Pipe Dreams: Observations on the Governance of Water Supply in New Delhi
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STEPS Water & Sanitation Symposium 2011
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Pipe Dreams: Observations on the Governance of Water Supply in New Delhi
- 1. Suneetha Dasappa-Kacker Anuradha Joshi Presentation for STEPS conference on Liquid Dynamics II Pipe Dreams: Observations on the Governance of Water Supply in New Delhi
- 4. The Vicious Cycle UTILITY NEIGHBOURHOOD ASSOCIATIONS UTILITIES POLITICIAN NON-STATE PROVIDERS
- 5. The Virtuous Cycle UTILITY UTILITIES POLITICIAN NON-STATE PROVIDERS NEIGHBOURHOOD ASSOCIATIONS
- 12. The Current Cycle UTILITY UTILITIES POLITICIAN NON-STATE PROVIDERS NEIGHBOURHOOD ASSOCIATIONS
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Gaps in the literature—how to get from vicious cycle to a virtuous cycle Case material from Delhi Implications of the case Conclusions
- Have had excellent overviews of the debates so far – so will only dwell on the aspects concerning mechanisms of service delivery. This has encompassed decentralisation, community management of systems, private sector participation…etc Urbanisation is sweeping the developing world, and as part of the debates on arrangements to ensure water supply to the poor in urban areas, there has been a vibrant discourse on…. Perhaps as a sub-set of the larger debate on private sector participation Non state operators reach the poor, at prices that the poor are bearing (albeit sometimes unwillingly) High prices, unreliable services, quality of services
- Utilities not interested in providing water to the poor (no revenues, no incentives to provide, given uncertain legal status of localities) Non state providers meeting the needs of the poor. Issues of water quality, poor paying more than tariffs of water utility) Politicians interests become entrenched in the system (can leverage illegal aspect of provider’s operations for pay-backs, or are directly involved in provision themselves)- not interested in extending formal coverage as in their interest to keep settlements partially illegal; residents have no leverage with water utility, administration unwilling to deal with these given uncertain legal status and problems with cost recovery. Poor are paying higher, but getting worse service levels but locked into existing arrangements. No real competition.
- Unsustainable use of water by non state providers? Utilities find it difficult to service low income neighborhoods, but this can be addressed by contracting the services of non-state providers Non state providers, under a formal contract, supply water through HH connections, and collect charges. Neighborhood associations monitor service levels of NS providers, and provide feedback to the utility (regulatory function), which can then ensure that service levels are per contract terms The politician looses the opportunity for patronage, and the revenues from association with private operators; but is credited with enabling the formalising of the arrangement, and benefits (politically) from this.
- How does one leverage the interests and abilities of various stakeholders to transition to systems that can deliver for the poor? Note on methods: conducted over the period x and y. Small scale to get a sense of what is happening rather than a survey. Findings indicate processes that would have to be verified by further work, (no owners of non-state operators were interviewed due to sensitivity of operations—say this or not?) DJB, interviews plus documentation, grey literature, newspaper reports.
- The CM of Delhi heads the Board, along with a CEO, nominated by the Govt. of Delhi The Board also includes 3 MLA’s of Delhi who serve on a rotational basis; and reps from MCD and NDMC Current estimated population of Delhi is approx. 16 million (approx. 200 lpcd) The DJB is heavily dependent upon state govt. loans to meet it’s operational expenses.
- Settlement dates back at least 30 yrs., to 1979. It grew through a process of gradual accretion, and currently extends over 600 Hac. Inhabitants are a mix of unskilled workers, petty vendors, service providers and low level public sector employees Most inhabitants reported to be satisfied with handpumps, until the water levels fell. Borewells expanded service on a commercial basis
- Bore wells are typically 4”, 250 – 300 ft deep, and equipped with 1.5 – 5 HP pumps; Distribution network consists of 2” and 1-1/4” dia pipes. Network may cover 1 – 6 streets; and extend up to 600 RMt in length. Water is pumped directly from the ground, and into the network. 2 – 3 main lines originate from each pump, further leading to branch mains / distribution lines through streets being served. HH’s will tap off the lines through the streets. The operator regulates a series of valves to control the flow of water to different end lines – each end-line may receive water from 30 – 45 mins/day Connection charge typically in the range of USD 22. Monthly charges varies tremendously, and depends on HH size and size of tank (usually 500 lts) – in the range of USD 7 - 11 per month ) Increases by Rs. 50 every 2 yrs. O & M (Monthly) varies between USD 220 - 270
- Operators collude to increase rates simultaneously Availability of water is regulated by time that water is accessed - @ 10 mins/ customer, an operator having 150 customers is pumping for 1500 Minutes = 25 hours/day. So availability reduces to once in 2 days! Operators disconnect without any reasons – if they find new customers willing to pay higher tariffs
- In 1998 and 2008, roads and sewerage works permitted – unauthorised areas gradually included in public development works. Residents increasingly aware of this change in status Growth of unauthorised colonies made these significant in the politics of Delhi. Some seats depend upon UC votes—Sangam Vihar is big O & M costs decrease to approx. USD 1.0 / month. Non state providers cut out of equation
- Because politicians of opposition parties were not deriving revenues from existing operations, they were more motivated to replace it with a system that could consolidate their support base. RWA’s were quite clear that they were willing to cooperate with politicians of any alignment.
- But politicians will capture bid processes. Let them. In long run, they will either give up or professionalize cause profits not high enough or competition will beat them out if well regulated. People have NO particular desire to participate in management of water supply – are doing it now as there is no alternative.
- Opp. politicians became involved at a time when the residents of these areas are becoming a political force to reckon with in deciding election outcomes. Talk to politicians Not clear that the residents realise that the current arrangement is a potential path to full fledged formalization.