe‡c‡Ri evwn¨K MVb
wbY©vq‡b eëüZ nq| I‡qe‡c‡Ri Kb‡U›U‡K (†U·U,AwWD,wfwWI BZ¨vw`) eªvDRv‡i cÖ`k©b Kiv‡bvi Rb¨
HTML j¨vs¸‡qR eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|
wPÎ : 1.1.1 (HTML j¨vs¸‡qR)|
1.2 t HTML j¨vs¸‡qR wKfv‡e KvR K‡i
†Kvb wfwRUi hLb I‡qe mvf©v‡ii wbKU †Kvb GBPwUGgGj dvBj Gi Rb¨ wi‡Kv‡q÷ cvVvq, I‡qe mvf©vi ZLb
wfwRUi Gi Kw¤úDUv‡i ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) †U·U
Gi GK `xN© w÷ªs cvVvq Ges wfwRUi Gi eªvDRvi ZLb GwU‡K I‡qe‡cR AvKv‡i cÖ`k©b K‡i| eªvDRv‡i cÖ`wk©Z
I‡qe‡cR Gi MVb wKiƒc n‡e, †U·Umg~n wKfv‡e cÖ`wk©Z n‡e BZ¨vw` welq wbf©i K‡i GBPwUGgGj dvBj/†cR
G eëüZ wewfbœ U¨vM Gi Dci| G eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z Avgiv U¨vM wb‡q we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

19
wPÎ : 1.2.1 (I‡qe mvf©v‡ii wbKU cvVv‡bv wfwRUi Gi wi‡Kv‡q÷)|
1.3 t GBPwUGgGj j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
I‡qe‡cR •Zwi‡Z HTML j¨vs¸‡qR wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| HTML e¨vwZZ †Kvb I‡qemvBU
•Zwi/wWRvBb/†W‡fjc Kiv m¤¢e bq| hwÌ HTML †Kvb cwic~Y© j¨vs¸‡qR bq| HTML eënvi K‡i †Kej
÷¨vwUK I‡qemvBU •Zwi Kiv hvq| wb‡P HTML G •Zwi GKwU I‡qe‡cR Gi wPÎ †`Lv‡bv nj t
wPÎ : 1.3.1 (GBPwUGgGj eënvi K‡i I‡qe‡cBR •Zwi Kiv)|
D³ †c‡R wewfbœ ÷vBj cÖ‡qvM K‡i cwic~Y©Zv Avbvi Rb¨ CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) eënvi Kiv
Avek¨K| CSS m¤ú‡K© cwic~Y© Ávb AR©b Kivi Rb¨ †jL‡Ki ÔÔwmGmGm (3) A¨vÛ wWfÕÕ eBwU msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z
cv‡ib| ZvQvov wewfbœ gvwëwgwWqv, d¬¨vk, A¨vwc-‡Kkb Z_vwc I‡qemvBU‡K WvBbvwgK Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ
†cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR (PHP, JAVA, JavaScript BZ¨vw`) eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h,
I‡qe‡c‡Ri Kb‡U›U‡K (†U·U, AwWD, wfwWI BZ¨vw`) eªvDRv‡i cÖ`k©b Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ HTML j¨vs¸‡qR eëüZ
n‡q _v‡K| Zvn‡j wPš—v K‡i †`Lyb †h, Avcbvi I‡qemvB‡U hZB ÷vBj eënvi Kiv †nvK, Avi †cÖvMÖvwgs eënvi
K‡i hZB WvBbvwgK Kivi †Póv Kiv †nvK bv †Kb, I‡qemvB‡Ui Kb‡U›U B hw` cÖ`wk©Z bv nq - Zvn‡j meB
e„_v| myZivs ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, `vjvb •Zwi‡Z †hgb BU, wm‡g›U eënvi Acwinvh©, wVK †Zgwb I‡qemvBU •Zwi‡Z
HTML.

20
1.4 t K¨vwiqvi wn‡m‡e HTML j¨vs¸‡qR
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ Web Design/Development Gi Pvwn`v w`b w`b †e‡oB Pj‡Q| Avi I‡qe wWRvBwbs‡qi Rb¨
Acwinvh© j¨vs¸‡qR n‡‛Q HTML. †jvKvj gv‡K©U‡c- m¸‡jv‡Z i‡q‡Q Gi e¨vcK Pvwn`v| cÖwZwU eëmv
cÖwZôvb/†Kv¤úvbx AvR wek¦e¨vcx Zv‡ì eëmv cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ I‡qemvBU •Zwii w`‡K SzK w`‡‛Q| Avi ZviB
mv‡_ evo‡Q HTML Gi Pvwn`v| ZvQvov ïaygvÎ HTML Gi Dci AbjvB‡b i‡q‡Q AmsL¨ KvR| HTML Gi
Dci `¶ n‡q AvR AbjvBb Gi gva¨‡g N‡i e‡mB nvRvi nvRvi Wjvi BbKvg Kiv m¤¢e| AbjvB‡b Av‡qi c_‡K
AviI mnR fv‡e †bqvi Rb¨ †jL‡Ki ÔÔB›Uvi‡b‡U AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb (fvm©b-1)ÕÕ I ÔÔB›Uvi‡b‡U AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb
(fvm©b-2)ÕÕ eB `ywU msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|
weMxwbs Rygjv A¨vWfvÝW Rygjv cÖ‡dkbvj Rygjv Rygjv †U¤ú‡jU †gwKs
weMxwbs IqvW©‡cÖm A¨vWfvÝW IqvW©‡cÖm cÖ‡dkbvj IqvW©‡cÖm B›Uvi‡b‡U
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb-1 B›Uvi‡b‡U AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb-2 B-Kgvm© A¨vÛ Rygjv!
fvPz©gvU© B-Kgvm© g¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWªgI‡qfvi mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb
A¨vWfvÝW mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb cÖ‡dkbvj mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb
d‡i· †UªwWs B-gv‡K©wUs A¨vWfvÝW GBPwUGgGj wcGBPwc A¨vÛ gvB
GmwKDGj A¨vWfvÝW wcGBPwc A¨vÛ gvB GmwKDGj Ae‡R± Awi‡q‡›UW
wc.GBP.wc †WUv‡eBR gvB GmwKDGj wm †cÖvMÖvwgs Rvfv †cÖvMÖvwgs
Rvfvw¯ŒÞ A¨vWfvÝW d‡Uvkc A¨vWfvÝW Bjv‡÷ªUi cÖ‡dkbvj MÖvwd·
wWRvBb cÖ‡dkbvj Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s I‡W¯‹ Ges AvD‡mvwm©s
A¨vwdwj‡qU gv‡K©wUs

22
Aa¨vq-2
HTML e¨vwmK
2.1 t HTML U¨vM (Tag)

23
I‡qe‡cR Gi Kb‡U›U‡K eªvDRv‡i cÖ`k©b Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡Yi U¨vM eënvi n‡q _v‡K| GBPwUGgGj U¨vM
¸‡jv A‡bKUv BDRvi †d«Ûjx| BDRvi †d«Ûjx ej‡Z HTML U¨vM ¸‡jv AvqË Kiv Ab¨vb¨ †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR
Gi g‡Zv †Zgb Kómva¨ bq| eªvDRvi HTML G eëüZ U¨vM Gi Dci wfwË K‡i Kb‡U›U‡K cÖ`wk©Z K‡i| †hgb
: †jLv‡K †evì Kivi Rb¨ b U¨vM, AvÛvijvBb Kivi Rb¨ u U¨vM eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ cÖkœ n‡‛Q, Zvn‡j
mvaviY †U·U Ges U¨vM Gi g‡a¨ cv_©¨K¨ wK ? HTML U¨vM †jLvi g~jZ wKQz wbqg i‡q‡Q|
2.1.1 t HTML U¨vM †jLvi wbqg
 cÖwZwU HTML U¨vM < (less than Sign) w`‡q ïi‚ Ki‡Z nq|
 Gici U¨vM Gi bvg D‡j- L Ki‡Z nq|
 Ges me‡k‡l > (greater than Sign) w`‡q U¨vM †kl Ki‡Z nq|
†hgb t <a>, <b>, <img />, <code> BZ¨vw`|
Note : HTML U¨vM ¸‡jv †Km †mbwmwUf bq, Z‡e W3C ÷¨vÛvW© Abyhvqx †QvU A¶‡i †jLv fvj|
HTML G †Kvb †U·U‡K wewfbœ U¨vM Gi gva¨‡g †jLvi mgq cÖwZwU U¨vM‡K `yBevi K‡i eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
G¸‡jv nj t
2.1.2 t I‡cwbs U¨vM (Opening Tags)
†U·U ïi‚ Kivi Av‡M I‡cwbs U¨vM wW‡K¬qvi Ki‡Z nq| I‡cwbs U¨vM †jLvi wbqg t <Tag>
2.1.3 t †K¬vwRs U¨vM (Closing Tags)
†U·U †kl nIqvi ci †K¬vwRs U¨vM wW‡K¬qvi Ki‡Z nq| †K¬vwRs U¨vM †jLvi wbqg n‡‛Q U¨vM Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© /
less than mvBb Gi c‡i GKwU d«›U ¯- ¨vk "/" eënvi Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr t </Tag>| wb‡P I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs
Gi D`vniY †Ìqv nj t
<Opening Tag> Here is Your Text </Closing Tag>
<p> This line would be written under Paragraph style </p>
2.1.4 t HTML G¤úwU U¨vM (Empty Tags)
HTML G †ek wKQz U¨vM i‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv †Kvb †U·U‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i bv| we‡kl wKQz Kv‡R G‡ì eënvi n‡q
_v‡K| †hgb t <br>, <hr>, <img>, <input> BZ¨vw`| GB U¨vM ¸‡jv‡K G¤úwU U¨vM (Empty Tags) ejv
n‡q _v‡K| GB U¨vM¸‡jvi †Kvb †K¬vwRs U¨vM †bB| Z‡e W3C ÷¨vÛvW© Abyhvqx GmKj G¤úwU U¨vM¸‡jv‡KI
†K¬vR Kiv DwPZ| GRb¨ U¨vM Gi bv‡gi †k‡l Ges greather than mvBb Gi c~‡e© GKwU †¯úm ( ) Ges GKwU
d«›U ¯- ¨vk "/" eënvi Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr t <br />, <hr />
2.2 t HTML †WwcÖ‡K‡UW U¨vM (Deprecated Tags) I A¨vwUªweDU (Attributes)
GBPwUGgGj Gi c~‡e©i fvm©b¸‡jv‡Z (HTML 4.01 Gi c~‡e©) eëüZ wKQz U¨vM I A¨vwUªweDU HTML 4.01
fvm©‡b †WwcÖ‡K‡UW (Abby‡gvw`Z) †Nvlbv Kiv nq| †WwcÖ‡K‡UW gv‡b GB bq †h, GwU KvR Ki‡e bv !! Z‡e,
†cBR f¨vwj‡Wk‡b GwU mgm¨v n‡q `vov‡e| wewfbœ †WwcÖ‡K‡UW U¨vM Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q - <big>, <center>,
<font>, <franme>, <strike> BZ¨vw`|
2.3 t HTML A¨vwUªweDU (Attributes) I f¨vwjD (Value)

24
HTML U¨vM G eëüZ welqmg~‡ni wewfbœ cwieZ©b mvab, wewfbœ Avw½‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv, mywbw`©ófv‡e cÖKvk
Kivi Rb¨ U¨vM Gi g‡a¨ wewfbœ A¨vwUªweDU eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb n‡q _v‡K| Avi GmKj A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi
/KvR‡K mywbw`©ó Ki‡Z, G‡Z wewfbœ f¨vwjD eëüZ nq| †hgb t <p> U¨vM eënvi K‡i hLb †Kvb †U·U †jLv
nq, ZLb ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g GwU eªvDRvi G evg w`K †_‡K ïi‚ nq| GLb Avwg hw` GB †U·U‡K eªvDRvi Gi Wvb
w`K †_‡K ïi‚ Ki‡Z PvB, A_v©r Wvb w`K †_‡K cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z PvB-Z‡e <p> U¨vM G wb‡Pi g‡Zv A¨vwUªweDU I
f¨vwjD eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
<p dir="rtl"> This line will be shown as right to left in browser </p>
GLv‡b <p> n‡‛Q U¨vM, dir n‡‛Q D³ <p> U¨vM Gi A¨vwUªweDU Ges rtl n‡‛Q dir A¨vwUªweDU G eëüZ f¨vwjD|
Note : mKj U¨v‡M A¨vwUªweDU eënvi nq bv| Avevi mKj U¨vMI me ai‡Yi A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv| Avgiv
cieZ©x Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡Z G m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡ev|
2.3.1 t A¨vwUªweDU †jLvi wbqg
HTML G A¨vwUªweDU †jLvi wbqg n‡‛Q-I‡cwbs U¨vM Gi g‡a¨ U¨vM Gi bvg Gi ci GKwU †¯úm eënvi K‡i
A¨vwUªweDU D‡j- L Ki‡Z nq|
<Tag_name Attribute_name
2.3.2 t f¨vwjD †mU Kivi wbqg
A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD †mU Kivi Rb¨ A¨vwUªweDU Gi bv‡gi c‡i GKwU BKzqvj mvBb, Zvici †Kv‡Ukb Gi g‡a¨
f¨vwjD wjL‡Z nq|
= "Value"
wb‡P A¨vwUªweDU I f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i U¨vM wj‡L †`Lv‡bv nj t
<a href="http://www.bookbd.info"> BookBD </a>
A¨vwUªweDU f¨vwjD
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="theme.css" />
Attr Val Attr Val Attr Val
Note : f¨vwjD A¨vmvBb Kivi mgq †Kv‡Ukb eënvi Kiv Avek¨K| wms‡Mj Ges Wvej †Kv‡Ukb - Dfq c×wZB
eënvi Kiv hv‡e|
2.3.3 t HTML Gi cÖavb A¨vwUªweDU mg~n
HTML G D‡j- L‡hvM¨ wKQz A¨vwUªweDU i‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv cÖvq me ai‡Yi U¨vM Gi mv‡_ eënvi‡hvM¨| G¸‡jv nj
t id, class, title Ges style|

25
2.3.3.1 t id HTML †c‡Ri †Kvb U¨vM‡K wbw`©ófv‡e mbv³ Kivi Rb¨ id A¨vwUªweDU eënvi Kiv n‡q
_v‡K| HTML †cR‡K hLb †Kvb CSS A_ev JavaScript dvB‡ji mv‡_ wjsK Kiv nq, ZLb HTML Gi
U¨vM‡K id A¨vwUªweDU eënvi Gi gva¨‡g D³ CSS A_ev JavaScript dvBj h_vh_ KvR m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K|
†hgb t-
HTML dvB‡j id attribute Gi eënvi CSS dvB‡j id (#) eënvi
K‡i U¨vM mbv³ Kiv
2.3.3.2 t class HTML †c‡Ri g‡a¨ GKB iK‡gi wewfbœ U¨vM‡K Avjv`v-Avjv`vfv‡e mbv³ Kivi Rb¨
class A¨vwUªweDU eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb t †Kvb GKwU HTML †c‡Ri g‡a¨ 4wU <p> U¨vM i‡q‡Q| GLb
Avwg hw` GB 4wU <p> U¨vM‡K Avjv`v-Avjv`vfv‡e mbv³ Ki‡Z PvB, Z‡e class Attribute Gi gva¨‡g
msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb t
HTML dvB‡j class attribute Gi eënvi CSS dvB‡j class (.) eënvi K‡i U¨vM mbv³ Kiv
Note : HTML id Ges class A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD Ô†Km-†mbwmwUfÕ| f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e †h †Kvb bvg n‡Z cv‡i,
†mB gvb a‡i CSS A_ev JavaScript cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡e| f¨vwjD Aek¨B †jUvi w`‡q ïi‚ n‡Z
n‡e Ges cieZ©x‡Z bv¤^vi (0-9), nvB‡db (-), AvÛvi‡¯‹vi ( _ ), Kgv (.) eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
2.3.3.3 t title HTML †c‡Ri †Kvb Bwj‡g›U‡K (Bwj‡g›U wb‡q cieZ©x Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q) eªvDRv‡i wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ title A¨vwUªweDU eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| title A¨vwUªweDU mvaviYZ
<a>, <area>, <img>, <link>, <abbr>, <acronym> U¨vM¸‡jv‡Z †ewk eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| eB‡qi
cieZ©x Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡Z title A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
<p class="attr1">
<p class="attr2">
<p class="attr3">
<p class="attr4">
p.attr1
p.attr2
p.attr3
p.attr4
<div id="attribute"> div#attribute

26
2.3.3.4 t style HTML †c‡R GK jvBb wewkó †Kvb Bwj‡g‡›U ÷vBj (Inline CSS) cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨
style A¨vwUªweDU eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb t-wb‡Pi <p> U¨v‡M ÷vBj A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i Gi d›U I
Kvjvi cwieZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
<p style="font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;"> Some text. </p>
2.4 t Kb‡U›U (Contents)
I‡qe‡c‡R Avgiv hv †`L‡Z cvB, (†U·U, B‡gR, AwWD, wfwWD BZ¨vw`) me wKQzB Kb‡U›U| D`vniY¯îƒc t
Avgiv hw` I‡qe‡cR‡K GKwU Kb‡UBbvi Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kwi †h, GKwU Kb‡UBbvi Gi g‡a¨ wK _v‡K ? Pvj,
Wvj, cvwb BZ¨vw`| Kb‡UBbvi Gme wKQz aviY (contain) K‡i| Avi aviYK…Z Pvj, Wvj, cvwb n‡‛Q D³
Kb‡UBbvi Gi Kb‡U›U (Contents)| wVK †Zgwb, GLv‡b Kb‡UBbvi n‡‛Q Avgv‡ì I‡qe‡cR Avi Kb‡UBbvi Gi
g‡a¨ _vKv Pvj,Wvj, cvwb BZ¨vw` hveZxq Kb‡U›U n‡‛Q I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ †U·U, B‡gR, AwWD, wfwWD BZ¨vw`|
wPÎ : 2.4.1 (I‡qe‡cR Gi Kb‡U›U mg~n)|
2.5 t HTML G·‡Ubkb (Extension)
Kw¤úDUv‡i eëüZ cÖwZwU dvBj, wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR Gi wbR¯^ G·‡Ubkb/dig¨vU i‡q‡Q| G·‡Ubkb
ej‡Z GKwU dvBj †h bv‡g †mf Kiv n‡q _v‡K, Zv‡K eySvq| †hgb t-wewfbœ wfwWI dvB‡ji G·‡Ubkb t
".avi, .vod. .dat, .mp4" BZ¨vw` n‡q _v‡K| wewfbœ AwWI dig¨v‡Ui Mvb Gi G·‡Ubkb t ".mp3, .amr,
.wav" BZ¨vw` n‡q _v‡K| Avevi wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR †hgb t-wcGBPwcÔi G·‡Ubkb n‡‛Q ".php",
JavaScript †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR Gi G·‡Ubkb n‡‛Q ".js"| wVK †Zgwb HTML j¨vs¸‡qR Gi G·‡Ubkb
n‡‛Q ".html"| G·‡Ubkb e¨vwZZ A_ev G·‡Ubkb cwieZ©b n‡j †Kvb fv‡eB D³ dvBj KvR Ki‡e bv| †hgb
t †Kvb AwWI dvB‡ji G·‡Ubkb cwieZ©b K‡i hw` B‡gR dig¨vU dvB‡ji G·‡Ubkb ".jpg, .gif, .png" †`qv
nq, Zvn‡j †hgb D³ AwWI dvBj KvR Ki‡e bv, wVK †Zgwb HTML Gi G·‡Ubkb cwieZ©b K‡i hw` ".php"
ivLv nq, Zvn‡j GwU I KvR Ki‡e bv| myZivs G·‡Ubkb AwZ ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© welq|

27
2.6 t HTML GwWUi
GBPwUGgGj †KvW wjLvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì GKwU †U·U GwWUi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e, †hgb - Notepad, Notepad ++,
Text Editor BZ¨vw`| GQvov, eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
Software †hgb:- (Macromedia Dreamweaver, Adobe Dreamweaver BZ¨vw`) i‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv
eënvi K‡i mnR I ¯^í mg‡q †cÖvMÖvg †jLv hvq| g¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWªgI‡qfvi eënvi K‡i Abvqv‡mB A‡bK
AvKl©bxq I‡qemvBU •Zwi Kiv hvq| g¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWªgI‡qfvi eënvi K‡i I‡qemvBU •Zwi Kiv wkL‡Z PvB‡j
†jL‡Ki †jLv ÔÔg¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWªgI‡qfviÕÕ eBwU msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|
wPÎ : 2.6.1 (g¨v‡µvwgwWqv wWªgI‡qfvi)
wPÎ : 2.6.2 (Notepad Editor)

28
2.7 t HTML dvBj Gi e¨vwmK MVb
GBPwUGgGj dvBj Gi GKwU wbR¯^ •ewkó¨/MVb c×wZ i‡q‡Q| †mB MVb/wbqg Abymv‡i GBPwUGgGj dvBj
wjL‡Z nq| Gi evB‡i GBPwUGgGj dvBj KvR Ki‡e bv| wb‡P GKwU GBPwUGgGj dvBj Gi e¨vwmK MVb
c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj
wPÎ : 2.7.1 (HTML dvBj Gi e¨vwmK MVb)|
cÖwZwU HTML dvBj ïi‚ Ki‡Z nq <html> (html Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM) w`‡q, Ges †kl Ki‡Z nq </html>
(html Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM) w`‡q| GB html Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM Gi g‡a¨ Avgv‡ì Ab¨vb¨ mg¯— U¨vM,
Kb‡U›U _vK‡e| html Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM Gi g‡a¨ cÖavb †h `yÕwU †mKkb _vK‡e, G¸‡jv nj t head
†mKkb Ges body †mKkb| head †mKkb Gi wfZi †cR m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ Bbdi‡gkb, †cR Gi wk‡ivbvg,
wewfbœ w¯ŒÞ, ÷vBj BZ¨vw` welqmg~n †hvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| head †mKkb‡K body †mKkb ïi‚ nIqvi Av‡MB
†K¬vR Ki‡Z n‡e| head †mKkb wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi Avgiv Avgv‡ì
I‡qe‡c‡R †h mKj wKQz (†U·U, B‡gR, d¬¨vk BZ¨vw`) †`L‡Z cvB, Zvi meB body †mKkb Gi g‡a¨ D‡j- L
Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b Av‡iv GKwU welq j¶¨bxq †h, †h U¨vM mevi Av‡M ïi‚ n‡q‡Q, †mwU mevi c‡i G‡m †kl
n‡q‡Q| G mKj welq¸‡jv Avgiv eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z cÖ¨vKwUK¨vjx †`L‡Z cv‡ev|
2.8 t HTML G cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg †jLv
GZ¶b Avgiv GBPwUGgGj Gi LuywUbvwU welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †R‡bwQ| GLb GmKj welq¸‡jv eënvi K‡i
GBPwUGgGj G Avgiv Avgv‡ì cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg wj‡L Zv eªvDRv‡i ivb K‡i †`L‡ev| Pjyb, Zvn‡j ïi‚ Kiv hvK . .
avc-1 t †bvUc¨vW I‡cb Kiv
GRb¨ cÖ_‡g Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii Start †gby¨ †_‡K Run G wK¬K Ki‚b|

29
wPÎ : 2.8.1 (Start Run G wK¬K Kiv)|
A_ev, Kx-†evW© †_‡K (Window evUb + R) †cÖm Ki‚b|
wPÎ : 2.8.2 (Kx-†evW© †_‡K Window key + R †cÖm Kiv)|
GLb wb‡Pi g‡Zv GKwU WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
wPÎ : 2.8.3 (ivb WvqvjM e·)|
Gevi Open Gi cv‡ki †U·U wd‡ì "notepad" UvBc Ki‚b Ges Ok evU‡b wK¬K Ki‚b|

30
wPÎ : 2.8.4 (†U·U wd‡ì notepad UvBc K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiv)|
Zvn‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv GKwU †bvUc¨vW I‡cb n‡e|
wPÎ : 2.8.5 (†bvUc¨vW I‡cb nIqv)|
avc- 2 t HTML dvB‡j †KvW †jLv
Gevi AvMZ †bvUc¨v‡W wb‡Pi g‡Zv HTML †KvW/U¨vM wjwL|
†cÖvMÖvg bs 1 (p1.html) HTML G cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg †jLv|
<html>
<head>
<title> This is my first HTML Program ;) </title>
</head>
<body>
Hellow World !!
</body>
</html>

31
wPÎ : 2.8.6 (Notepad G HTML †KvW †jLv)|
avc-3 t dvBj †mf Kiv
Gevi dvBjwU‡K Avgiv HTML dig¨v‡U †mf Ki‡ev| GRb¨ cÖ_‡g File †gby¨ †_‡K Save As...G wK¬K Kwi|
wPÎ : 2.8.7 (File Save As... G wK¬K Kiv)|
cÖ_‡g Save in Gi cv‡ki Wªc-WvDb wj÷ †_‡K Gi †jv‡Kkb, A_©vr dvBjwU †Kv_vq wM‡q msiw¶Z n‡e, Zv
wVK K‡i w`B| Gevi dvBjwUi Rb¨ GKwU bvg w`‡Z n‡e Ges bv‡gi †k‡l Aek¨B .html G·‡Ubkb eënvi
Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi g‡Zv File name Gi N‡i Avgv‡ì dvBj Gi Rb¨ GKwU bvg wjwL|
wPÎ : 2.8.8 (.html G·‡Ubkb eënvi K‡i html dvBj Gi bvg †jLv)|
1
2

32
GLv‡b GKwU welq j¶¨bxq †h, HTML dvBj Gi bv‡g †Kvb †nvqvBU †¯úm (" ") e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| †nvqvBU
†¯úm Gi cwie‡Z© nvB‡db ("-") A_ev AvÛvi‡¯‹vi ("_") e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Gevi Save as type wdì n‡Z All Files wm‡j± Ki‚b|
wPÎ : 2.8.9 (Save as type Gi cv‡ki Wªc-WvDb wj÷ n‡Z All Files wm‡j± Kiv)|
me‡k‡l Save evU‡bv wK¬K K‡i dvBjwU †mf Ki‚b|
wPÎ : 2.8.10 (cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR †k‡l Save evU‡b wK¬K Kiv)|

33
avc-4 t AvDUcyU
GLb Avgiv Avgv‡`i •Zwi Kiv GBPwUGgGj Gi AvDUcyU †`L‡ev| GRb¨ cÖ_‡g Avgiv Avgv‡`i dvBjwU †h
wW‡i±ix‡Z †mf K‡iwQ, †mLv‡b P‡j hvB|
wPÎ : 2.8.11 (dvBj Gi wW‡i±wi)|
Gevi †h dvBjwU wKQz¶b Av‡M †mf K‡i‡Qb, †mwU †Kvb GKwU eªvDRvi w`‡q I‡cb Ki‚b| GRb¨ dvBjwUi
Dci gvDm Gi Wvb evUb wK¬K Ki‚b| Zvici Open With Ges GLvb †_‡K AvMZ †h †Kvb GKwU eªvDRvi
(†hgb t- Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera BZ¨vw`) Gi bv‡gi Dci
wK¬K Ki‚b, †h¸‡jv Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i Bb÷j Kiv Av‡Q|
we t `ªt GBPwUGgGj Gi A‡bK U¨vM, A¨vwUªweDU-eªvDRvi Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i KvR K‡i| G m¤ú‡K© Avgiv
cieZ©x Aa¨vq ¸‡jv‡Z we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡ev|
wPÎ : 2.8.12 (GBPwUGgGj dvBj Gi AvDUcyU †`Lvi Rb¨ eªvDRvi wm‡j± Kiv )|
Gevi wb‡Pi g‡Zv Avcbvi •ZwiK…Z GBPwUGgGj dvBj Gi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`L‡Z cv‡eb|

34
wPÎ : 2.8.13 (HTML dvBj Gi AvDUcyU)|
†KvW we‡k- lY t
GLb Avgiv GB HTML dvBj Gi cÖwZwU U¨vM m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev|
Avgv‡ì HTML dvBjwU <html> (html Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM) w`‡q ïi‚ n‡q‡Q Ges †kl n‡q‡Q </html>
(html Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM) eënvi K‡i| A_©vr wbqgvbymv‡i <html> Ges </html> U¨vM Gi wfZi Ab¨vb¨ U¨vM
I Kb‡U›U eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
<html>
</html>
<html> Gi ci <head> U¨vM eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| <head> †mKkb Gi wfZi wewfbœ ÷vBj, w¯ŒÞ eënvi
Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wbqgvbymv‡i head †mKkb‡K (<head> </head>) body U¨vM ïi‚ nIqvi Av‡MB †K¬vR Kiv
n‡q‡Q| head †mKkb wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
<html>
<head>
</head>
</html>
<head> †mKk‡bi wfZi <title> bv‡g GKwU U¨vM eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB U¨vMwU I‡qe‡c‡Ri
UvB‡Uj/wk‡ivbvg aviY K‡i| UvB‡Uj U¨vM eënvi K‡i cieZ©x‡Z Avgiv cÖ¨vKwUK¨vjx A‡bK KvR †`L‡ev|
<html>
<head>
</head>
</html>
wb‡P eªvDRv‡i UvB‡Uj U¨vM Gi AvDUcyU †`Lv‡bv nj t

35
wPÎ : 2.8.14 (UvB‡Uj U¨vM Gi AvDUcyU)|
Dc‡i wPwýZ RvqMvUzKz Title U¨vM Gi wfZi †jLv, hv eªvDRvi Gi UvB‡Uj As‡k cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q|
<head> U¨vM †K¬vR Kivi ci Avgiv <body> U¨vM Gi KvR ïi‚ K‡iwQ| Avgiv †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡R hv wKQz
†`L‡Z cvB (Kb‡U›U), Zvi me wKQzB GB <body> U¨vM Gi wfZi wjL‡Z nq| †hgb t-Hellow World!!
†jLvwU‡K I‡qe‡c‡R cÖ`k©b Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv GwU‡K <body> U¨vM Gi wfZi wW‡K¬qvi wj‡LwQ| I‡qe‡c‡Ri
GmKj Kb‡U›U‡K wbqš¿b Kivi Rb¨ HTML G A‡bK U¨vM e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Av‡¯— Av‡¯— Avgiv G
mKj welq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev| "<body> Hellow World !! </body>"
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
Hellow World !!
</body>
</html>
wPÎ : 2.8.15 (<body> U¨vM Gi wfZ‡ii †jLvi AvDUcU)|

36
2.9 t Bb‡W‡›Ukb (Indention)
†cÖvMÖvg †jLvi mgq wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b duvKv (Avwg GLv‡b PviwU K‡i †¯úm eënvi K‡iwQ - G KvRwU Avcwb mn‡R
Kivi Rb¨ Kx-†evW© †_‡K Tab evUb eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib) †i‡L †i‡L †cÖvMÖvwgs‡q †mŠ›`h©/¯úóZv e„w× KivB n‡‛Q
Indentation. †hgb t Dc‡ii GBPwUGgGj dvBjwU‡Z Indentation eënvi K‡i dvBjwU wj‡LwQ| Avwg hw`
Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi bvI KiZvg, ZeyI Avgvi dvBjwU KvR Ki‡Zv| wKš‘, Avcwb GKRb fv‡jv I‡qe
wWRvBbvi/†W‡fjcvi/†cÖvMÖvgvi-Ab¨ †Kvb †cÖvMÖvgvi Gi Kv‡Q Avcbvi `¶Zv Avcwb †cÖvMÖvg wjLvi gva¨‡g cÖKvk
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ZvQvov A‡bK mgq †cÖvMÖvwgs‡q Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi bv Kivi Kvi‡b A‡b‡K B›UviwfD †_‡KI ev`
c‡o hvq| †h‡Kvb fv‡jv Af¨v‡mi g‡Zv †cÖvMÖvwgs‡q Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi KivUvI mgq mva¨ e¨vcvi| Dc‡ii
†cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z Avwg <html> </html> †jLvq †Kvb Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi Kwiwb, KviY html U¨vM GBPwUGgGj
dvB‡ji cÖ_g/cÖavb Ask|
<html>
</html>
wKš‘, head Ges body †mKkb eënvi Gi mgq Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi K‡iwQ, KviY G¸‡jv html Gi GK GKwU
Bwj‡g›U (A_©vr, <html> GLv‡b cÖavb Bwj‡g›U, Avi <head> Ges <body> n‡‛Q <html> Gi Bwj‡g›U)|
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Avevi †nW †mKkb Gi wfZi UvB‡Uj U¨vMwU‡K Avjv`v Bb‡b›Ukb eënvi K‡i wj‡LwQ| KviY, title n‡‛Q head
Gi Bwj‡g›U| Bwj‡g›U wb‡q Avgiv eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
<head>
<title> This is my first HTML Program;) </title>
</head>
wVK †Zgwb, <body> </body> Gi wfZ‡ii Hellow World!! †jLvwU‡Z Bb‡W‡›Ukb eënvi K‡iwQ| KviY,
Hellow World!! <body> Gi Kb‡U›U|
<body>
Hellow World!!
</body>

37
2.10 t GBPwUGgGj K‡g›U (Comments)
K‡g›Um Gi K_v ïb‡j nq‡Zv ev †dmeyK K‡g›U Gi K_v g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| welqwU Avm‡j Zv bv| †dmeyK K‡g›U
Gi g‡Zv GwU eªvDRv‡i cÖ`wk©Z nq bv| GBPwUGgGj G K‡g›U eënvi Ki‡eb †Kej Avcbvi eySvi myweav‡_©|
g‡b Ki‚b, AvR Avcbvi •Zwi Kiv GKwU GBPwUGgGj †cBR/†cÖvMÖvg/WKz‡g›U-AvR †_‡K AvMvgx 6 gvm ci
Gi wewfbœ †KvW Gi eënvi bvI eyS‡Z cv‡ib| G‡¶‡Î †KvW Gi cv‡k K‡g›U eënvi K‡i GB mgm¨v †_‡K gyw³
†c‡Z cv‡ib| ZvQvov A‡bK mgq I‡qe‡cR wWRvBb/†W‡fjc‡g›U Gi †¶‡Î GKvwaK wWRvBbvi/†W‡fjcvi
GKmv‡_ KvR K‡i _v‡Kb, ZLb Avcbvi †cÖvMÖvgwU Ab¨vb¨ wWRvBbvi Gi eySvi myweav‡_©I K‡g›U eënv‡ii
cÖ‡qvRb n‡q _v‡K|
2.10.1 t K‡g›U (Comments) Gi eënvi
GBPwUGgGj G K‡g›U eënvi Kivi Rb¨ K‡g›U (!--) U¨vM eëüZ nq|
†h †jLv‡K K‡g›U Gi wfZ‡i ivL‡Z Pvb, Zvi cÖ_‡g "<!—" Ges †jLvi †k‡l "-->" eënvi Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr,

wb‡P GKwU D`vnib Gi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi nIqv hvK|
wPÎ : 2.10.1.1 (†cÖvMÖvg G K‡g›U Gi eënvi)|
†KvW we‡k- lY t
Dc‡i Avgiv This is a comment. The Comment line(s) w...jvBbwU‡K K‡g›U U¨vM Gi wfZ‡i †i‡LwQ,
ZvB GwU eªvDRv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e bv| wKš‘ wb‡Pi jvBbwU wVKB eªvDRv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLb †cRwU eªvDRv‡i ivb
Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
wPÎ : 2.10.1.2 (†cÖvMÖv‡g K‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|

38
2.11 t WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qv‡ikb
†Kvb GBPwUGgGj †cB‡R Gi WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qvi bv Kiv n‡j eªvDRvi eyS‡Z cv‡i bv †h, GwU GBPwUGgGj
Gi †Kvb fvm©‡b •Zwi| †m‡¶‡Î GBPwUGgGj msµvš— wewfbœ Z_¨B eªvDRvi Gi wbKU †cuŠQvq bv| WKz‡g›U UvBc
wW‡K¬qvi Kiv Qvov GBPwUGgGj †cBR f¨vwj‡WkbI m¤¢e bq| ZvB h_vh_ WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qvi Kiv Ri‚ix|
WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qvi Kivi Rb¨ GBPwUGgGj Gi <!DOCTYPE> eëüZ nq| Z‡e, GwU GBPwUGgGj
Gi †Kvb U¨vM bq| GwU GBPwUGgGj †cBR Gi ïi‚‡Z (<html> U¨vM Gi cÖ_‡g) D‡j- L Ki‡Z nq|
D`vniY t
wPÎ : 2.11.1 (WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qv‡ikb)|
2.11.1 t HMTL 4.01 fvm©‡b WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qvi Kiv
HTML 4.01 G wZbfv‡e WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qvi Kiv nq|
2.11.1.1 t Strict
GBPwUGgGj 4.01 fvm©‡b Dchy³ WKz‡g›U dig¨vU GwU| †Kvb †WwcÖ‡K‡UW U¨vM, A¨vwUªweDU, †d«g‡mU GB
WKz‡g›U dig¨v‡U eënvi‡hvM¨ bq| GwU †jLvi wbqg t
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
2.11.1.2 t Transitional
A‡bK mgq Avcbv‡K Avcbvi I‡qe‡cB‡R †WwcÖ‡K‡UW A¨vwUªweDU, U¨vM eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î
GB WKz‡g›U UvBcwU D‡j- L Ki‡Z nq|
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
2.11.1.3 t Frameset
†d«g‡mU eënvi K‡i I‡qe‡cBR •Zwi‡Z GB WKz‡g›U UvBcwU D‡j- L Ki‡Z nq|
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">
2.11.2 t HMTL 5 fvm©‡b WKz‡g›U UvBc wW‡K¬qvi Kiv
HTML 5 G wb‡gœv³ c×wZ‡Z WKz‡g›U UvBc D‡j- L Ki‡Z nq|
<!DOCTYPE html>

39
we t `ª t GBPwUGgGj 5 G †Kvb cÖKvi †WwcÖ‡K‡UW U¨vM, A¨vwUªweDU mgw_©Z bq|

41
Aa¨vq-3
HTML Bwj‡g›Um
(Elements)
3.1 t HTML Bwj‡g›U (Elements)

42
Bwj‡g›U ej‡Z hLb GBPwUGgGj Gi †Kvb U¨vM Gi cwic~Y© eënvi nq, ZLb H cy‡iv U¨vM Gi eënvi‡K GKwU
Bwj‡g›U e‡j| †hgb t- <p> GKwU U¨vM| hLb GB p U¨vMwUi m¤ú~Y© eënvi n‡e, ZLb cy‡iv welqwU wg‡j GwU
n‡e p Bwj‡g›U|
wPÎ : 3.1.1 (p Bwj‡g›U)|
1) GLv‡b <p> n‡‛Q I‡cwbs U¨vM
2) This is Paragraph Text – n‡‛Q p U¨vM Gi Kb‡U›U
3) Ges </p> n‡‛Q †K¬vwRs U¨vM
GLb GB cy‡iv welqwU wg‡j GwU‡K ejv n‡e <p> Bwj‡g›U|
wb‡P Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi nIqv hvK -
wPÎ : 3.1.2 (h1 Bwj‡g›U)|
wPÎ : 3.1.3 (html Bwj‡g›U)|

43
wPÎ : 3.1.4 (html, body Ges p Bwj‡g›U)|
wPÎ : 3.1.5 (html, body, p Ges a Bwj‡g›U)|
3.1.1 t Bwj‡g›U Gi MVb
1) I‡cwbs U¨vM w`‡q ïi‚ n‡Z n‡e
2) †K¬vwRs U¨vM e¨envi K‡i †kl Ki‡Z n‡e
3) I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM Gi wfZi Ab¨vb¨ U¨vM/Bwj‡g›U A_ev Kb‡U›U _vK‡e
4) G¤úwU Bwj‡g›U‡K (†hgb t - hr, br, img BZ¨vw`) I‡cwbs U¨vM Gi wfZiB †K¬vR Ki‡Z n‡e
(<hr />, <br />, <img src="html.jpeg" />)|
5) cÖvq mKj Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨B A¨vwUªweDU e¨envi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb t- <body>, <img>, <a>
<abbr> BZ¨vw`|

44
3.1.2 t †b‡óW GBPwUGgGj Bwj‡g›U (Nested HTML Elements)
cÖwZwU GBPwUGgGj WKz‡g›U/†cBR AmsL¨ Bwj‡g›U Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ| GBPwUGgGj Gi cÖvq cÖwZwU Bwj‡g›U
Aci †Kvb Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY K‡i Ges hLb †Kvb Bwj‡g›U Aci †Kvb Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY K‡i _v‡K, ZLb cy‡iv
welqwU‡K Nested Element (GKvwaK Bwj‡g›U Gi e¨envi) ejv n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P wKQz D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g
welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi nIqv hvK|
wPÎ : 3.1.2.1 (Nested Element - <head>)|
GLv‡b <head> Bwj‡g›UwU <title> Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q|
wPÎ : 3.1.2.2 (Nested Element - <head> )|
GLv‡b <head> Bwj‡g›UwU <meta> Ges <title> Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q|
wPÎ : 3.1.2.3 ( Nested Element - <body> )|

45
GLv‡b <body> Bwj‡g›UwU <p> Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q|
wPÎ : 3.1.2.4 (Nested Element - <body>)|
GLv‡b <body> Bwj‡g›UwU <h1> Ges <p> Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q|
wPÎ : 3.1.2.5 (Nested Element - <html>)|
GLv‡b <html> Bwj‡g›UwU <body>, <h1> Ges <p> Bwj‡g›U‡K aviY Ki‡Q|
3.1.3 t HTML Gi cÖavb Bwj‡g›Umg~n
cÖwZwU GBPwUGgGj †cBR •Zwi‡Z cÖavb PviwU Bwj‡g›U e¨eüZ nq, †h¸‡jv bv n‡jB bq| GB Bwj‡g›U¸‡jv
n‡jv t
1. <html>
2. <head>
3. <title>
4. <body>

46
3.1.3.1 t <html> Element
†Kvb GBPwUGgGj WKz‡g›U/†cBR Gi cÖavb Bwj‡g›U n‡‛Q GB <html> Bwj‡g›U| GBPwUGgGj †cB‡Ri
mg¯— Bwj‡g›U/Kb‡U›U GB Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i (!DOCTYPE ev‡`)| GBPwUGgGj Gi I‡cwbs
U¨vM‡K mevi cÖ_‡g (!DOCTYPE Gi c‡i) Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM‡K mevi †k‡l wjL‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î Avgiv †Kvb
I‡qe‡c‡Ri †mvm© †KvW (Source Code) †`‡LI welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi¯‹vi n‡Z cvwi|
†mvm© †KvW †`Lv t
†Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri †mvm© †KvW †`Lvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g I‡qe‡c‡Ri †h †Kvb RvqMvq gvD‡mi Wvb evUb wK¬K Ki‚b|
AZtci AvMZ Ackb¸‡jv †_‡K "View Page Source" †jLvwUi Dci wK¬K Ki‚b|
wPÎ : 3.1.3.1.1 (I‡qe‡c‡Ri †mvm© †KvW †`Lvi Rb¨ †c‡Ri Dci gvD‡mi Wvb evUb wK¬K Kiv )|
Gevi wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv GB †cRwUi †mvm© †KvW P‡j Avm‡e|

47
wPÎ : 3.1.3.1.2 (†Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri †mvm© †KvW †`Lv)|
3.1.3.2 t <head> Element
†Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri wk‡ivbvg, I‡qe‡cR msµvš— wewfbœ Z_¨vewj, wewfbœ CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)
Style, Javascript †KvW <head> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi wjL‡Z nq| <head> Bwj‡g›U‡K <html> I‡cwbs
U¨vM Gi c‡i-ïi‚ Ges <body> Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM ïi‚ nIqvi c~‡e©-†kl Ki‡Z nq Ges <head> Bwj‡g›U
Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM (<head> </head>) Gi wfZi <head> Bwj‡g›U Gi Ab¨vb¨ Bwj‡g›U,Dcv`vb
(<title>, <meta>, <base> BZ¨vw`) wjL‡Z nq| wb‡P GKwU D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi
nIqv hvK t
GBPwUGgGj Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM
GBPwUGgGj Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM

48
wPÎ : 3.1.3.2.1 (<head> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi)|
<head> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi eëüZ Ab¨vb¨ Bwj‡g›Umg~n t
 <title>
 <style>
 <base>
 <link>
 <meta>
 <script> Ges
 <noscript>
Gme welq mg~n m¤ú‡K© Avgiv eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡ev|
3.1.3.3 t <title> Element
I‡qe‡cR Gi UvB‡Uj/wk‡ivbvg Gi Rb¨ <title> Bwj‡g›UwU eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| UvB‡Uj‡K (UvB‡Uj
Bwj‡g›U) †Kvb m¤ú~Y© I‡qe‡cBR Dc¯’vcb Kivi gva¨g wn‡m‡eI AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| UvB‡Uj †`‡L †Kvb GKRb
wfwRUi eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h, GwU Avm‡j †Kvb ai‡Yi I‡qemvBU| ZvQvov, mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb (GmBI) Gi
†¶‡ÎI UvB‡Uj Bwj‡g›U AZ¨š— ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| I‡qe‡c‡Ri UvB‡Uj eënv‡i wewfbœ †KŠkj
eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avi I‡qemvB‡U Ggb wewfbœ †KŠkj eënvi K‡i I‡qemvBU‡K mvP© BwÄb †iRv‡ëi
kx‡l© wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ †jL‡Ki ÔÔmvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡RkbÕÕ Ges ÔÔA¨vWfvÝW mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡RkbÕÕ eB
`yÕwU msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri UvB‡Uj eªvDRv‡ii mevi Dc‡i cÖ`wk©Z nq| wb‡Pi wP‡Îi gva¨‡g
Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t
<html> Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM
<head> Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM
<head> Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM
<body> Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM

49
wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1 (I‡qe‡c‡Ri UvB‡Uj)|
3.1.3.3.1 t <title> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi t
<title> Bwj‡g›U‡K GBPwUGgGj †cB‡Ri <head> †mKkb Gi wfZi wjL‡Z nq| wb‡P GKwU D`vniY Gi
gva¨‡g UvB‡Uj Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t
wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1.1 (<title> Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi)|

50
AvDUcyU t
wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1.2 (<title> Bwj‡g›U e¨envi K‡i AvDUcyU †`Lv)|
wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1.3 (<title> Bwj‡g›U‡K <head> †mKk‡bi wfZi ivLv)|
†KvW we‡k- lY t
Dc‡ii HTML dvBjwU‡Z Avgiv <title> Bwj‡g›U‡K wbqgvbymv‡i <head> †mKkb Gi wfZi †i‡LwQ|
wPÎ : 3.1.3.3.1.4 (<title> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi †c‡Ri Rb¨ UvB‡Uj/wk‡ivbvg wjLv )|
I‡qe‡c‡R Avgiv †h †jLvwU‡K UvB‡Uj/wk‡ivbvg wn‡m‡e cÖ`k©b Kiv‡Z Pvw‛Q, †mwU‡K <title> Ges </title>
(<title> Bwj‡g›U) Gi wfZi ivLv n‡q‡Q|

51
3.1.3.4 t <body> Element
Avgiv †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡Ri g‡a¨ hv wKQz †`L‡Z cvB (B‡gR, AwWI, wfwWI, †U·U, wjsK BZ¨vw`), Zv me wKQzB
GB <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi Aš—f©~³| wb‡P GKwU D`vnib Gi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi¯‹vi nIqv hvK -
wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1 (<body> Bwj‡g›U Gi Dcv`vbmg~n)|
Dc‡ii wP‡Î gvK© Kiv cÖwZwU Ask, A_©vr †Kvb I‡qe‡c‡R `„k¨gvb mKj wKQzB <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi Aš—f~©³|
3.1.3.4.1 t <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi e¨envi t
<body> Bwj‡g›U‡K GBPwUGgGj †cB‡Ri <head> Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM (</head>) Gi c‡i-I‡cb Ges
<html> Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM (</html>) Gi c~‡e©-†K¬vR Ki‡Z nq Ges I‡qe‡c‡R cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ mKj
Bwj‡g›U, Kb‡U›U‡K <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM (<body> . . . . . </body>) Gi wfZi
ivL‡Z nq| wb‡P GKwU D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g ewW Bwj‡g›U Gi e¨envi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

52
wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1 (<body> Bwj‡g›U Gi e¨envi)|
AvDUcyU t
Dc‡ii dvBjwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcyU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.2 (<body> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZ‡ii Kb‡U›Umg~n eªvDRv‡i cÖ`wk©Z nIqv )|
Contents

53
†KvW we‡k- lb t
wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.3 ( <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM)|
Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, <body> Gi I‡cwbs U¨vM‡K <head> Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM Gi c‡i Ges
<body> Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM‡K <html> Gi †K¬vwRs U¨vM Gi c~‡e© wjLv n‡q‡Q|
wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.4 (I‡qemvB‡Ui Kb‡U›U‡K <body> Gi I‡cwbs Ges †K¬vwRs U¨vM Gi wfZi ivLv )|
GLv‡b I‡qemvB‡U cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ Kb‡U›Umg~n‡K <body> Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi †jLv n‡q‡Q|

54
3.1.3.4.1.1 t <body> Bwj‡g›U G A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi
GBPwUGgGj Gi ewW Bwj‡g›U G wb‡gœv³ A¨vwUªweDU¸‡jv eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|
 alink
 background
 bgcolor
 link
 text Ges
 vlink
3.1.3.4.1.1.1 t alink
"active link" Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q "alink". GB A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i wjs‡Ki Kvjvi wba©viY K‡i †`qv
nq| wfwRUi hLb I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ †Kvb wjs‡Ki Dci wK¬K K‡i, ZLb GB A¨vwUªweDUwU KvR K‡i| A_©vr,
†Kvb wjs‡Ki Dci wK¬K Kivi mgq "alink" A¨vwUªweDU G eënvi Kiv KvjviwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
Value :
alink A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba©viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv
hvq|
1. Color name (Kvjvi Gi bvg eënvi K‡i - †hgbt "green");
2. RGB (Red, Greeen & Blue) Code - RGB gvb, †hgb t rgb (0,0,0) eënvi K‡i
3. Hex (Hexadecimal) †KvW eënvi K‡i - †hgb t- "#0000FF"|
GBPwUGgj Kvjvi wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wjLvi wbqg t
<body alink="Color_name A_ev RGB_Code A_ev Hex_Code">
wb‡P alink A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t
†cÖvMÖvg bs-2 (p2.html) <body> Bwj‡g›U G alink A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|
<html>
<body alink="red">
<p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com">W3Schools.com</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/">HTML Tutorial</a></p>
<p><b>Note:</b> If using color names, different browsers may render different
colors, and Firefox have problems if the attribute value is in RGB code (will not display
correct color).</p>
<p><b>Tip:</b> To produce equal results in all browsers, always use hex code to
specify colors.</p>

55
<p>However, the alink attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported in
HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict DTD. Use CSS instead.</p>
</body>
</html>
†KvW we‡k- lY t
Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g <body alink="red"> Gi gva¨‡g alink A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD wn‡m‡e jvj Kvjvi eënvi
Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Avgiv Kvjvi Gi bvg D‡j- L K‡i KvRwU K‡iwQ| PvB‡j RGB A_ev Hexadecimal
Code eënvi K‡iI KvRwU Ki‡Z cviZvg| Gi wb‡P <p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com">
W3Schools.com </a></p> Ges <p> <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/">HTML
Tutorial </a></p> jvBb `yÕwUi gva¨‡g I‡qe‡c‡R `yÕwU wjsK •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| (wjsK wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z
we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q)|
GLb †cRwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv AvDUcyU Avm‡e|
wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.1.1 (GBPwUGgGj †cR‡K eªvDRv‡i †kv Kiv‡bv)|
Gevi I‡qe‡c‡R cÖ`wk©Z wjsK `yÕwUi (W3Schools.com Ges HTML Tutorial) Dci wK¬K Ki‡j, G¸‡jv
jvj is (KviY, Avgv‡ì A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD jvj is‡qi wQj) aviY Ki‡e|
GLb Avwg hw` HTML Tutorial wjsKwUi Dci wK¬K Kwi, Zvn‡j †`wL welqwU wK nq !!

56
wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.1.2 (HTML Tutorial wjs‡K wK¬K Kiv)|
Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶ Kiv hv‡‛Q †h, HTML Tutorial wjsKwUi Dci wK¬K Kiv‡Z GwU jvj is aviY Ki‡Q|
Note :
*) HTML 5 - <alink> A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv|
*) HTML 4.01 fvm©‡b GwU‡K Deprecated (AewPZ) †Nvlbv Kiv nq|
*) Gi cwie‡Z© CSS eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
3.1.3.4.1.1.2 t background
I‡qe‡c‡Ri e¨vKMÖvD‡Û B‡gR eënv‡ii Rb¨ GB A¨vwUªweDUwU eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
Value :
background A¨vwUªweDU Gi f¨vwjD/gvb wn‡m‡e URL (Uniform Resource Locator), A_©vr wjsK
eënvi Kiv nq| A_©vr †hLvb †_‡K Avcwb B‡gRwU eënvi Ki‡Z Pv‡‛Qb, †mLvbKvi wjsK GLv‡b D‡j- L K‡i
w`‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î `yB ai‡Yi wjsK eënvi Kiv nq| h_v t
1. Absolute URL : hLb Ab¨ †Kvb I‡qemvB‡Ui wjsK eënvi Kiv nq, ZLb GwU‡K Absolute
URL ejv nq| †hgb t (www.anotherwebsite.com/images/body_image.jpeg)
2. Relative URL : hLb GKB I‡qemvB‡Ui †Kvb wjsK eënvi Kiv nq, ZLb GwU‡K Relative
URL ejv nq| †hgb t (images/body_image.jpeg)
wjsK Ges B‡gR wb‡q Avgiv eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡ev|
wjLvi wbqg t
<body background="URL of image">
wb‡P background A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

57
Absolute URL f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i e¨KMÖvD‡Û B‡gR †mU Kiv t
†cÖvMÖvg bs-3 (p3.html) <body> Bwj‡g›U G background A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|
<html>
<body background="http://pubpages.unh.edu/~cas254/html.jpg">
<h1>Hello world!</h1>
<p>The background attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported in
HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict DTD. Use CSS instead.</p>
</body>
</html>
†KvW we‡k- lY t
Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g e¨KMÖvDÛ B‡g‡Ri Rb¨ GKwU Absolute Url "<body
background="http://pubpages.unh.edu/~cas254/html.jpg">" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GLb †cRwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcyU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.2.1 (e¨vKMÖvDÛ B‡gR eënvi K‡i †c‡Ri AvDUcyU †`Lv )|
Dc‡ii wP‡Î "HTML Logo" m¤^wjZ GKwU B‡gR Avgv‡ì I‡qe‡c‡Ri eëKMÖvD‡Û †`Lv hv‡‛Q|
Relative URL f¨vwjD eënvi K‡i e¨vKMÖvD‡Û B‡gR †mU Kiv t
†cÖvMÖvg bs-4 (p4.html) <body> Bwj‡g›U G background A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|
<html>
<body background="images/grey.jpg">
<h1>Hello Learners!</h1>

58
<p>The background attribute will show a grey color image on Webpage
Background.</p>
</body>
</html>
†KvW we‡k- lY t
Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g e¨vKMÖvDÛ B‡g‡Ri Rb¨ Background A¨vwUªweDU G GKwU Relative URL "<body
background="images/grey.jpg">" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GLb †cRwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcyU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.2.2 (e¨vKMÖvDÛ G B‡gR eënvi K‡i †c‡Ri AvDUcyU †`Lv)|
Dc‡ii wP‡Î a~mi is‡qi GKwU B‡gR Avgv‡ì I‡qe‡c‡Ri eëKMÖvD‡Û †`Lv hv‡‛Q
Note :
*) HTML 5 - <alink> A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv|
3.1.3.4.1.1.3 t bgcolor
I‡qe‡c‡Ri e¨vKMÖvD‡Û Kvjvi eënvi Kivi Rb¨ bgcolor A¨vwUªweDUwU eënvi Kiv nq|
Value :
bgcolor A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba©viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv
hvq|
1. Color name (Kvjvi Gi bvg eënvi K‡i - †hgb t "green,red,yellow");
2. RGB (Red, Greeen & Blue) Code - RGB gvb, †hgb t rgb(0,0,0) eënvi K‡i

59
wjLvi wbqg t
<body bgcolor="Color_name A_ev RGB_Code A_ev Hex_Code">
wb‡P bgcolor A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t
Hex_Code eënvi K‡i e¨KMÖvDÛ Gi Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv t
†cÖvMÖvg bs - 5 (p5.html) <body> Bwj‡g›U G bgcolor A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body bgcolor="#A52A2A">
<h1>Hello world!</h1>
correct color).</p>
specify colors.</p>
<p>However, the bgcolor attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not
supported in HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict DTD. Use CSS
instead.</p>
</body>
</html>
†KvW we‡k- lY t
Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g-I‡qe‡c‡Ri e¨vKMÖvDÛ G Kvjvi †`qvi Rb¨ "<body bgcolor="A52A2A">" jvBbwU
eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Brown (ev`vwg) KvjviwU wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi Rb¨ Hex_Code
"A52A2A" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GLb Dc‡ii †cRwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcyU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

60
wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.3.1 (e¨vKMÖvDÛ G Kvjvi †mU K‡i †c‡Ri AvDUcyU †`Lv )|
Note :
*) HTML 5 – "bgcolor" A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv|
*) Gi cwie‡Z© CSS eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| (wmGmGm G cÖ‡dkbvjx KvR Ki‡Z †jL‡Ki ÔÔwm Gm Gm (3)
eBwU msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib)|
3.1.3.4.1.1.4 t link
I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ mKj wjsK Gi Kvjvi †mU Kivi Rb¨ GB link A¨vwUªweDUwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|
Value :
link A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba©viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv hvq|
1. Color name (Kvjvi Gi bvg eënvi K‡i - †hgbt "green,red,yellow");
wjLvi wbqg t
<body link="Color_Name A_ev RGB_Code A_ev Hex_Code">
wb‡P link A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t
Color_Name eënvi K‡i I‡qe‡c‡Ri wjsK Gi Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv t

61
†cÖvMÖvg bs-6 (p6.html) <body> Bwj‡g›U G link A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|
<html>
<body link="red">
<p><a href="http://www.bookbd.info">BookBD</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.facebook.com">Facebook</a></p>
correct color).</p>
specify colors.</p>
<p>However, the link attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported
in HTML 4.01 Strict DTD or in XHTML 1.0 Strict DTD. Use CSS instead.</p>
</body>
</html>
†KvW we‡k- lY t
Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g-I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ cÖwZwU wjsK Gi Kvjvi wba©viY K‡i †`qvi Rb¨ "<body link="red">"
jvBbwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b green (meyR) KvjviwU wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi Rb¨
Color_Name "red" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z <p><a href="http://www.bookbd.info">
BookBD </a></p> Ges <p> <a href="http://www.facebook.com">Facebook </a></p>
jvBb `yÕwUi gva¨‡g I‡qe‡c‡R `yÕwU wjsK •Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| (wjsK wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q)|
wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.4.1 (<body> Bwj‡g›U G link A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i AvDUcyU †`Lv)|

62
Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, Avgv‡ì †c‡R BookBD Ges Facebook bv‡g †h `ywU wjsK eënvi
Kiv n‡q‡Q, <body link="red"> jvBbwU eënv‡ii Kvi‡Y †m¸‡jv jvj is‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q|
Note :
*) HTML 5 – "link" A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv|
3.1.3.4.1.1.5 t text
I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ mKj †U·U Gi Kvjvi †mU Kivi Rb¨ GB text A¨vwUªweDUwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K|
Value :
text A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba©viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv hvq|
1. Color name (Kvjvi Gi bvg eënvi K‡i - †hgbt "green,red,yellow");
GBPwUGgGj Kvjvi wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wjLvi wbqg t
<body text="Color_Name A_ev RGB_Code A_ev Hex_Code">
wb‡P text A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t
Hex_Code eënvi K‡i I‡qe‡c‡Ri †U·U Gi Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv t
†cÖvMÖvg bs-7 (p7.html) <body> Bwj‡g›U G text A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|
<html>
<body text=" #FFD700">
correct color).</p>
specify colors.</p>
<p>However, the link attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported
</body>
</html>
†KvW we‡k- lY t

63
Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g -I‡qe‡c‡R eëüZ cÖwZwU †U·U Gi Kvjvi wba©viY K‡i †`qvi Rb¨ "<body text="
#FFD700">" jvBbwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b gold (†mvbvjx) KvjviwU wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi
Rb¨ Hex_Code "#FFD700" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.5.1 (<body> Bwj‡g‡›U link A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i AvDUcyU †`Lv)|
Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, Avgv‡ì I‡qe‡c‡Ri mKj †U·U Gi Kvjvi †mvbvjx is‡qi †`Lv
hv‡‛Q|
3.1.3.4.1.1.6 t vlink
Visited link Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡‛Q vlink. Visited link ej‡Z †h mKj wjsK c~‡e© wfwRU Kiv n‡q‡Q/wK¬K
Kiv n‡q‡Q, †m mKj wjsK Gi Kvjvi vlink A¨vwUªweDU Gi gva¨‡g wba©viY K‡i †`qv hvq|
Value :
text A¨vwUªweD‡U value/gvb wn‡m‡e Color wba©viY Kiv nq| GBPwUGgGj G wZbfv‡e Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv hvq|
1. Color name (Kvjvi Gi bvg eënvi K‡i - †hgb t "green, red, yellow");
2. RGB (Red, Greeen & Blue) Code - RGB gvb, †hgb t rgb(0,0,0) eënvi K‡i
GBPwUGgGj Kvjvi wb‡q eB‡qi cieZ©x‡Z we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wjLvi wbqg t
<body vlink="Color_Name A_ev RGB_Code A_ev Hex_Code">
wb‡P vlink A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t
Color_Name eënvi K‡i I‡qe‡c‡Ri wfwR‡UW wjsK Gi Kvjvi wba©viY Kiv t
†cÖvMÖvg bs-8 (p8.html) <body> Bwj‡g›U G vlink A¨vwUªweDU Gi eënvi|

64
<html>
<body vlink="yellow">
<p><a href="http://www.youtube.com"> Youtube </a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.twitter.com"> Twitter </a></p>
correct color).</p>
specify colors.</p>
<p>However, the vlink attribute was deprecated in HTML 4, and is not supported
</body>
</html>
†KvW we‡k- lY t
Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g-wfwR‡UW wjsKmg~‡ni Kvjvi wba©viY K‡i †`qvi Rb¨ "<body vlink="yellow">" jvBbwU
eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b yellow (njy`) KvjviwU wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Kvjvi Gi Rb¨ Color_Name
"yellow" eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖvgwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcyU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.6.1 (<body> Bwj‡g‡›U link A¨vwUªweDU eënvi K‡i AvDUcyU †`Lv)|

65
Dc‡ii wP‡Î Youtube Ges Twitter †h `ywU wjsK †`Lv hv‡‛Q, †m¸‡jvi Kvjvi bxj †`Lv hv‡‛Q| wKš‘ Avgiv
Avgv‡`i †cÖvMÖv‡g njy` Kvjvi e¨envi K‡iwQjvg| Gi KviY n‡‛Q, GB wjsK¸‡jv GL‡bv wfwRU/wK¬K Kiv nqwb|
Avi wWdëfv‡e wjsK Gi Kvjvi bxj _v‡K| Gme welq m¤ú‡K© Avgiv GBPwUGgGj wjsK †mKk‡b we¯—vwiZ
Rvb‡ev|
GLb Dc‡ii wjsK `ywUi †h †Kvb GKwUi (Twitter) Dci wK¬K Kwi Ges cybivq GB †cRwU‡Z wd‡i Avwm|
Zvn‡j Avgiv wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv D³ Twitter wjsKwUi Kvjv‡i cwieZ©b (njy` Kvjvi) †`L‡Z cv‡ev|
wPÎ : 3.1.3.4.1.1.6.2 (wfwRU nIqvi ci wjsK Gi Kvjvi cwieZ©b)|
Dc‡ii wP‡Î j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, wfwRU Kivi ci Twitter †jLv wjsKwUi wWdë Kvjvi (bxj) cwieZ©b
n‡q njy` Kvjv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q|
Note :
*) HTML 5 – "link" A¨vwUªweDU mv‡cvU© K‡i bv|

67
Aa¨vq - 4
GBPwUGgGj †U·U dig¨vwUs
(HTML Text Formatting)
Avgiv hLb †Kvb I‡qemvBU wfwRU Kwi, ZLb †mLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡Yi †U·U (†jLv) †`L‡Z cvB| wewfbœ ai‡Yi
†U·U ej‡Z - †U·U‡K wewfbœfv‡e mvRv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb t †jLv‡K †evì Kiv, AvÛvijvBb Kiv, c¨vivMÖvd

68
AvKv‡i wjLv, †jLvi Kvjvi cwieZ©b Kiv, d›U cwieZ©b Kiv BZ¨vw`| Avcbviv hviv gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© G KvR
K‡i‡Qb, Zviv Rv‡bb - †jLv‡K Ggb wewfbœ Avw½‡K cÖKvk Kiv †Kej wKQz Ack‡b wK¬K Kiv gvÎ| †hgb t "b"
evU‡b wK¬K K‡i †jLv‡K †evì Kiv, "Font color" Ackb †_‡K wewfbœ Kvjvi wbe©vPb Kiv, "Font size" Ackb
†_‡K †jLvi AvKvi cwieZ©b Kiv BZ¨vw`| GBPwUGgGj GI welq¸‡jv A‡bKUv GKB, Z‡e cv_©K¨ n‡jv
gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© G †hgb KvR¸‡jv Avgiv wK¬K K‡i K‡i K‡iwQ, Avi GLv‡b g¨vbyqvjx †KvW wj‡L wj‡L Ki‡Z
n‡e| cÖ‡qvRb n‡e wewfbœ Bwj‡g›U eënvi Kivi| eënv‡ii w`K †_‡K Gme Bwj‡g›Umg~n‡K Avevi wewfbœ fv‡M
fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLb Avgiv Gme Bwj‡g›Um m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Rvb‡ev|
4.1 t HTML Basic Text Formatting
4.1.1 t Heading (<h1> †_‡K <h6>) Elements wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Avgiv hLb cÎ-cwÎKvq †Kvb †jLv cwo, ZLb †jLvi Dci wk‡ivbvg †`‡L _vwK| wVK †Zgwb I‡qemvB‡UI wewfbœ
AvwU©‡Kj, †cv÷, B‡gR A¨vjevg BZ¨vwì Dci wk‡ivbvg eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K, hv‡Z K‡i cvVKiv GK bR‡i
cy‡iv welqe¯‘wU ey‡S wb‡Z cv‡i| Avi I‡qe‡c‡R Gme wel‡q wk‡ivbvg eënvi Kivi †¶‡Î GBPwUGgGj Gi
†nwWs Bwj‡g›U (<h1> †_‡K <h6>) eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| GBPwUGgGj G Qq ai‡Yi †nwWs Bwj‡g›U i‡q‡Q| h_v t
1. h1 (Heading 1)
2. h2 (Heading 2)
3. h3 (Heading 3)
4. h4 (Heading 4)
5. h5 (Heading 5) I
6. h6 (Heading 6)
G‡¶‡Î eªvDRvi Heading 1 (<h1>) Bwj‡g›U Gi wfZi Gi †jLv‡K me‡P‡q eo AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z K‡i Ges
µgvbymv‡i G AvKvi †QvU n‡Z _v‡K| wb‡Pi D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi nIqv hvK|
†cÖvMÖvg bs-9 (p9.html) †nwWs 1 Gi eënvi|
<html>
<body>
<h1> This is Heading 1 </h1>
</body>
</html>
GLb dvBjwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcyU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

69
wPÎ : 4.1.1.1 (GBPwUGgGj †nwWs 1 Bwj‡g›U e¨envi K‡i eªvDRv‡i Zvi AvDUcyU †`Lv)|
<html>
<body>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<body>
</body>
</html>

70
<html>
<body>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<body>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<body>
</body>
</html>

71
†cÖvMÖvg bs-15 (p15.html) †nwWs Bwj‡g›Umg~‡ni e¨envi|
<html>
<head>
<title> The example of Heading Elements </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> This is Heading 1 – The largest one </h1>
<h2> This is Heading 2 – The larger one </h2>
<h3> This is Heading 3 – Larger than (h4,h5 & h6) </h3>
<h4> This is Heading 4 – Smaller than (h3) </h4>
<h5> This is Heading 5 – Larger than (h6) </h5>
<h6> This is Heading 6 – The smallest one </h6>
</body>
</html>
†KvW we‡k- lY t
Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g GBPwUGgGj Gi mKj †nwWs Bwj‡g›U (<h1> †_‡K <h6>) Gi e¨envi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
GLv‡b †nwWs 1 Bwj‡g›U (<h1> </h1>) Gi wfZi "This is Heading 1–The largest one" †jLvUzKz
eªvDRv‡i me‡P‡q eo AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| †nwWs 2 Bwj‡g›U (<h2> </h2>) Gi wfZi "This is Heading 2
– The larger one" †jLvUzKz eªvDRv‡i †nwWs 1 Bwj‡g›U Gi PvB‡Z †QvU AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Gfv‡e
µgvbymv‡i †jLvi AvKvi †QvU n‡q Avm‡e|

72
wPÎ : 4.1.1.7 (GBPwUGgGj Gi mKj †nwWs Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i eªvDRv‡i Zvi AvDUcyU †`Lv)|
Dc‡i Avgiv GBPwUGgGj Gi mKj †nwWs Bwj‡g›Umg~‡ni AvDUcyU †`L‡Z cvw‛Q| GLb cÖkœ n‡‛Q, †Kvb †¶‡Î
†Kvb †nwWswU eënvi Ki‡ev?? n¨v !! g~jZ welqe¯‘i ¸i‚Z¡c~Y©Zvi µg Abymv‡i Gme †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi
n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb welqe¯‘i cÖavb †mKkb/wk‡ivbvg‡K †nwWs 1 (<h1>) Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨ †jLv n‡q _v‡K| Zvi
‡P‡q GKUz Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †mKkb‡K †nwWs 2 (<h2>) Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨ †jLv n‡q _v‡K| Avevi Zvi †P‡qI GKUz
Kg ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© †mKkb‡K †nwWs 3 (<h3>) Bwj‡g›U Gi g‡a¨ †jLv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e GLv‡b j¶¨bxq welq n‡‛Q,
Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖv‡g eënvi Kiv (<h4>, <h5> Ges <h6>) †nwWsmg~‡ni AvDUcyU A‡bKUv ¯^vfvweK †U·U Gi
g‡ZvB cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q| G‡¶‡Î wfwRUi eyS‡Z cvi‡e bv †h, †KvbwU Avm‡j †nwWs Avi †KvbwU bigvj †U·U|
ZvQvov, mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡Rkb Gi †¶‡ÎI h_vh_ †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi eënvi GKwU ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© welq| ZvB
†nwWs Bwj‡g›U eënv‡i h_vh_ †KŠkj eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avi Ggb wewfbœ †KŠkjmg~n †jL‡Ki ÔÔmvP© BwÄb
AcwUgvB‡RkbÕÕ Ges ÔÔA¨vWfvÝW mvP© BwÄb AcwUgvB‡RkbÕÕ eB `yÕwU‡Z ¯úó I we¯—vwiZfv‡e Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q,
†h¸‡jv Abymib K‡i AvcwbI Avcbvi I‡qemvBU‡K mvP© BwÄb †iRv‡ëi kx‡l© wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ib|
wb‡P †nwWs Bwj‡g›U Gi Av‡iv GKwU D`vniY Gi gva¨‡g welqwU m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi nIqv hvK t
†cÖvMÖvg bs-16 (p16.html) †nwWs Bwj‡g›Umg~‡ni eënvi|
<html>
<head>
<title> The example of Heading Elements </title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> Web Designing </h1>
<p> To learn or work professionally as being a Web Designer, you must have the
knowledge of HTML, CSS & Photoshop at least. For further you can learn also . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . </p>
<h2> HTML (HyperText Markup Language) </h2>

73
<p> HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. Developed by scientist Tim
Berners-Lee in 1990, HTML is the "hidden" code that helps us communicate with others
on the World Wide Web (WWW). </p>
<h2> CSS (Cascading Style Sheet) </h2>
<p> Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing
the presentation semantics (the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup
language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and
XHTML, but the language can also be applied to any kind of XML document, including
plain XML, SVG and XUL. </p>
</body>
</html>
Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z Avwg "Web Designing" †jLvwU‡Z †nwWs 1 (<h1>) eënvi K‡iwQ, KviY-GB jvBbwU‡K
Avwg cÖavb wk‡ivbvg wn‡m‡e D‡j- L Ki‡Z Pvw‛Q| cieZ©x‡Z Avwg "HTML (HyperText Markup
Language)" Ges "CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)" GB `yÕwU RvqMvq †nwWs 2 (<h2>) eënvi K‡iwQ, KviY-
GB †jLv `yÕwU‡K Avwg "Web Designing" Gi Dc-wk‡ivbvg wn‡m‡e D‡j- L Ki‡Z Pvw‛Q| Avkv Kwi welqwU
eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|
GLb Dc‡ii †cÖvMÖvgwU eªvDRv‡i ivb Kiv‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv AvDUcyU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
wPÎ : 4.1.1.8 (†nwWs 1 Ges †nwWs 2 Bwj‡g›U eënvi K‡i Zvi AvDUcyU eªvDRv‡i †`Lv)|
"Web Designing" †jLvwU‡Z †nwWs 1 eënvi Kivi Kvi‡Y GwU eªvDRv‡i me‡P‡q eo AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q|
Ab¨w`‡K, "HTML (HyperText Markup Language)" Ges "CSS (Cascading Style Sheet)" †jLv
`y'wU‡Z †nwWs 2 eënvi Kivi Kvi‡Y GwU eªvDRv‡i †nwWs 1 Gi PvB‡Z wKQzUv †QvU AvKv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡‛Q|

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