2. Definitions:
1. According to Kinder S. James: Audio visual
aids are any device which can be used to
make the learning experience more
concrete, more realistic and more
dynamic.
2. According to KP. Neeraja: an audio visual
aid is an instructional device in which the
message can be heard as well as seen.
3. Purposes:
To supplement and enrich teachers
own teaching to make teaching-
learning more concrete.
To serve an instructional role in itself.
To create interest among the group.
To make teaching as an effective
process.
4. Characteristics Of Good Teaching Aids
Meaningful and purposeful
Motivates the learners
Accurate in every aspect
Simple and cheap
Improvised
Large in size
Up-to-date
Easily portable
5. ADVATAGES
1. A.V.Aids helps in effective perceptual and conceptual
learning.
2. A.V.Aids helpful in capturing and sustaining attention of
students.
3. A.V.Aids arouses interest and motivates students to learn.
4. A.V.Aids is helpful in new learning.
5. A.V.Aids helps in saving energy and time of both the teacher’s
and students.
6. A.V.Aids provides near realistic experience.
7. A.V.Aids can meet individual demands.
8. A.V.Aids is useful in for education of masses.
6. GRAPHIC TEACHING AIDS
Graphic - its origin is Greek words
- Graphickos – to paint or draw and
- Graphiein – to represent with lines
Graphic teaching aids are the illustrative instructional
material depicted on a two dimensional surface
combining drawings, pictures, paintings and words.
Graphic aids provide nonverbal or visual learning
experience.
9. PREPARATION OF CARTOON
• Suitable to the level of students.
• Cartoons should be prepared according to the educational
objectives and background of students.
• The writing and graphics should be meaningful
• Cartoons should be of adequate size.
• Symbols used in the cartoon should be clear and
understandable.
• Cartoons need to be both amusing and instructive.
• Students involvement
11. Definition:
A comic strip is the graphic depiction in a series of
pictures or sketches of some character and
events full of action.
This medium of communication is found very
interesting and exciting by children.
Uses:
Comic strips fire the imagination of children
It boosts the courage of children and builds up
the spirit of adventure.
It communication detailed and vivid.
It stimulates reality and involvement.
13. Limitations:
Comic strips misguide children by depicting
characters with supernatural powers divorced from
the hard realities of life.
Comic strips hamper the development of
language of children.
Classics brought out in the form of comics develop
the tendency in children to ignore or by pas s the
original work.
Comics can soon become an obsession with young
children and they tend to avoid serious studies
14. NEWS PAPERS
• Set of written messages and news in local
language which can reach to the public
easily
15. NEWS PAPERS
It can furnish health messages in local languages which cancan reach to the
public easily. The information will be available in low cost, easy to read and
understand simple language .the people may learn to read and interpret the
contents along with pictures to enhance easy grasping.
Advantages
Best method to reach a large group
Pictures will help in easy understanding
Attractive and easy to understand
Lot of information can be obtained in various fields
Disadvantages
useful for literates only
detailed information cannot be produces
16. 3.DIAGRAMS
A diagram is the simplified drawing of an object, product,
appliance or process to explain finer points on the same.
A diagram is made to show relationships with the help of
lines and symbols without the pictorial element.
Some diagrams are commercially available while others
are drawn from various book resources.
Many teachers prefer to draw diagrams on the
chalkboard during the course of lesson itself which can
result in the loss of efficiency in teaching.
17. The following points should be kept in mind if a teacher wishes
to prepare his own diagrams.
Make diagram large enough to be seen simultaneously by the
whole class.
Make the outline features of diagrams sharp.
Include only the essential and relevant parts of diagrams
which pertain to topic.
Caption and label the diagram boldly.
The diagrams should be to the scale and proportional.
These days teachers keep the diagrams traced on acetate
sheets and cellophane papers and project the same using an
overhead projector
19. CHARTS -PURPOSES
• Showing relationship by means of facts, figures and
statistics
• Presenting material symbolically
• Summarizing information
• Showing continuity in process
• Presenting abstract ideas in visual form
• Showing development of structure
• Creating problems and stimulating thinking
• Encouraging utilization of other media of
communication
• Motivating the students.
20. SIZE OFTHE CHART
The optimum size of chart is 20" x 30".
The size of the letters should be
Title—Two and half inches
Subtitle and headings—One and one-
third inches
Space between lines—One to two inches
25. TIME CHART
The time chart is used for showing the
sequence of time of various events or for
depicting chronologically all the happenings
relevant to the development of a process,
certain organization or any problem
31. FLIP CHART:-
These are the type of chart:-
• A teacher has to prepare by incorporating his own ideas
and lines of approach of the specific topic are more
useful.
• The flip charts are a set of charts related to specific topic.
• These are tagged together and hang on a supporting
stand.
• The individual charts will carry a series of related
messages in sequences
• The salient points of specific topic will be presented.
32. FLASH CARDS
Definition:
Flash cards are a set of pictured compact
paper cards of varying sizes that are flashed
one by one in a logical sequence. Flash
cards can be self made or commercially
prepared and are made up of chart or
drawing paper, plain paper using colors or
ink on them for drawings.
33. Principles:
The messages can be brief, simple line drawing
or photographs, cartoons and the content will
be written in few lines at the back of the each
card.
10” X 12” or 22” X 28” is commonly used size.
10-12 cards for one talk can be used. It should
not be less than 3 and more than 20.
Prepare a picture for each idea which will give
visual impact to the idea.
The height of writing on the flash card is to be
approximately 5cm for better visualization .
34. How to use Flash Cards?
Be through with the picture, illustration and script
Arrange cards in sequence, flash one by one with
commentary, stress important points and review by
a quick flash.
For displaying you can hold the cards against chest,
or use folding casel, frame or box. They can also be
displayed on bulletin boards or on a wall.
35. Advantages Of Flash Cards
• Attracts attention
• Conveys messages quickly
• It is dynamic and flexible, maintains
continuity
• Easy to prepare, portable, economic
• Can be used for illiterate group
Disadvantages Of Flash Cards
• Cannot be used for a large group
• Prone to get spoiled soon
• It is time consuming during preparation
36. GRAPHS
Graphs are flat pictures which employ dots,
lines or pictures to visualize numerical and
statistical data to show relationships or
statistics.
37. • Bar Graph: the graphical representation extends
the scale along the length of bar. These graphs are
in two forms; horizontally and vertically.
38. • Line Graph: Used to show the trends and
relationships through lines
39. • Pictorial Graph: Pictures are used to illustrate any
idea, observation or measurement, graphically
40. • Pie Graph: A circle diagram in which data
is presented through sections or portions.
43. FLANNELGRAPH
Flannel graph is a thick piece of cardboard or plywood or
wooden board of 3’x 4' size on which a rough piece of flannel
is stretched or fastened tightly with drawing pins.
44. Types of maps:
• Political maps: These maps show political divisions of
the world, a continent, a nation.
• Physical maps: Shows the physical contour of a
place, area, and region.
• Relief maps: It shows the actual elevations and
depressions in a place, area, and region.
• Weather maps: Shows the amount of rains,
temperature extremes, humidity in an area, region
country.
45. • Population maps: Shows the distribution of
population in various parts of region, country.
• Picture or tourist maps: Shows historical spots
monumental sites.etc..
• Road maps: Shows the roads of a region connecting
various parts and points together.
• Railway maps: Shows the railway links between
various points.
• Air maps: Shows the air routes between various
points.
• Sea root maps: Shows the sea routes between
various sea ports.
56. PICTURES
Pictures, sketches are inexpensive to make and can be designed to
illustrate your points clearly
Pictures allowed the speaker to translate complex ideas into visual terms
the audience could grasp Immediately.
Pictures are used to express the idea, more attractive, clearly understood
Vivid pictures are used to depicting the information.
Pictures can be collected from variety of sources like; art galleries, tourism
department, national institutes, periodicals etc
If picture collected are small they can be enlarged and drawn on chart
paper sheets
Picture should be invariably captioned and labeled
Large number of framed pictures are collected, they should be catalogued
and stocked in boxes for use for classroom teaching effectively
57. PHOTOGRAPHS
Photographs are the impressions of the reality
Photographs make excellent visual aids
In the absence of model or object photographs may
be used .
Photographs should be large enough to seen easily
Normal size photos are too small to be seen clearly
without being passed around; which only diverts the
audience from what you are saying.
One can download photographs from web and can
easily adjust to size and place photos for maximum
clarity and impact
58. ADVANTAGES
Subject matter is unlimited
Can be arranged easily
Permanent and easy to handle and carry
Can be easily duplicated
Presentation can be stopped for discussion
Arouse interest in learning
They are the real impression
DISADVANTAGES
Requires time
Requires special instrument for photography
Costly
66. Preparation and rules:
• To do a special job.
• To promote one point.
• To support local demonstration.
• Planned for specified people
• Tell the message at single glance.
• Use bold letters.
• Use pleasing colors..
67. Advantages of using Poster
The advantages of using posters are:
• It attracts attention
• It conveys the message very quickly
• It does not require a detailed study
• Good poster leads to action with good motivation
• It can stand alone and is self explanatory
Disadvantages of using Posters:
• The disadvantages of their use are:
• Poster does not always give enough information
• When a poster is seen too often, it becomes a part of
the environment and then no longer attracts
attention
68. DISPLAY BOARDS
• Used to display
news alerts and
information for a
specific group of
individuals.
69. CHALK BOARD
DEFINITION
A chalkboard or blackboard is a reusable writing surface on which text or
drawings are made with chalk or other erasable markers. Blackboards were
originally made of smooth, thin sheets of black or dark grey slate stone.
Modern versions are often green or brown and are thus sometimes called a
green board or brown board instead.
70. Types
Built into the wall or fixed & framed on the wall with a ledge to keep
the chalk sticks & duster
Portable & can be placed on a stand with adjustable height
Plastic and rubberized chalkboards which can be rolled and carried
around in classrooms for hanging them on the wall as & when
required.
74. Characteristics of good
chalkboards
Size - 5 m x 6m
surface of the chalkboard should be rough
The surface of the chalkboard should be dull enough to
eliminate glare which hampers visibility of the writing on the
board.
The writing should be easily removable with cloth or foam
duster.
It should be mounted on an appropriate height within the
reach of the teacher and visibility of students.
75. Using the chalkboard
Write clearly in cursive handwriting
Avoid overcrowding
Height of letter is between 6 – 8 cm
Plan the chalkboard work in advance in simple brief phrases
and keywords.
Classroom should be lighted properly
Chalkboard should be glare free
Rub off the information already discussed in the class and
noted down by the students
76. Use shading & underlining for stressing the keywords and
statements
Draw difficult illustration before hand to save the class time.
Use other supplementary teaching aids
Use color chalks for aesthetic appeal & for providing
contrasts
Use soft cloth piece or foam duster for rubbing off the
chalkboard.
For rubbing off the writing on the chalkboard, it should be
rubbed vertically first & then horizontally
Stand on one side of the chalkboard while explaining a point
to students.
Use pointer to draw attention to the written material on the
chalkboard.
For teaching drawing, geometry, use a large scale,
protractor, compass etc. with handles.
77. Advantages
Convenient visual aid
Economical
Can capture student’s attention
Work as a valuable supplementary teaching aid
Used for drawing enlarged illustrations from the
textbooks
Used for giving lesson notes to students
Good visual aid for drill and revision
78. Limitations of the
chalkboard
It makes students heavily dependent on the teacher
Makes the lesson teacher paced
Does not care for the individual needs of the students
It makes the lesson a dull routine
Makes chalk powder to spread and inhaled by the teacher &
students
Constant use of chalkboards makes it smooth and full of glare.
79. POINTS TO REMEMBER WHILE USING
BLACKBOARD
• Blackboard should be kept clean
• Writing on the blackboard should be legible
• Letters and drawings should be large enough to be
seen from all parts of the room
• Writing should be started from top left corner
• Writing should be in straight rows
• Material on the blackboard should not be covered by
standing in front of it
• Only salient points of subject matter should be
written on the blackboard
80. CONT……
• Extreme lower corner of blackboard should not be
made use of as writing on it
• It should be ensured that blackboard is well-lit by
natural or artificial means
• Teacher should ensure that the class is attentive
while writing on the blackboard
• Occasionally students may be asked to write or draw
diagram on the blackboard
81. CONT…
• Everything required for the blackboard should be
got together before the class begins
• Duster and not hand or handkerchief should be used
for cleaning the blackboard
• Teachers should develop the ability to draw freely
on the blackboard.
• It should be ensured that the blackboard is
periodically serviced.
83. 2. BULLETIN BORAD
A bulletin board is the display board which shows the
visual learning material on a specific subject.
Types – framed; portable type
Generally, bulletin boards have a blue blazer cloth to
work as the back-drop
Recommended size is 1.5 x 2 m
84. Following items can be displayed on bulletin boards
- Interesting news
- Brochures
- Cartoons
- Poems
- sketches
- Pictures, photographs
- greeting cards
- Good thoughts
- Announcements
85. Using the bulletin board
Procure enough illustrative material
Sort out relevant material
Display the material in an aesthetic manner
On the top center fix a title
Below the title fix a brief description about the topic
Keep interest of students alive by involving them in collection of
material for bulletin board.
The height of the bulletin board should be one meter above the
ground.
The area where the bulletin boards are fixed or placed should be
well – lighted.
86. Advantages
Work as a good supplement to normal classroom teaching
Arouse student interest in specific subject
Can be effectively used as follow – up of chalkboard work
Add color and liveliness to the classroom as they have
decorative value along with the educational value.
Can be used to introduce a topic and as well review it.
87. Limitations
It has to be use as supplementary aids to other
teaching aids
At times the collection of relevant material for
certain specific topics may be difficult
90. PURPOSES OF FLANNEL
BOARD
• It captures and holds attention of students
• Materials displayed can be removed easily
• Students can construct and reconstruct the
concepts visually
91. GUIDELINES FOR PRESENTATION WITH
FLANNELBOARD
• An introduction has to be given to the group before
displaying flannel board.
• Plan the layout keeping in view the principles of
teaching.
• Arrange the materials in such a way that they lend
themselves best to illustrate the content to be
delivered.
• Try the layout to see that it fits the space on the flannel
board.
• Place the flannel board at eye level and at a slightly
inclined angle. Lighting should also be checked.
92. CONT…
• Use a minimum number of objects to let the
students focus their eyes on a few items at a
time.
• Talk to the class as much as possible but not to
the board.
• Remove the cut-outs from the board as soon as
the explanation of that concept is completed
and place the next cut-outs in position.
93.
94. 4. MAGNETIC CHALKBOARD
A magnetic chalkboard is a framed iron sheet carrying porcelain
coating in some dark color generally black or green.
A magnetic chalkboard can be used in the following ways:
- To write with chalk sticks, glass marking pencils and crayons.
To display pictures, cut-outs and light objects with disc magnets or
magnetic holders.
It can combine functions of chalkboard and flannel board both.
Magnetic holders can be used to display material with writing key
points on it.
Light three dimensional objects can be displayed on it.
Plastic cutouts with magnetic holders are available in the market.
95. Advantages of magnetic
chalkboard
Versatile teaching aid as it combines advantages of
blackboard and flannel board.
Advantage of movement of visual material by sliding it
along the surface of magnetic board.
It is light and can be made portable.
Can be easily constructed in a school by purchasing
an iron sheet and applying the blackboard paint on it.
96. 1. MODLES
A model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three –
dimensionally, i.e. Height, width and depth are felt as a reality.
This makes the understanding of the thing easy & better.
It provides knowledge of internal & external parts of a thing properly.
Big models of small thing can make its structure and working easily
comprehensible to a large number of students.
Eg. Model of heart, eye, tooth etc.
Also small models of big things can bring reality within the walls of a
classroom.
Eg. Model of O.T., ICU
97. Types of models
1. 1. Solid models :- is the replica of an original thing, made with some suitable
material like clay, plaster of paris, wood, iron etc. to show external parts and features
Eg. Model of human organs, dolls , toys, globe
2. Cut-away and x-ray models:- are the replicas of the original things to show internal
parts. It is either in the form of cross sectional model or may be composed of
detachable parts.
Eg. Cross-sectional model of human body
3. Working models:- these models are either actual working things or their miniature
replicas
Eg. Model of CPR, Mechanism of labour etc.
4. Sand model :- are graphic lay-out using sand, clay, saw dust and other objects to show
trees, buildings, rivers etc. sand models are made using colored sand in a tray of
convenient size or on a table.
Eg. Model of a tribal village, a city area, marketing complex etc.
98. Advantages of models
It heighten reality of things & make learning direct & meaningful
Explain the complex and intricate operations in a simplified way
Involve all five senses & thus learning makes effective
Durable & reuse is possible
Limitations of models
Preparation of models needs expertise
Models at time can give wrong impression & conception of the size of
the real things
Some of the models are very expensive
99. 2. OBJECTS AND 3.
SPECIMENS
Collection of real things for instructional use refers to
objects.
A specimen is a sample of the real object or a
material.
Objects and specimens are the real things & their use
for classroom teaching imparts a direct learning
experience to students.
100. SOURCES
Commercially prepared by manufacturers & factories
Discarded materials from houses, stores, hospitals etc.
Specimen found in nature.
Advantages of objects and
specimens
It arouse student’s interest in learning
Involve all the five senses in the process of learning
Heighten reality in the classroom
Develop observational skills of the students
Make classroom teaching lively
101. 5. Exhibitions
In the school, a the school or a class puts up their work for showing it
to the people outside the school, and such a show is called
exhibition.
The piece of work done by the students for an exhibition are called
exhibits.
Preparation, display & explanation of exhibits by students provide
them excellent learning
Students display the projects done & invite parents & others to see
them & interact with students. department of
102. Requisites for exhibition
The exhibition should have a central theme with a few
subthemes to focus attention to a particular concept.
It should be so placed so that most visitors can see
them.
The place should be well lighted.
Motion & sound should be utilized to capture attention
It should have some exhibits with operative
mechanisms such as switches, handles, levers
It must include a lot of demonstration
It should be able to relate various subjects to provide
integrated learning
103. 5. PUPPETS
Puppetry is an education cum entertaining aid in
which puppets manipulated by the performer is a
person termed as characters in a story to be depicted.
A puppet is a manipulative doll dressed as a
character and the performer is a person termed a
puppeteer.
104. Types of puppet
String or marionettes puppets:- it consist of
puppets with hinged body parts which are
controlled by nine strings produces required
movements in the puppet.
Stick puppets:- these are the painted
cardboard cut-outs attached by sticks.
Shadow puppets:- are silhouettes of
cardboard which produce shadows on a
white screen.
Finger or hand puppets:- are round balls
painted as heads with overflowing colorful
117. PURPOSES OF PUPPETS
Developing communication skills
Teaching emotions
Helps for the development of fine motor skills
Promotion of imaginative skills
Motivate and support children with difficulties
in communication and interaction.
Development of social skills,
119. While using puppets…
It should be accompanied by short dialogues which
are easily comprehensible.
It should not have many characters. At the most four
characters are recommended.
Put in short duration songs & dances to arouse
emotions.
The main problem or question should be introduced in
the beginning of the puppet show and answer come
out at the end of it to keep up interest & suspense.
120. advantages
Inspires the students to learn by doing
Gives a sense of accomplishment & achievement
Develops social skills of communication, cooperation &
coordination
Foster creativity among students
121. 6. Dioramas
A diorama is a three – dimensional arrangement of related
objects, models and cut – outs to illustrate a central theme or
concept.
The objects and models are generally placed in a big box or a
showcase with a glass covering & background painted with a
shade or a scene.
Eg. A harvest scene, a planting scene, a street scene, a scene
of school activities
122.
123. Types of dioramas
1. Aquarium:- it is a transparent box containing water to
maintain aquatic plants & animals
2. Terrarium:- a transparent or meshed box containing soil, ferns,
moss & small land animals
3. Avarium:- it is a huge cage where birds along with a small
tree, shrubs and pond can be kept alive.
4. Herbarium & botonical garden:- a herbarium is collection of
pressed & dried herbs placed in an enclosure.
A botonical garden can be prepared where medicinal herbs
can planted & looked after.
127. Advantages
All advantages of exhibitions
Provides opportunity to do project work
Provides a feeling of solidity to the reality because of
the perspective and background painting.
128. 7. Museums
A museum is a building displaying a collection of
historical relics, antiques, curiosities, works of art, works
of science, works of literature, and other artifacts of
general interest.
Eg. National museum, New Delhi; Natural History
Society Museum, Mumbai
129.
130. MOCK UPS
Mock-up refers to a specialized model or
working replica of the object being depicted
131. 9. MOULAGE
It emphasizes the functional relationship between the
device is artificial.
Eg. Artificial fecial ideas.
133. 1. RADIO
The most common form of public education &
entertainment is radio receiver.
It can be seen in remotest villages even.
Now a days the feature of radio is available in all kinds
of mobile phones.
In certain countries, several colleges & universities
have their own radiotransmitters.
134. Types of radio programs
Talk:- a talk is the sequential narration about a topic
by a single speaker.
Discussions:- in a discussion a group of participants
share their views in the form of panels, interviews and
debates.
Dramatization:- these radio lessons have various
interesting sound effects to amplify emotions and give
the mental pictures of the characters in a plot.
135. Advantages of radio
Good for mass education
Effective for distance education
Dramatic effects can arouse positive emotions &
reinforce positive attitudes
A good radio lesson can be recorded for use at an
appropriate time.
136. 2. RECORDINGS
The device which can record & reproduce sound are
recording devices
There are two types of recording devices:
- Record disc player
- Tape recorder
137. Record disc player
A record disc player is a sort of talking machine which
reproduces sound recorded on a disc
Advantages –
- It has a repeat value & can be played over & again
for practice & drill
- Certain portions can be played back
- Arouse positive emotions by specific sound effects &
dramatization
138. Tape recorder
It is portable electronic gadget to record, reproduce,
erase & re-record sound on a magnetic tape.
Advantages:-
- It is commonly available aid
- Reuse is possible
139. TELEVISION
[audio-visual]
It is being acknowledged as a powerful medium of
mass education.
It can bring real outside world into the classroom.
It can described as electronic chalkboard.
In some countries, there are educational television
stations which have prepublicized programs for
students.
Even complete educational courses called tele-
courses are transmitted for students.
140. advantages
Induce effective learning by involving eye, ear & emotions
Can directly show the current happening & live shows even in the
remote parts
It is a compact piece of equipment which is easy & convenient to
handle.
Powerful medium for mass education
Impart experiences which are out of physical reach
Can include latest information & findings to update knowledge of
students & teachers both.
141. In Nursing or health sciences, television can be used for
following purposes:-
- Classroom teaching
- Hospital to visualize the operations lively
- For giving health education to large group and to the
people at long distance
- For distance education
- For Tele-nursing
142. 1.Computer Assisted Instruction
When the computer is used as an aid to teaching, method of
instructions called the computer aided instructions [CAI].
In implementing CAI, the principles of programmed learning are
used with an added advantage that the responses of the student
are instantly and permanently recorded by the computer.
In order to interact with a computer, the student sits at an
electronic keyboard hooked to the computer.
He introduces himself to the computer by a code number.
After this, Computer displays information which is followed by a
question.
The student types out the answer or responds by punching key to
get the feedback from the computer.
143. Types of computer aided instruction
1. Logo :- It is the instructional procedure for learning the program
language through simple tasks. The simple programs in logo system
are concerned with generating designs on the screen which students
do by following the instructions like that of preparation of a recipe in
cooking class.
2. Simulation :- this CAI program is learning the computer language
through gaming & simulation. Certain simulations are concerned with
science experiments in which outcomes can be got using the
computer.
3. Controlled learning:- this CAI program is concerned with drill and
practice activities supplementary to the prescribed curriculum in any
subject area. A controlled learning program provides a course of
study in an instructional sequence on the pattern of branching
program.
144. Advantages
It can be used for handling a large number of students using
computer terminals.
It can individualize classroom instruction.
In CAI, the simultaneous testing of each individual can be done by
computer thus relieves teacher from correction.
It provides multi – dimensional learning through words, graphic &
problem solving.
It can also work as an aid in the independent study schemes.
It has high storage capacity.
145. Limitations
Lacks the human & emotional factors
Costly equipment
It produces more mental & physical fatigue as
compared to other methods
Cannot interact with computer in human language
Mechanical response become dull & frustrating
146. 2. DEMONSTRATION
A demonstration is an activity to show ‘how’ and providing proofs for
a process or happening.
In short, it is a performance to show a process or activity to others.
Eg. In primary school to tell meaning of jump;
In language class to teach pronunciations, accent, gestures,
expressions etc;
In science class to teach experiments
In work experience subjects like photography, carpentry, cooking,
electrical gadget repairs etc.;
In nursing science, various procedure for caring patients, preparation
of various foods for patients, use of machines, instruments in hospitals
etc.
149. Do’s of demonstration
Before demonstration, keep everything ready & organized
Place enough equipment for everybody
Present in sequence stressing the main ideas
Let the demonstration proceed smoothly without interruptions.
Ask questions to students about their observations
If students have not understood then do it again
Use other teaching aid to supplement demonstration
Summarize the main points at the end
Have a friendly & warm behavior
Allow students to perform
Give handout with key concepts
Perform the demonstration from a place where every one in the class
can see it.
152. 3. DRAMATICS
Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping the
classroom instruction lively and interesting.
Here students becomes spectators and participants.
Mainly useful in language and social science classes
153. Types
1. Role playing:- the players [students] act out the characters
based upon their knowledge & impressions of a small incident. A
role playing act requires no script and rehearsal.
2. Play lets:- the players stage a small play lasting for 10-15min with
a script preparation and costumes.
3. Pageant:- the players present a colorful enactment of a phase
of history with the period costumes.
4. Pantomime:- the players present a scene in which characters
act out loudly with expressions and gestures but do not speak.
5. Tableaux:- the players neither talk nor they act, but they only
pose different actions.
154. Advantages
Added advantage of spectators and participants
Makes learning a pleasure.
Involves students totally
Develops social skills
Makes students creative, sensitive and alert
Very Helpful in nursing
155. 4. EXPERIMENT
Experiment is a learning activity in which students collect and
interpret observations using measuring instruments to reach some
conclusions.
Eg. In nursing science, preparation of slides & its observation
Application of hot or cold compresses & its effect.
ADVANTAGES
The teacher can individually attend students
The students learn better by doing
Learn cooperation & coordination in group experiments
Build scientific attitudes, observational power & ability to draw
conclusions
156. 5. FIELD TRIP
A Field trip is defined as a planned and supervised visit
of a group of students outside the normal classroom to
get the first hand educational experience.
157. Types of field trip
1. Local school trip:-
It is a trip within the school and its immediate neighbor to acquaint
students about the potential of learning from the immediate
environment.
A school trip is essential for fresh students to know the geography
of the school; facilities and services available in the school; and
introduction with the school personnel and staff.
Eg. Orientation to college & hospital
2. Community Trip:-
It is the trip made to a nearby place of educational interest and it
requires some hours or a complete day.
Eg. A trip to museum, milk diary, market, industry, water purification
plant, sewage disposal etc.
3. Educational trip:- it is the trip made to a distant place requiring more
than one day.
Eg. Visit to other nursing institute
158. While using field trip ……..
Prepare yourself & students
Identify purpose of the trip
Teacher student ration – 1:10
Prepare a guide & activity sheet
Inform proper agency
Prepare worksheet & distribute to students to write
information
Instruct students regarding safety rules & precautions
Take camera for recording visual observations
159. Follow - up after field trip
A group discussion about outcomes
Collection and display of learning material collected
during trip
Relating field trip gains with learning units in syllabus
Extending learning from field trip in the form of
preparation of projects, reports, models etc.
Testing gains through field trips through questions &
opinions.
160. Advantages
Provides accurate information about objects, process,
systems in real settings
Provide meaningful direct experience
Student’s enthusiasm can be easily directed to effective
learning
Can effectively supplement classroom teaching
Develop proper attitudes and social skills among children.
Limitations
Occasional activity
Expensive
Require proper & detailed planning