history and development of veterinary medicine

1. HISTORY & SCOPE

2. History of veterinary Medicine
• Medicine
• Science of treating animals – healing art
• Veterinary Medicine
• Branch of medical science which deals with the diagnosis,
treatment, prevention and general study of diseases in animals,
especially domesticated animals.

3. • Apollo was regarded as God of healing (Greece)
• First written record of veterinary Medicine was provided
by Papyrus of Kahun (Egypt 1900 BC)
• Oldest document of veterinary medicine: Code of
Hammurabi (1700 BC)
• Greek physicians – proposed humural theory for disease
• Human body is composed of four “humours” – Cholor
(yellow bile) melancholy (black bile), phlegm and blood
• Hippocrates: Father of human medicine
• Disease is a reflection of imbalance of the body humours
• Lifted the medicine from the art of philosophy to a
systemic clinical disease

4. • In Greece – A class of people known as “Haippiathri”
(Horse doctors)
• Democritus : disease is produced due to the change in
the density of the body
• Renatus Vegetius – Father of Veterinary Medicine
• France – devastating outbreak of Rinderpest (1710-1714).
This paved the way for establishment of first Veterinary
School at Lyons (1761)

5. • Rene Laënnec (1781-1826) was a French physician who,
invented the stethoscope (1816)

6. • Francis Rynd, Irish physician developed hypodermic
needle and syringe

7. • In India during vedic period , people were concerned
about the management, diagnosis and treatment of
diseases of animals
• In ancient India, animal treatment was mostly confined to
“Ayurveda”
• King Ashoka (250 BC) established veterinary hospitals
manned by veterinarians
• Salihothri – was the term used for horse doctors

8. • First army veterinary school in Pune (1862)
• The first civil veterinary school was started in Babugarh
(Hapur), in Uttar Pradesh (1877)
• First veterinary college was started at Lahore, now in
Pakistan, in 1882
• Veterinary College at Bombay 1886
• Veterinary College at Calcutta 1893
• Veterinary College at Madras 1903
• College of Veterinary Science, Bapatla 1955 , shifted to
Tirupati 1957
• Veterinary Council of India (VCI) established in 1984

9. • The English word 'veterinarian' as defining one who
provides medical care to animals, comes from the Latin
verb “veheri” meaning “to draw” (as in "pull") and was first
applied to those who cared for “any animal that works with
a yoke” – cattle or horses

10. Scope of Veterinary Medicine
• Clinical practice of food animal medicine
• Clinical practice of small animal medicine
• Laboratory animal medicine
• Zoo animal medicine
• Public health & Zoonoses
• Regulatory services – control of infectious disease
• Environmental health & safety
• Research

11. • Medicine which deals with the diseases of farm animals is
termed as “Farm animal medicine”
• Medicine which deals with the diseases of pet animals is
termed as “Companian animal medicine”

12. • Veterinary medicine broadly divided into
• Clinical Veterinary Medicine
• Preventive Veterinary Medicine
• Clincal Veterinary Medicine (bed side medicine, internal
medicine, curative medicine) is that branch which covers
the art of making a correct diagnosis and extends the
remedial and curative measures against diseases of
animals
• Preventive Veterinary Medicine is that branch which
ensures measures to maintain health when disease is
imminent. It deals with all measures to control and
prevent animal diseases

13. • Health indicates physical, physiological and mental well
being of an individual.
• ( Health denotes the condition of bodily structure and
function which on appraisal of larger number of similar
individuals are observed to be identical or prevailing one)
• Disease : any deviation from normal physical or
physiological conditions will be considered as disease
• It indicates inability to perform normal physiological
functions though the nutrition and other environmental
factors are maintained at optimum level

14. Classification of disease
According to mode of origin / Gnesis
• Hereditary disease : diseases which are transmitted to
the offspring through sire or dam
• Diseases are handed over through sperm or ovum of
parents to the progeny
Ex: Epilepsy, Haemophilia
• Congenital disease
• Diseases which are acquired during intra-uterine life of an
individual and appreciable at birth
• Denotes “begotten” or “ born with disease”
Ex: Atresia ani, Brucellosis, Tuberculosis

15. Classification of disease
• Acquired disease
• Diseases which are neither hereditary nor congenitalbut
are contracted during the entire life span of an individual
Ex: Senile cataract

16. Classification of disease
Based on systems involved
• Localised disease
• Clinical changes attributable to a disease is prominent
and confined in a particular spot or organ
• Ex: Glossitis, Abscess
• Generalised disease
• Diseases which affects most or all parts of a body
• Systemic involvements are prominent in this form of
disease
• Ex: Toxaemia, Septicemia

17. Classification of disease
Based on changes in the organ
• Structural or organic disease
• Disease which brings about pathological changes in the
structure of any organs
Ex: Pericarditis, Nephritis, Rickets
• Functional disease
• Disease which affects functional efficiency of any organ
without altering the structural components of it
Ex: Idiopathic Epilepsy, Arrhythmia

18. Classification of disease
Based on specific cause
• Specific disease
• Disease which have got a definite identity and are produced by
a specific pathogen
• Contagious disease (contagion – pollution by touching
• Disease is spread by intimate contact with the diseased animal
Ex: Rinderpeat, FMD
• Infectious disease
• Disease is caused by living infecting organisms
• Ex: Viral , bacterial, protozoal, mycotic diseases
• Non specific diseases:
• Diseases whose cause is indefinite or multiple
Ex: Diarrhoea, Vomiting

19. •All infectious diseases may or may not
be contagious
but
all contagious diseases are infectious

20. Classification of disease
According to the intensity and spread of disease
• Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic, Sporadic
• Endemic
'Endemic' is used in two senses to describe:
1) the usual frequency of occurrence of a disease in a
population
2) the constant presence of a disease in a population

21. Classification of disease
According to the intensity and spread of disease
• Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic, Sporadic
• Epidemic
• sudden, usually unpredictable, increase in the number
of cases of an infectious disease in a population
• In modern epidemiology, an epidemic is an occurrence
of an infectious or non-infectious disease to a level
in excess of the expected (i.e., endemic) level.

22. Classification of disease
According to the intensity and spread of disease
• Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic, Sporadic
• Pandemic occurrence
• A pandemic is a widespread epidemic that usually
affects a large proportion of the population.
• Many countries may be affected

23. Classification of disease
According to the intensity and spread of disease
• Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic, Sporadic
• Sporadic
• Disease which affects a single animal and shows no
tendency to spread with in the herd
• Disease occurs irregularly and haphazardly

24. Symptomology
It is the science that deals with the symptoms of various diseases
• Symptom :
• It denotes adverse feelings by the animals owing to
abnormalities in bodily or mental condition.
• In human medicine, the abnormal sensations or feelings are
expressed by the patient which is out of question in vet.medicine
• Sign
It is outward manifestation of a disease observed through
objective evidence
• It is observed by veterinary clinician, animal attendant or others
• Ex: Bottle jaw, red urine, loose stools are the signs of anaemia,
haemoglobinuria and enteritis respectively

25. Symptomology
Subjective symptoms
• It indicates the feelings expressed by the patient
• In Human medicine, patient voluntarily expresses his
difficulty to the clinician
• Actual location of pain in any organ can be obtained
through interrogation of human patient
Objective symptoms
• Symptoms which are observed by the clinician through
various methods of examination

26. Symptomology
Premonitory/ precussory symptoms
• An initial phase of a forthcoming disease, the balance of
health become upset and some symptoms may appear
and thus serve as warning of approach of a disease
• Ex: suspension of rumination, lack of appetite, feeling of
chill before the onset of fever

27. Symptomology
Direct or Idiopathic symptoms
• These symptoms which are spontaneous in nature and
are directly reflected from a disease process and are not
secondary to some other affections of organs
• Ex: Mucus and blood accompained with tenesmus in
dysentery
Indirect / sympathetic symptoms
• Symptoms which are associated with the disease of any
remote organ
• Ex: Vomiting due to nephritis, dyspnoea due to
hypertrophy of liver

28. Symptomology
Typical symptoms
• Symptoms which are characteristic of a disease
• Clinician may distinguish the disease from its typical
manifestation (diagnostic symptoms)
• Ex: Septicemia along with crepitation of muscles
• Black quarter
Atypical symptoms
• Symptoms which are irregular and do not bear any
conformity of typical symptoms
• Ex: Nervous manifestation of calf suffering from
Coccidiosis

29. Symptomology
Diagnostic / pathognomonic symptoms
• Symptoms which point directly and definitely to a
particular disease and afford a distinct basis for diagnosis
• Ex: Lock jaw
• – Tetanus,
• Oozing of tarry coloured unclotted blood from natural
orifices
• - Anthrax

30. Symptomology
Prognostic symptoms
• Symptoms which help the clinician to determine the
course of termination of disease
• The prognosis of a disease following therapy may also be
assessed
• Ex: Sudden relief of pain after severe colic in equines-
rupture of organ

31. Syndrome
• A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms which
are correlated with each other and often associated with a
particular disease or disorder
• A combination of symptoms and signs that together
represent a disease process
• Ex. Acid indigestion may produce concurrent heaptic
insufficeincy, renal insufficiency, polyencephalomalacia
symdromes

32. DIAGNOSIS
• Most difficult task in treating a patient
• It is an art of recognition of disease and determine the
nature of disease
Snap shot diagnosis
• Diagnosis which is declared at the very approach of a
patient at a glance
Direct diagnosis
• Made directly by observing structural or pathognomonic
lesions

33. DIAGNOSIS
Differential diagnosis
• Art of differentiation of disease by comparison and
contrast with similar disease
Exclusion form of diagnosis
• A method of diagnosis by the process of excluding all
other similar disease

34. DIAGNOSIS
Tentative diagnosis
• Process of determination of disease on the basis of
subjective changes evidenced through clinical
examination
• Considered as presumptive diagnosis where a precise
diagnosis is not feasible unless laboratory and other
measures are not adopted
Confirmatory diagnosis
• Actual disease condition of the animal diagnosed through
clinical and clinico-pathological examination

35. DIAGNOSIS
Symptomatic diagnosis
• When etiological diagnosis is not possible and the leading
symptoms are poorly manifested, diagnosis has to be
made based on principal pathological changes
Herd diagnosis
• Examination of most of the affected animals
• Meticulous search of the environment on which animals
are kept in relation to grazing pasture, housing condition,
feeds offered
• Post mortem examination of dead animals

36. PROGNOSIS
• It is the forecast of the probable course and termination of
a disease process
• Prognosis depends on
• nature & course of the disease
• success/ failure of previous treatment
• state of appetite
• behaviour, physical condition of the animal
• involvement of vital systems or
• any other complications arising out of the primary disorder and
• extent of the local lesion or functional disorder

37. PROGNOSIS
• Grades of prognosis
Favourable Uncomplicated traumatic peritonitis in cattle
Doubtful
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis with adhesion of
diaphragm with abdominal wall
Poor
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis complicated by
abscess in liver
Grave
(Hope less)
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis following penetration
of sharp foreign object

38. TREATMENT
• Application of knowledge of pharmacology in treatment of
disease
• Cost of treatment should not exceed cost of animal
• Treatment may be General / Specific
1) General treatment
• Measures adopted to combat certain complications during
the course of a disease & to resuscitate the vitality of
animal
a) Fluid therapy : dehydration
b) Mechanical treatment : Ex: Exercise, Massage etc.
Massage with various counter irritants is frequently
done in paraplegic dog

39. TREATMENT
c) Physical treatment : e.g. use of heat, electricity, X-rays,
U.V. rays, Infra red rays. Rays are generally used in
diseases of musculoskeletal system
d) Helio treatment : e.g. Exposure to sunlight in case of
Rickets, Hypopigmentation
e) Dietetic treatment: (therapeutic nutrition) Regulation and
monitoring of diets in different diseases
e.g. Diabetes, obesity, renal diseases, hepatic disease,
cardiac disease

40. TREATMENT
f) Psychologic treatment : it includes sympathetic
approach, training and psychiatric management to prevent
behavioural stress and various vices of animals
g) Aerosol treatment: therapy done for humidification of
respiratory mucous membrane. Aerosol drugs are used

41. TREATMENT
2. Symptomatic treatment : Adm. of medicines in order to
get rid of symptoms which may be causing distress
e.g. Expectorants in respiratory disease,
Carminative mixtures in tympany
3. Specific treatment : Adm. of specific curative agents
against disease causing agents
e.g. specific antidote in poisoning,
Calcium therapy in milk fever,
antibacterial agents against bacteria,
anthelminthics for helminths
4. Palliative treatment : Type of treatment extended in case of
incurable diseases to prolong the life span of the individual
e.g. Insulin in Diabetes mellitus

42. TREATMENT
5. Emperical treatment : Art of treating the patient with
experienced gained through a long time trail & error methods.
The basis of such treatment is ill understood & very often the
exact pathology and pharmacology are not known
e.g. Inflation of udder with air in case of milk fever in cattle
6. Rational treatment : Adm. of medicines based on
pathophysiology of the disease process and knowledge of
pharmaco therapeutic of drugs
e.g. Atropine sulphate to alleviate spasmodic colic in horse
7. Prophylactic treatment : It embraces all measures to prevent
spread of disease when it is likely to be contracted by animals
e.g. Quarantine, disposal of carcasses, balanced
nutrition, Vaccination

43. Period and Course of Disease
• Disease process in body can be divided into 2 main
groups
• Those associated with inflammation
• Those of non-inflammatory nature
• Inflammatory diseases usually give rise to pain, redness,
swelling,  body temp & impairment of function
• In non-inflammatory process swelling and disturbance of
function may occur but erythema, heat and pain are
generally absent
• Diseases – rapid course – signs are well marked
• Disease – slow course- signs are much less obvious

44. Period and Course of Disease
Disease
Latent
period
Prodromal
period
Period of
manifestation
Outcome
of disease
Recovery
Complete
recovery
Incomplete
recovery
Relapse
Complica
tion
Sequelae Death

45. Period and Course of Disease
• Latent period
• Time lapses between infection and the shedding of the
agent (parasite's prepatent period, a virus's eclipse
phase, and a bacterium's latent period)
• Incubation period
• The period of time between infection and the development
of clinical signs.
• Inapparent infections have a prepatent period, but do not
have an incubation period
• Generation time
• Period between infection and maximum infectiousness

46. Period and Course of Disease
• Prodromal period
• Period characterized by the presence of early signs
and nonspecific symptoms of a disease
• Period between incubation period and the illness period
• Period of manifestation
• Period of development of marked clinical manifestations
which help the clinician to diagnose the disease

47. Period and Course of Disease
• Outcome of disease
• Recovery
• In some cases the disease ends in restoration of functions
and complete recovery
• Infectious diseases- host acquires a state of immunity to
the given infection
• Recovery or cure may occur through gradual diminishing
of marked manifestations and fever with slow return
health. This type of cure is known as “Lysis”
• E.g. Infectious canine hepatitis, Canine distemper

48. Period and Course of Disease
• Recovery or cure may occur by rapid loss of
manifestations and fever with rapid return of health. This
type of cure is known as “Crisis”
• E.g. Acute bronchopneumonia
• If the functional disturbances caused by disease do not
completely disappear then the cure is incomplete
• In some cases, structural and functional changes persist
• E.g. 1) Vegetative endocarditis - heart valve retain lesions
2) Joint remain immobile after tubercular arthritis

49. Period and Course of Disease
• Relapse : recurrence of the disease after clinical cure
during the period of convalescence
• E.g. Recuurrent endocarditis
• Relapse may be due to break in the immunity
competency of the host as a result of exposure, exertion
and errors in diet
• Complication
• Primary disease causes a weakness of the body and
animal become susceptible to other diseases
• E.g. after canine distemper infection dog suffers from
secondary bacterial infection

50. Period and Course of Disease
• Convalescence
• It is the state through which a patient passes after
prolonged illness till it regains normal health and optimum
power of production
• Sequelae
• Affections which may arise after the apparent recovery of
a primary disease
• E.g. Chorea observed after Canine distemper in dogs

51. Death
• Clinical death is characterised by deepest depression of
the activity of central nervous system.
• The metabolic process are greatly disturbed
• The energy reserves are depleted, but changes in tissues
remain reversible for 5-6 minutes. After that, there is
appearance of irrevesible changes in the tissues, which
first occur in the higher part of the CNS and there by state
of biological or true death sets in.
Three modes of death
• Coma – death from failure of functioning of brain
• Syncope- death from failure of functioning of heart
• Asphyxia - death from failure of functioning of lungs

52. Death
signs of death
• There is cessation of respiration
• There is cessation of circulation
• There is no response to external stimuli
• There is dilatation of pupil & fixation of eye ball
• There is fall of body temperature
• There is setting up of rigor mortis

53. Death
Types of death
1) Apparent death : vital functions are feebly maintained
and thus not apparent
2) Intra uterine death: death of fetus while still in the uterus
3) Neonatal death: death of newly born animals
4) Somatic death: death of whole body of animals