Impact of globalization on tribal women with respect to their socio economic status and tribe trafficking.

1. Globalization and Tribal Women
A presentation on the impact of globalization on tribal women in India.

2.  Globalization is diffusion of practices, values
and technology that have an influence on
people’s lives worldwide.
 Globalization involves economic integration; the
transfer of policies across borders; the
transmission of knowledge; cultural stability
the reproduction, relations, and discourses of
power; it is a global process, a concept, a
revolution and “an establishment of the global
market free from socio-political control.”
 India started the process of economic
globalization in the early of 1978 by taking
small steps and during the 1991, the major
policy changes were adopted and India opened
up for liberalization and privatization.

3. TRIBE

4. Meaning of a ‘tribe’
 The word 'tribe' is generally used for a "socially
cohesive unit, associated with a territory, the
members of which regard them as politically
autonomous”.
 In India, the Scheduled Tribes are usually
referred to as Adivasis, which literally means
indigenous peoples.
 In the book Globalization on the ground, Steve
Derne argues that the effects of globalization on
existing cultural values differ among social
groups.
 Some of the groups, for whom globalization has
brought little change in economic position and
opportunities, has resisted changes to existing
ideas about family, marriage and gender
relations.

5. India have the second largest tribal population in the world
TRIBALL INDIA

6.  India is characterized by having second largest
tribal population in the world
 The tribal population is more than the total
population of France and Britain and four times
that of Australia.
 The population of tribal communities scheduled
in the Constitution of India and known as
Scheduled Tribes (STs) comprise about 16.6
percent and 8.6 percent, respectively, of India's
population (according to the 2011 census) and
accounts for 8.2% of the total population. 4.26
crores are man and 4.17 crores are women.

7. 10/01/14
 According to the Anthropological Survey a total of
4,635 communities are now to be found in India.
Out of this total, ‘tribal’ or Indigenous
communities number 732.
 The largest concentrations of indigenous peoples
are found in the seven states of north-east India,
and the “central tribal belt” stretching from
Rajasthan to West Bengal.
 There are over 700 Scheduled Tribes notified
under Article 342 of the Constitution of India,
spread over different States and Union Territories
of the country. Many tribes are present in more
than one state. The largest numbers of scheduled
tribes are in the states of Orissa

8.  The impact of globalization on the Indigenous
communities is manifold, and often they are ones
most negatively affected.
 Policies of the central government, especially in
areas like education, health, public distribution
system, industrial policy, had made far reaching
consequence in the economy and society of the
state.
 The impact of globalization is strongest on tribal
populations because these communities have no
voice and are therefore easily swept aside by the
invisible hand of the market and its proponents.
When majority of the communities in the world are
changing their life-styles, competing with each
other and developing materialistic instincts to
keep pace with the “progress” of the world, there
are communities still living in line with their
traditional values, customs and beliefs.

9. Negative affects
 Under globalization, it is the tribal Indigenous
areas that have had to face the attacks of
massive developmental projects.
 Even after the sixty years of formation of the
state tribals continue as one of the most
marginalized community within the state, the
post globalized developmental projects and
developmental dreams of the state has again
made the deprivation of the tribals and the
developmental divide has increased between the
tribal and non-tribal.
 Tribal women face problems and challenges in
getting a sustainable livelihood and a decent life
due to environmental degradation and the
interference of outsiders

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SOCIO-ECONOMICS ROLES
 Collection of minor forest produce is done mostly by
women and children. Many also work as laborers in
industries, households and construction, contributing to
their family income.
 The status of the tribal women usually depends on the
economic roles they play. The tribals in the past were
usually forest dwellers and their livelihood to a great
extent depended on the food-gathering economy. More
than the men, the women walked long distances to fetch
wood and fodder. Besides, they also collected fruits, roots
and tubers, lac, gums and leaves for self-consumption and
sale. The men also complemented them by collecting
timber and logs. They climbed the trees to shake down the
fruits that were gathered on the ground by women. As
there has been large scale deforestation, women have to
slog harder to retain the gathering economy.

11. 10/01/14
 In recent years, due to the population explosion
and in-migration, the jhum cultivation is
gradually losing its viability. Besides, due to the
capitalist policies of the state jhum cultivation is
giving way to permanent terraced wet-rice
cultivation. Multi-cropping practices too are
getting lost and the emphasis on mono-cropping
is being laid. Cash crops and horticulture are
also being preferred. In the process women are
losing their labour work and in many places of
the North-East like Nagaland and Arunachal
Pradesh, migrant male labourers are being
employed.

12. 10/01/14
 Tribals have also opted for settled cultivation in place of the
forest-based economy. They are also preferring to raise cash
crops and exotic high-breed crops. In the process the women
are getting displaced from their work. In West Bengal, the
Santhal women in groups migrate down or go for ‘namal’ down
to the southern districts for weeding and transplanting after
completing the cultivation work in their own dry areas.For
quite some time the tribes have been exposed to industries in
central India. There have come many big and small dams and
many development projects as well.The women suffer all the
more as they get sexually abused. Besides, they are paid much
less as compared to the men.
 Undoubtedly, the programmes, which are oriented towards
the empowerment of tribals, particularly women, have
improved the socio-economic conditions and status of some
tribes. However, there are wide variations across regions and
tribes in terms of work participation, sex ratio, economic
productivity and social life.

13. 10/01/14
Tribal Women in Agriculture
Over 80% of tribals work in the primary sector against 53%
of the general population
About 45% are cultivators against 32.5% of the general
population
A tribal woman can participate actively in all agricultural
operations In agriculturally back ward areas, tribal women are
forbidden to touch a plough and can not dig the ground but
in all other agricultural operations, women participate
actively and traditionally these are a female’s job. Processing
of food grain is exclusively a woman’s job.
Tribal Women in Ecological Development
Ecofeminism considers that: (a) there is a distinct
relationship between women and the environment, (b) women
have certain responsibilities which make them dependent on
nature and (c) women have an extensive knowledge of natural
resources.

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Tribal Women and Forests
 Tribals have been residing in forest areas for
generations, cultivating land and collecting non-timber
forest produce.
 Preparing food and providing for drinking water
is solely women’s responsibility so they operate
closely with the forests from where they get
water, fuel and minor products

15. TRIBE TRAFFICKING
10/01/14

16. Most traffickers are known to families one way
or other
 They either live in the same community or
neighboring villages.
 Often they operate through intermediaries in
the villages. Oblivious to the evils of the larger
world, gullible tribals are the softest targets.
 Over the years haats and melas, such as the
Jagannath chariot festival, have become hotbed
of intermediaries and traffickers to track
potential candidates. These huge gatherings are
social platforms where boys and girls mingle.
Targeted young girls are often lured with the
promise of marriage and taken outside
Jharkhand.

17. 10/01/14
 The tribal women in the North-East were famous
for their weaving skills. Almost every tribal girl
used to learn weaving at home. But now with
commercialisation of the products, the women
have lost control over the designs as the market
has come to be the decisive factor.
 The tribal women in India have virtually no role
to play in the social and political spheres.The
tribal women had no place in the village councils.
The women were never represented in the
traditional panchayats. It is only now, due to the
mandatory provisions of the state, that some
women are getting elected in the panchayats
.But even in such cases, usually the women are
dictated by husbands or relatives who already
wielded enough power in the locality.

18. CONCLUSION
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19. 10/01/14
In India, if a woman belong to a schedule tribe,
then she is the most deprived. They might play key
role in the tribal economy but their status always
remain same. With the globalization of Indian
society, theoretically, the tribals are encouraged to
come out of their social sphere and be a part of the
‘mainstream’ society. But in practice, when they
come out, they are exploited and trafficked
illegally. Globalization and so called ‘development’
may focus on uplifting the tribal women by
providing legal assistance and other such facilities,
but the problem is that of creating opportunities in
the society.

20. REFERENCES

21.  Tribal women development and integration
 Socio-economic empowerment of tribal women
 Globalization and the plight of tribals: the case of kerla
 Government of India (2001), Census of India, 2001]
 Government of India (2011), Census of India, 2011
 Ministry of Tribal Affairs (2013) Annual Report 2012-13, Government of
India
 “Jharkhand haats, melas hotbeds of
traffickers”(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jharkhand-haats-melas-
hotbeds-of-traffickers/articleshow/38769452.cms)
 http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article3314.html

22. 10/01/14