New Testament

THE NEWTHE NEW
TESTAMENTTESTAMENT
Reading the Bible AgainReading the Bible Again
for the First Timefor the First Time

What do you hope for this weekend?What do you hope for this weekend?
Bookshelf

Why Scripture?Why Scripture?
 They bind us together.They bind us together.
 They come to us with an inherentThey come to us with an inherent
authority.authority.
 Have withstood the test of time.Have withstood the test of time.
 It is God’s word (?).It is God’s word (?).
 They can provide valuable guidanceThey can provide valuable guidance
for our lives.for our lives.

Why not Scripture?Why not Scripture?
 They’re just a bunch of old writingsThey’re just a bunch of old writings
that mean nothing today.that mean nothing today.
 They contradict each other.They contradict each other.
 They’re hard to understand.They’re hard to understand.
 They’re hard to read.They’re hard to read.
 Are they true?Are they true?

CanonCanon
 Reed or Ruler – Measuring StickReed or Ruler – Measuring Stick
 JewishJewish
 TANAK (Christian O.T.)TANAK (Christian O.T.)
TTorah – Laworah – Law
NNebiim – Prophetsebiim – Prophets
KKethubim – Writingsethubim – Writings
 Protestant – 39 O.T. / 27 N.T.Protestant – 39 O.T. / 27 N.T.
 Catholic – 39 O.T + Apocrypha / 27 N.T.Catholic – 39 O.T + Apocrypha / 27 N.T.

Canonization – O. T.Canonization – O. T.
 By 400 B.C.E. the Law (Torah) wasBy 400 B.C.E. the Law (Torah) was
accepted as authoritativeaccepted as authoritative
 By 200 B.C.E. the Prophets were acceptedBy 200 B.C.E. the Prophets were accepted
as normativeas normative
 Jamnia – 90 C.E. – Assembly of JewishJamnia – 90 C.E. – Assembly of Jewish
ScholarsScholars
 Books included continued to vary untilBooks included continued to vary until
Fourth Century C.E.Fourth Century C.E.

Canonization – O.T.Canonization – O.T.
Criteria for InclusionCriteria for Inclusion
 Conformity – To the teachings ofConformity – To the teachings of
the Torah.the Torah.
 Inspiration – Written by divinelyInspiration – Written by divinely
inspired prophets (Ezra was theinspired prophets (Ezra was the
last – 5last – 5thth
Century B.C.E.).Century B.C.E.).
 Hebrew LanguageHebrew Language
 Widespread UseWidespread Use

Canonization – N.T.Canonization – N.T.
 Muratorian Canon – ca. 200 C.E.Muratorian Canon – ca. 200 C.E.
 Canon according toCanon according to Cyril ofCyril of
JerusalemJerusalem – ca. 340 C.E.– ca. 340 C.E.
 Third Synod of Carthage – 397Third Synod of Carthage – 397
C.E.C.E.
 Modified by another Synod 419Modified by another Synod 419
C.E.C.E.

Canonization – N.T.Canonization – N.T.
Criteria for InclusionCriteria for Inclusion
 Apostolic Origin – Primary orApostolic Origin – Primary or
SecondarySecondary
 OrthodoxyOrthodoxy
 AntiquityAntiquity
 InspirationInspiration
 Public or Liturgical Use – MostPublic or Liturgical Use – Most
ImportantImportant

Different BiblesDifferent Bibles
 Septuagint (LXX) – Greek version ofSeptuagint (LXX) – Greek version of
the Hebrew Bible with the Apocryphathe Hebrew Bible with the Apocrypha
worked on by 70 (or 72) menworked on by 70 (or 72) men
 Vulgate – Latin Translation by JeromeVulgate – Latin Translation by Jerome
(382-387 C.E.)(382-387 C.E.)
 King JamesKing James
 Joseph Smith Translation (IV)Joseph Smith Translation (IV)

Taking the Bible SeriouslyTaking the Bible Seriously
But Not LiterallyBut Not Literally
 History Vs. MetaphorHistory Vs. Metaphor
 Saga Vs. Actual EventsSaga Vs. Actual Events
 Literal Interpretation Vs. OtherLiteral Interpretation Vs. Other
InterpretationsInterpretations
 Pre-Critical – Critical – Post CriticalPre-Critical – Critical – Post Critical

Biblical InterpretationBiblical Interpretation
ExegesisExegesis
 Source CriticismSource Criticism
 Textual CriticismTextual Criticism
 Historical CriticismHistorical Criticism
 Literary CriticismLiterary Criticism
 Form CriticismForm Criticism
 Redaction CriticismRedaction Criticism
 Canonical CriticismCanonical Criticism

What is a Gospel?What is a Gospel?
 Historical Fiction?Historical Fiction?
 Art of storytellingArt of storytelling
 IronyIrony
 SymbolismSymbolism
 ForeshadowingForeshadowing
 Historical accuracyHistorical accuracy
 Ancient Biographies? – Praise the greatness andAncient Biographies? – Praise the greatness and
merit of personmerit of person
 Accurate?Accurate?

 ““Good News”Good News”
 Jesus talked about what he called the Gospel/GoodJesus talked about what he called the Gospel/Good
News of GodNews of God
 Early Christians preached the death and resurrectionEarly Christians preached the death and resurrection
of Jesus which was the Gospel/Good News of Godof Jesus which was the Gospel/Good News of God
 Gospel/Good News became the ministry of JesusGospel/Good News became the ministry of Jesus
which included what Jesus said was thewhich included what Jesus said was the
Gospel/Good News of God & what early ChristiansGospel/Good News of God & what early Christians
said was the Gospel/Good News about Jesus.said was the Gospel/Good News about Jesus.
 Preaching – Sermons in story formPreaching – Sermons in story form

We are free to accept or reject, belittle orWe are free to accept or reject, belittle or
embrace, but whatever our response, weembrace, but whatever our response, we
ought to understand what these booksought to understand what these books
intend to do: they intend to convert us.intend to do: they intend to convert us.
Introduction to The Gospels
Mark Allen Powell

The Gospels and JesusThe Gospels and Jesus
5 Voices Present5 Voices Present
Actual AuthorActual Author
Implied AuthorImplied Author
StoryStory
Implied ListenerImplied Listener
Actual ReaderActual Reader

Synoptic Gospels &Synoptic Gospels &
JohnJohn
 Syn = WithSyn = With
 Optic = Seeing or LookingOptic = Seeing or Looking
 Matthew, Mark, and Luke are so similar they areMatthew, Mark, and Luke are so similar they are
seen as being parallel with each otherseen as being parallel with each other
 Similar incidents, often in the same orderSimilar incidents, often in the same order
 TimelineTimeline
 View of JesusView of Jesus
 John – Different in countless waysJohn – Different in countless ways

Gospel SourcesGospel Sources
 Sources that underlie a particular text – WhatSources that underlie a particular text – What
was borrowed or copied and from wherewas borrowed or copied and from where
 Hebrew ScripturesHebrew Scriptures
 Oral TraditionOral Tradition
 Quelle “Q”Quelle “Q”
 Other oral traditionsOther oral traditions
 Other written sourcesOther written sources
 The Synoptic ProblemThe Synoptic Problem

The GospelsThe Gospels
Two-Gospel HypothesisTwo-Gospel Hypothesis
MATTHEW
MARK
LUKE

The GospelsThe Gospels
The Two & Four Source TheoryThe Two & Four Source Theory
MARK Q
MATTHEW LUKEM L

Q “Document”Q “Document”
 Temptation of Jesus (Luke 4:1-13; Matt. 4:1-11)Temptation of Jesus (Luke 4:1-13; Matt. 4:1-11)
 Beatitudes (Luke 6:20-23; Matt. 5:3-12)Beatitudes (Luke 6:20-23; Matt. 5:3-12)
 Lord’s Prayer (Luke 11:2-4; Matt: 6:9-13)Lord’s Prayer (Luke 11:2-4; Matt: 6:9-13)
 Mustard Seed & Leaven (Luke 13:18-21; Matt.Mustard Seed & Leaven (Luke 13:18-21; Matt.
13:31-33)13:31-33)
 Carrying the Cross (Luke 14:26-27; Matt. 10:37-Carrying the Cross (Luke 14:26-27; Matt. 10:37-
38)38)
 Several parables (Banquet, Lost Sheep, Talents)Several parables (Banquet, Lost Sheep, Talents)

Typical Forms of MaterialTypical Forms of Material
in the Gospelsin the Gospels
1.1. Sayings – Legal, eschatological,Sayings – Legal, eschatological,
proverbs, “I” sayingsproverbs, “I” sayings
2.2. Pronouncement Stories –Pronouncement Stories –
Biographical, controversy,Biographical, controversy,
didactic (educational, moralistic)didactic (educational, moralistic)
3.3. ParablesParables
4.4. Commissioning StoriesCommissioning Stories

Typical Forms of MaterialTypical Forms of Material
in the Gospelsin the Gospels
5.5. Miracles Stories – Exorcisms,Miracles Stories – Exorcisms,
Healing Miracles, Resuscitations,Healing Miracles, Resuscitations,
NatureNature Miracles, Feeding MiraclesMiracles, Feeding Miracles
6.6. GenealogiesGenealogies
7.7. LegendsLegends
8.8. MythsMyths

Translation of theTranslation of the
GospelsGospels AramaicAramaic
 Greek – Written and Translated (LXX)Greek – Written and Translated (LXX)
 LatinLatin
 EnglishEnglish
 KJVKJV
 RSVRSV
 NIVNIV
 NRSVNRSV
 OthersOthers

Redaction of theRedaction of the
GospelsGospels
 Take what has been written and rewrite (or edit)Take what has been written and rewrite (or edit)
material to meet current writer’s approval ormaterial to meet current writer’s approval or
needneed
 Villages in Mark become Cities in MatthewVillages in Mark become Cities in Matthew
 Mark 8:27-33 – Matthew 16:13-23 – Luke 9:18-22Mark 8:27-33 – Matthew 16:13-23 – Luke 9:18-22
 Mark 6:5,6 – Matthew 13:58 – Luke 4:16-30Mark 6:5,6 – Matthew 13:58 – Luke 4:16-30
 Baptism of JesusBaptism of Jesus
 Greek becomes more polishedGreek becomes more polished
 Historical inaccuracies correctedHistorical inaccuracies corrected
 OtherOther

Historical Jesus in theHistorical Jesus in the
GospelsGospels
 Historical CriticismHistorical Criticism
 History Vs. FaithHistory Vs. Faith
 Myth Vs. HistoricityMyth Vs. Historicity
 Truth Vs. TruthsTruth Vs. Truths
 Three QuestsThree Quests
 1919thth
CenturyCentury
 1960s1960s
 Later 20Later 20thth
CenturyCentury
 Jesus SeminarJesus Seminar

The Gospels and JesusThe Gospels and Jesus
Layers of TraditionLayers of Tradition
Community talking about the
disciples talking about Jesus talking
about the Kingdom of God.
Community talking about Itself talking about disciples talking
about Jesus talking about the Kingdom of God.
Disciples talking about Jesus
talking about the Kingdom of God
Jesus talking about the
Kingdom of God

(1:1 – The ‘beginning’ of the Gospel)
1:2------------------------------------------9:50 {10:1-31} 11:1-------------------15:47 16:1-8
Galilee---------------------------On the Way---------------------------------Jerusalem
Ministry---------------------------------------------------Passion/Death----Empty Tomb
‘Who is this?’ ‘This is Who’
“The Mystery of the Kingdom”----------The Mystery Revealed
8:22-------------------------11:1
8:22-26 – Blind Man 9:2-13 – Transfiguration 10:1-31 – Entering the Kingdom
8:27-30 – Peter’s Confession 9:14-29 – Healing of the child (Marriage/Children/Wealth)
8:31-33 – 1st
Passion Pred. 9:30-32 – 2nd
Passion Pred. 10:32-34 – 3rd
Passion Pred.
8:34-9:1 – On Discipleship 9:33-50 – On Discipleship 10:35-44 – On Discipleship
10:46-52 – Blind man healed
Gospel of MarkGospel of Mark

Historical ContextHistorical Context
 Who?Who?
 John Mark?John Mark?
 Linked more closely to Paul than PeterLinked more closely to Paul than Peter
 11stst
Century Christian who was not a follower of JesusCentury Christian who was not a follower of Jesus
 Where?Where?
 Gentile communityGentile community
 Geographical mistakesGeographical mistakes
 Explains Jewish customsExplains Jewish customs
 Community of Christians in GalileeCommunity of Christians in Galilee
 Where Jesus beginsWhere Jesus begins
 Where disciples are sentWhere disciples are sent

 When?When?
 Around the time of the Jewish War with Rome (66-70 c.e.)Around the time of the Jewish War with Rome (66-70 c.e.)
 Before of after the destruction of the Temple?Before of after the destruction of the Temple?
 Why?Why?
 People associated with Jesus were dyingPeople associated with Jesus were dying
 Not only concerned that Jesus’ isNot only concerned that Jesus’ is justjust remembered butremembered but
remembered in a particular wayremembered in a particular way
 Provide historical grounding for an emerging theologicalProvide historical grounding for an emerging theological
systemsystem

Major ThemesMajor Themes
 The Reign of GodThe Reign of God
 Phenomenon of God reigning or rulingPhenomenon of God reigning or ruling
 What God wants to happen is already taking placeWhat God wants to happen is already taking place
 God’s reign has drawn near – In JesusGod’s reign has drawn near – In Jesus
 Discipleship and the CrossDiscipleship and the Cross
 Disciples are examples of persons who don’tDisciples are examples of persons who don’t
understand the message of the crossunderstand the message of the cross
 UnperceptiveUnperceptive
 MisconceptionMisconception
 RejectionRejection

 Son of Man & Son of GodSon of Man & Son of God
 Messianic SecretMessianic Secret
 Theologically intentionalTheologically intentional
 Maybe Jesus wasn’t messianicMaybe Jesus wasn’t messianic
 Jesus as a “Wonder Worker” is inadequateJesus as a “Wonder Worker” is inadequate
ChristologyChristology
 Jewish understanding of Messiah needs reinterpretingJewish understanding of Messiah needs reinterpreting
 Jesus cannot be known apart from the crossJesus cannot be known apart from the cross
 Outsiders Vs. InsidersOutsiders Vs. Insiders
 1:9-11 & 15:38,391:9-11 & 15:38,39
 14:3-9 & 16:114:3-9 & 16:1
 The Way – 1:9-15 & 16:7The Way – 1:9-15 & 16:7

What’s unique?What’s unique?
 16: 8 and then 9-2016: 8 and then 9-20
 Christmas?Christmas?
 Easter?Easter?
 AllAll
 Immediately / At Once – God’s TimeImmediately / At Once – God’s Time
(Kairos)(Kairos)
 Humanity of JesusHumanity of Jesus

Mark 2:1-3:6Mark 2:1-3:6
Literary Criticism & ConcentricLiterary Criticism & Concentric
StructureStructure
Setting / LocationSetting / Location
Key or Link WordsKey or Link Words
Issue(s)Issue(s)
ThemeTheme
Linear DevelopmentLinear Development

Mark 2:1-3:6Mark 2:1-3:6
Concentric StructureConcentric Structure
2: 1-12
2: 13-17
2: 18-22
2: 23-28
3: 1-6
SIN
Sabbath
Lawful
Inside
Outside
Fasting
Outside
Inside
Healing
Healing
Eating
Eating

Gospel of MatthewGospel of Matthew
(Jesus the Messiah) (Peter’s Confession) (Sent to the Gentiles)
1:1-----------------------------------------16:13-23----------------------------------28:16-20
1:1-17 – ‘David’s Son’
1:23 – ‘Emanuel’--------------------------------------------------------------”I will be with
God-with-us you always, to the close
of the age’
***********************************************************************************
1:1-2:23 – Introduction: Origin and Infancy of Jesus the Messiah
3:1-7:29 – Part 1: Proclamation of the Kingdom – Discourse: Sermon on the Mount (5-7)
8:1-10:42 – Part 2: Ministry in Galilee – Discourse: Mission Sermon to the Twelve (10:1-42)
11:1-13:52 – Part 3: Controversy & Opposition – Discourse: A Sermon in Parables (13:1-52)
13:53-18:35 – Part 4: Further Ministry in Galilee – Discourse: A Sermon on the Church (18:1-35)
19:1-25:46 – Part 5: Jerusalem. – Discourse: Sermon on the Endtime (24:1-25:46)
26:1-28:20 – Passion, Death, and Resurrection (Adapted from Raymond Brown, INT, 172)
T
o
r
a
h
?

Historical ContextHistorical Context Who?Who?
 Tax collector – Levi (Papias)Tax collector – Levi (Papias)
 22ndnd
generation Christian – 1generation Christian – 1stst
generation gonegeneration gone
 JewishJewish
 Scholar (13:51)Scholar (13:51)
 Translations don’t come from LXX but are his ownTranslations don’t come from LXX but are his own
 Where?Where?
 Populous urban communityPopulous urban community
 Both Jews and Gentiles – Mission to bothBoth Jews and Gentiles – Mission to both

 When?When?
 After MarkAfter Mark
 Authoritative by 115 c.e.Authoritative by 115 c.e.
 80-90 c.e.80-90 c.e.
 Why?Why?
 Mark & Q both incomplete and/or inadequateMark & Q both incomplete and/or inadequate
 Christ not currently presentChrist not currently present
 God’s will for contemporary situationsGod’s will for contemporary situations
 No possibility for progress = No hope for the futureNo possibility for progress = No hope for the future
 Meant to replace Mark not complementMeant to replace Mark not complement
 No effective Doctrine of the ChurchNo effective Doctrine of the Church

 The abiding presence of GodThe abiding presence of God
 God is present in JesusGod is present in Jesus
 Mark only claims that God actsMark only claims that God acts throughthrough JesusJesus
 God is present in a new & unique wayGod is present in a new & unique way
 Worshiping Jesus IS worshiping the Lord GodWorshiping Jesus IS worshiping the Lord God
 Jewish Law & Christian FaithJewish Law & Christian Faith
 Jesus binds and loosens God’s will correctlyJesus binds and loosens God’s will correctly
 Pharisees bind and loosen incorrectlyPharisees bind and loosen incorrectly
 Jesus and his followers have authority to interpret the lawJesus and his followers have authority to interpret the law
 Greatest CommandmentGreatest Commandment
 Golden RuleGolden Rule

 People of Little FaithPeople of Little Faith
 Inadequacy of Jesus followers and their dependency onInadequacy of Jesus followers and their dependency on
himhim
 Jesus’ disciples struggle not only with sin but also withJesus’ disciples struggle not only with sin but also with
doubtdoubt
 No Faith vs. Little FaithNo Faith vs. Little Faith
 Only a little amount of faith is needed (17:20)Only a little amount of faith is needed (17:20)
 They haveThey have somesome faith and it is enough to do what God hasfaith and it is enough to do what God has
called them to docalled them to do
 Have only begun to experience the gospel – growing disciplesHave only begun to experience the gospel – growing disciples
 They don’t get worse as in MarkThey don’t get worse as in Mark

 The Gospel of the ChurchThe Gospel of the Church
 Only writer to use the term ekklēsia (church)Only writer to use the term ekklēsia (church)
 Guidance for a community of believersGuidance for a community of believers
 Most quoted Gospel by church in first 3 centuriesMost quoted Gospel by church in first 3 centuries
 Family of Jesus is the churchFamily of Jesus is the church
 As Jesus represented God – Church now representsAs Jesus represented God – Church now represents
Jesus (10:40)Jesus (10:40)
 From a Faith to a ReligionFrom a Faith to a Religion
 Implications of the faithImplications of the faith
 Context of faith within the communityContext of faith within the community

What’sWhat’s UniqueUnique??
 Organizational patternsOrganizational patterns
 12 Fulfillment citations from Hebrew Scriptures12 Fulfillment citations from Hebrew Scriptures
 ““This happened to fulfill…”This happened to fulfill…”
 Doubling motif – Mark’s stories are doubledDoubling motif – Mark’s stories are doubled
 Jewish orientation & Anti Jewish leader orientationJewish orientation & Anti Jewish leader orientation
 Peter receives special prominencePeter receives special prominence
 Spokesperson for the disciplesSpokesperson for the disciples
 Named as foundation for churchNamed as foundation for church

Literary CriticismLiterary Criticism
 Feeding StoriesFeeding Stories
 14: 13-2114: 13-21
 15: 21-2815: 21-28
 15: 32-3915: 32-39
 Boat StoriesBoat Stories
 8:23-278:23-27
 13:213:2
 14:1314:13
 14:22-3314:22-33

Gospel of LukeGospel of Luke
1:1-4 – Prologue
1:5-2:52 – Infancy and Boyhood
3:1-4:13 – Baptism, Genealogy, and Temptation
4:14-9:50 – Ministry in Galilee
9:51-19:27 – On the Way to Jerusalem (the ‘Travelogue’)
19:28-21:38 – Ministry in Jerusalem
21:1-23:56 – Last Supper, Passion, Death, and Burial
24:1-53 – Empty Tomb and Resurrection Appearances
(Adapted from Raymond Brown, INT 226)

 Who?Who?
 Luke the physicianLuke the physician
 Companion of Paul?Companion of Paul?
 ““We” passagesWe” passages
 Representation of Paul in Acts not the same as in Paul’s lettersRepresentation of Paul in Acts not the same as in Paul’s letters
 Better knowledge of GreekBetter knowledge of Greek
 800 new words800 new words
 More polished GreekMore polished Greek
 Well educated 2Well educated 2ndnd
generation Christiangeneration Christian
 Hellenistic Jew or Gentile with deep knowledge ofHellenistic Jew or Gentile with deep knowledge of
Hebrew ScripturesHebrew Scriptures

 Where?Where?
 Outside PalestineOutside Palestine
 Luke’s knowledge of geography is not goodLuke’s knowledge of geography is not good
 Luke doesn’t appear to be writing to a specific communityLuke doesn’t appear to be writing to a specific community
 When?When?
 Seems to reflect knowledge of the destruction ofSeems to reflect knowledge of the destruction of
Jerusalem (13:34-35; 19:41-44; 21:20-24)Jerusalem (13:34-35; 19:41-44; 21:20-24)
 Does not seem to be aware of Matthew’s GospelDoes not seem to be aware of Matthew’s Gospel
 Between 80 – 90Between 80 – 90

 Why?Why?
 Only Gospel to clearly state purpose (1:1-4)Only Gospel to clearly state purpose (1:1-4)
 Theophilus – Lover of GodTheophilus – Lover of God
 Theo – GodTheo – God
 Philus – LoverPhilus – Lover
 Historical context and perspective for his narrativeHistorical context and perspective for his narrative
 A delay of the parousiaA delay of the parousia
 Gentile Mission – why Israel has not accepted God’sGentile Mission – why Israel has not accepted God’s
salvation through Christsalvation through Christ

 Jesus is the Messiah of God – Christ is Greek forJesus is the Messiah of God – Christ is Greek for
MessiahMessiah
 Son of ManSon of Man
 More than Mark or QMore than Mark or Q
 Not past or future but “Currently seated at the right handNot past or future but “Currently seated at the right hand
of the power of God.” (22:69)of the power of God.” (22:69)
 Mosaic ProphetMosaic Prophet
 Jesus’ story is imbedded in the Story of IsraelJesus’ story is imbedded in the Story of Israel
 Jesus is spoken of just as Moses is spoken of inJesus is spoken of just as Moses is spoken of in
DeuteronomyDeuteronomy
 Jerusalem is location for “Christological” events.Jerusalem is location for “Christological” events.

Major ThemesMajor Themes Suffering ServantSuffering Servant
 More explicit than other Gospel writers.More explicit than other Gospel writers.
 Matthew expresses servanthood in his ministry…Matthew expresses servanthood in his ministry…
Luke expresses it in his deathLuke expresses it in his death
 Elijah – Luke presents Jesus as fulfilling Malachi’sElijah – Luke presents Jesus as fulfilling Malachi’s
prophecy regarding Elijah’s returnprophecy regarding Elijah’s return
 Raising a widow’s sonRaising a widow’s son
 Jesus’ ascension into heavenJesus’ ascension into heaven
 Endowing his followers with measure of SpiritEndowing his followers with measure of Spirit
 Luke omits Mark’s link of Elijah & John the BaptistLuke omits Mark’s link of Elijah & John the Baptist

 Salvation happens nowSalvation happens now
 Only synoptic writer who calls Jesus – SaviorOnly synoptic writer who calls Jesus – Savior
 Doesn’t link salvation to Jesus’ death on theDoesn’t link salvation to Jesus’ death on the
crosscross
 Jesus saves people throughout the storyJesus saves people throughout the story
 Salvation isSalvation is LiberationLiberation
 Encounters with Jesus bring liberation andEncounters with Jesus bring liberation and
therefore salvationtherefore salvation

What’sWhat’s UniqueUnique??
 Part 1 of 2Part 1 of 2
 Emphasizes worship and prayerEmphasizes worship and prayer
 Jesus prays more than any other gospelJesus prays more than any other gospel
 Has more to say about topic of prayerHas more to say about topic of prayer
 Unusual interest in foodUnusual interest in food
 Metaphor for life?Metaphor for life?
 Worship in 1Worship in 1stst
century centered around a mealcentury centered around a meal
 Acceptance and LiberationAcceptance and Liberation

What’s Unique?What’s Unique?
 Ministry to the oppressed, excluded, disadvantaged inMinistry to the oppressed, excluded, disadvantaged in
societysociety
 Economic hardshipEconomic hardship
 Purity lawsPurity laws
 Women figure prominently in GospelWomen figure prominently in Gospel
 Promise and Fulfillment – All part of God’s overall planPromise and Fulfillment – All part of God’s overall plan
 ReversalsReversals
 MaryMary
 Good SamaritanGood Samaritan
 Prodigal SonProdigal Son
 Martha & MaryMartha & Mary

What’s Unique?What’s Unique?
 Success, Growth, TriumphSuccess, Growth, Triumph
 Mark = No FaithMark = No Faith
 Matthew = Little FaithMatthew = Little Faith
 Luke = Always faithful – Maybe even overconfidentLuke = Always faithful – Maybe even overconfident
 Practice of faith within society is not always appropriatePractice of faith within society is not always appropriate
 In Acts disciples speak and act with complete authorityIn Acts disciples speak and act with complete authority
 Probably intended to be inspiring to early ChristiansProbably intended to be inspiring to early Christians
 Show what God can do through ordinary peopleShow what God can do through ordinary people
 Challenges hearers to ask what God can do through themChallenges hearers to ask what God can do through them
 What God can accomplish in the lives of an ordinary person isWhat God can accomplish in the lives of an ordinary person is
greater than anyone can imagine.greater than anyone can imagine.

Gospel of JohnGospel of John
1:1-181:1-18
ProloguePrologue
Hymn toHymn to
the ‘Logos’the ‘Logos’
1:19-12:501:19-12:50
The Book of SignsThe Book of Signs
Miracle at CanaMiracle at Cana
Cleansing of the TempleCleansing of the Temple
Dialogue with NicodemusDialogue with Nicodemus
The Samaritan WomanThe Samaritan Woman
Sabbath/Passover/Tabernacles/Sabbath/Passover/Tabernacles/
DedicationDedication
LazarusLazarus
13:1-20:3113:1-20:31
The Book ofThe Book of
GloryGlory
The Last SupperThe Last Supper
Jesus’ FarewellJesus’ Farewell
Discourse (14-17)Discourse (14-17)
PassionPassion
Death and BurialDeath and Burial
ResurrectionResurrection
21:1-2521:1-25
EpilogueEpilogue
(Adapted from Raymond Brown, INT 334-5)

 Who?Who?
 The Son of Zebedee – The disciple whom Jesus loved whoThe Son of Zebedee – The disciple whom Jesus loved who
will never diewill never die
 John the ElderJohn the Elder
 John the SeerJohn the Seer
 Johanine SchoolJohanine School
 WhereWhere
 EphesusEphesus
 SyriaSyria
 What type of locale gives rise to this type of Gospel?What type of locale gives rise to this type of Gospel?

 When?When?
 Overall character is reflective & retrospectiveOverall character is reflective & retrospective
 Concern for Christians being expelled from synagoguesConcern for Christians being expelled from synagogues
as a result of Jewish decision made around 85 c.e.as a result of Jewish decision made around 85 c.e.
 In stages?In stages?
 90-100 c.e.90-100 c.e.
 Why?Why?
 Explicitly evangelisticExplicitly evangelistic
 Signs that Jesus is the MessiahSigns that Jesus is the Messiah

 Already and Not YetAlready and Not Yet
 Present tense orientedPresent tense oriented
 Life that never endsLife that never ends
 Life that is worth livingLife that is worth living
 Eternal life begins now and flows into the futureEternal life begins now and flows into the future
 Life is about quality of life here and nowLife is about quality of life here and now
 Realized EschatologyRealized Eschatology
 Jesus will come in the future but also comes nowJesus will come in the future but also comes now
 Judgment coming in last days but judgment is also nowJudgment coming in last days but judgment is also now

 Knowing the TruthKnowing the Truth
 As people come to know the truth, they experience theAs people come to know the truth, they experience the
difference in life for those who believedifference in life for those who believe
 John sees humanity as enslaved by ignorance andJohn sees humanity as enslaved by ignorance and
deceptiondeception
 John reveals the ultimate truth… about GodJohn reveals the ultimate truth… about God
 Jesus says what God is likeJesus says what God is like
 Jesus shows what God is likeJesus shows what God is like
 JesusJesus ISIS what God is likewhat God is like
 He not only reveals the truth; heHe not only reveals the truth; he ISIS the truththe truth

 Knowing the Truth – Cont’dKnowing the Truth – Cont’d
 Jesus acts as the word of God made fleshJesus acts as the word of God made flesh
 Jesus’ miracles are not called signs because of what theyJesus’ miracles are not called signs because of what they
prove but because of the truth they revealprove but because of the truth they reveal
 God loves the world and would rather bless andGod loves the world and would rather bless and
preserve rather than condemnpreserve rather than condemn
 Community of LoveCommunity of Love
 God is not to be feared but understood in loveGod is not to be feared but understood in love
 Love is expressed most clearly in the crossLove is expressed most clearly in the cross
 Love for the world – be in the world but not of itLove for the world – be in the world but not of it

 Community of Love – Cont’dCommunity of Love – Cont’d
 Love for the JewsLove for the Jews
 Jews are no worse than other; they are no different – That’sJews are no worse than other; they are no different – That’s
significant as tsignificant as they have lost the position of being God’shey have lost the position of being God’s
chosen peoplechosen people
 Hostility is not toward an ethnic group but a 1Hostility is not toward an ethnic group but a 1stst
centurycentury
religion associated with synagoguesreligion associated with synagogues
 Love for other ChristiansLove for other Christians
 Peter and “the church” was secondary to John’s testimonyPeter and “the church” was secondary to John’s testimony
 Gnostics?Gnostics?
 Community defines itself in relation to other movementsCommunity defines itself in relation to other movements

What’s unique?What’s unique?
 TimelineTimeline
 3 years3 years
 Events out of sequence with SynopticsEvents out of sequence with Synoptics
 Temple CleansingTemple Cleansing
 CrucifixionCrucifixion
 JesusJesus
 Christological momentChristological moment
 ““I am” statementsI am” statements
 Sacrificial LambSacrificial Lamb
 DivineDivine

Word StudyWord Study
21:15-17
“Love, Love, Love”
“Agape, Eros,
Philos”

Gospel ParallelsGospel Parallels
 The Baptism of JesusThe Baptism of Jesus
Matthew 3:13-17Matthew 3:13-17
Mark 1:9-11Mark 1:9-11
Luke 3:18-22Luke 3:18-22
John 1:29-34John 1:29-34

Gospel ParallelsGospel Parallels
 What is done?What is done?
 How is it done?How is it done?
 Who baptizes who?Who baptizes who?
 Where is the baptism done?Where is the baptism done?
 Who is Jesus proclaimed to be?Who is Jesus proclaimed to be?
 Who makes the proclamation?Who makes the proclamation?
 Who hears the voice?Who hears the voice?

Acts of the ApostlesActs of the Apostles
Luke Part 2Luke Part 2
Luke 1:1-5Luke 1:1-5
Acts 1:1Acts 1:1
Move from Gospel to HistoryMove from Gospel to History
ParallelsParallels

Letters of PaulLetters of Paul
 Earliest of Writings – Maybe as early as 40Earliest of Writings – Maybe as early as 40
C.E.C.E.
 StyleStyle
 Greetings – GraceGreetings – Grace
 ThanksgivingThanksgiving
 Content of letterContent of letter
 DoctrinalDoctrinal
 InstructionInstruction
 Final Greeting – BlessingFinal Greeting – Blessing

Letters of Paul (?)Letters of Paul (?)
 Consensus of AuthenticityConsensus of Authenticity
 11stst
ThessaloniansThessalonians
 PhilippiansPhilippians
 GalatiansGalatians
 PhilemonPhilemon
 11stst
and 2and 2ndnd
CorinthiansCorinthians
 RomansRomans
 Others – No ConsensusOthers – No Consensus

 5 Letters deal with problems confronted by groups5 Letters deal with problems confronted by groups
founded by Paulfounded by Paul
 11stst
ThessaloniansThessalonians
 11stst
& 2& 2ndnd
CorinthiansCorinthians
 GalatiansGalatians
 PhilippiansPhilippians
 Romans is motivated by Paul’s travelRomans is motivated by Paul’s travel
 Philemon is a recommendation on behalf of aPhilemon is a recommendation on behalf of a
runaway slave, asking his master to accept him back.runaway slave, asking his master to accept him back.

 Authentic letters are 2Authentic letters are 2ndnd
generation Jesus-generation Jesus-
group documentsgroup documents
 Colossians & 2Colossians & 2ndnd
Thessalonians are 3Thessalonians are 3rdrd
generation – dealing with concerns of thegeneration – dealing with concerns of the
generation following Paul’s timegeneration following Paul’s time
 Ephesians, Hebrews, Timothy, Titus are 4Ephesians, Hebrews, Timothy, Titus are 4thth
generation – Dealing with problems andgeneration – Dealing with problems and
situations arising in the life of memberssituations arising in the life of members

 Letters written in high context ancientLetters written in high context ancient
Mediterranean worldMediterranean world
 To understand Paul’s letters we must try toTo understand Paul’s letters we must try to
enter into the context of his world.enter into the context of his world.
 The letters were not written to us… yet weThe letters were not written to us… yet we
can still find value and they can still becan still find value and they can still be
“scripture”.“scripture”.

 Paul & other 2Paul & other 2ndnd
generation Christians did notgeneration Christians did not
know Jesus and were not concerned withknow Jesus and were not concerned with
what he said or did.what he said or did.
 The focus was on what the God of Israel didThe focus was on what the God of Israel did
in Jesus of Nazareth’s life, death, andin Jesus of Nazareth’s life, death, and
resurrection.resurrection.
 This action confirmed Jesus’ proclamation ofThis action confirmed Jesus’ proclamation of
the coming Kingdom of God – Israelitethe coming Kingdom of God – Israelite
TheocracyTheocracy

 Paul declares himself to be an “Apostle” orPaul declares himself to be an “Apostle” or
someone commissioned by someone else forsomeone commissioned by someone else for
a specific mission.a specific mission.
 Paul’s mission was to announce somethingPaul’s mission was to announce something
new – The Gospel of God as expressed bynew – The Gospel of God as expressed by
the life, death, and resurrection of Jesusthe life, death, and resurrection of Jesus
 Paul converted Jews, Gentiles, and GodPaul converted Jews, Gentiles, and God
FearersFearers

Conversion of PaulConversion of Paul
According to ActsAccording to Acts
 Acts 9:1-18Acts 9:1-18
 Acts 22:3-21Acts 22:3-21
 Acts 26:4-18Acts 26:4-18
 What happened?What happened?
 Who saw a light?Who saw a light?
 Who did the light shine on?Who did the light shine on?
 Who heard a voice?Who heard a voice?
 What did the voice say?What did the voice say?

Conversion of PaulConversion of Paul
According to PaulAccording to Paul
Galatians 1:13-17Galatians 1:13-17
1 Corinthians 9:11 Corinthians 9:1
1 Corinthians 15:3-81 Corinthians 15:3-8

The Catholic EpistlesThe Catholic Epistles
 James, 1-2 Peter, 1-2-3 John, andJames, 1-2 Peter, 1-2-3 John, and
JudeJude
 Universal address and theologicalUniversal address and theological
unityunity
 33rdrd
& 4& 4thth
Century documentsCentury documents
 Not authentic but followsNot authentic but follows
“schools” or “thought”“schools” or “thought”

Unifying TheologyUnifying Theology
1.1. Human suffering tests the faith community’s loveHuman suffering tests the faith community’s love
for Godfor God
2.2. In response to the suffering of God’s people, GodIn response to the suffering of God’s people, God
discloses a “word of truth” exemplified by Jesusdiscloses a “word of truth” exemplified by Jesus
3.3. In obedience to the word, the community mustIn obedience to the word, the community must
practice “pure and undefiled” behavior as thepractice “pure and undefiled” behavior as the
public mark of friendship with God, includingpublic mark of friendship with God, including
conciliatory speech, sharing goods, rescuingconciliatory speech, sharing goods, rescuing
wayward believers, and hospitality.wayward believers, and hospitality.

Unifying TheologyUnifying Theology
4.4. Theological orthodoxy is madeTheological orthodoxy is made
effective only when embodiedeffective only when embodied
in loving works.in loving works.
5.5. The future reward of steadfastThe future reward of steadfast
obedience to God’s word isobedience to God’s word is
eternal life with God.eternal life with God.

RevelationRevelation
 There is no “S”There is no “S”
 Written by JohnWritten by John
 The Beloved?The Beloved?
 John Mark?John Mark?
 Another John?Another John?
 School of John?School of John?
 To 7 Churches in the Roman province of AsiaTo 7 Churches in the Roman province of Asia
 Between 69 – 96 CEBetween 69 – 96 CE

ApocalypticApocalyptic
LiteratureLiterature
 Apocalyptic LiteratureApocalyptic Literature
 Greek = Unveiling or RevelationGreek = Unveiling or Revelation
 Hebrew & Christian ScripturesHebrew & Christian Scriptures
 DanielDaniel
 Little Apocalypse GospelsLittle Apocalypse Gospels
 Mark 13Mark 13
 Matthew 24Matthew 24
 Luke 21Luke 21

Apocalyptic GenreApocalyptic Genre
 Hope for a better world, and with a belief thatHope for a better world, and with a belief that
God’s kingdom will break into history, whichGod’s kingdom will break into history, which
then leads to history’s endthen leads to history’s end
 Dualism (contrast between the present evil ageDualism (contrast between the present evil age
and a glorious future; exotic symbolism)and a glorious future; exotic symbolism)
 An eschatological expectation in which aAn eschatological expectation in which a
dramatic transformation of this sinful age willdramatic transformation of this sinful age will
lead to the inauguration of a heavenly kingdom.lead to the inauguration of a heavenly kingdom.

Apocalyptic GenreApocalyptic Genre
 The stark contrast between the present evil ageThe stark contrast between the present evil age
and the glorious future suggesting a sectarianand the glorious future suggesting a sectarian
ethos, in which communities had cut themselvesethos, in which communities had cut themselves
off from wider society and awaited a divineoff from wider society and awaited a divine
reordering of the world.reordering of the world.
 The imminent end of this worldThe imminent end of this world
 A deterministic view of history.A deterministic view of history.

ApocalypticApocalyptic
LiteratureLiterature
Symbols Vs ActualSymbols Vs Actual
descriptionsdescriptions
Saga Vs Non-Fictional StorySaga Vs Non-Fictional Story
Metaphor Vs FactsMetaphor Vs Facts
Hope Vs HistoryHope Vs History

The Book ofThe Book of
Revelation todayRevelation today
 Written for John’s time but still applicableWritten for John’s time but still applicable
for today… like all Scripturefor today… like all Scripture
 Not a predictor of historical eventsNot a predictor of historical events
 Does not describe countries in today’s worldDoes not describe countries in today’s world
 Interpreted for our culture and all culturesInterpreted for our culture and all cultures
 Personal & SocietalPersonal & Societal
 Religious & CulturalReligious & Cultural

John’s VisionJohn’s Vision
 Source of Revelation is GodSource of Revelation is God
 God = Jesus = GodGod = Jesus = God
 ““What must take place soon”What must take place soon”
 Fulfillment of God’s purposeFulfillment of God’s purpose
 In John’s own timeIn John’s own time
 Recipients are the 7 Churches in AsiaRecipients are the 7 Churches in Asia
 NumerologyNumerology
 77
 Alpha & Omega 1:8Alpha & Omega 1:8

John’s VisionJohn’s Vision
 He’s on the island of Patmos – a place ofHe’s on the island of Patmos – a place of
political banishmentpolitical banishment
 Jesus in the midst of 7 lampstandsJesus in the midst of 7 lampstands
 Lampstands = 7 ChurchesLampstands = 7 Churches
 Jesus is in the midst of the churches / peopleJesus is in the midst of the churches / people
 Jesus’ attire & appearanceJesus’ attire & appearance
 What was expected of the ruler of the worldWhat was expected of the ruler of the world
 Assures John of God’s presenceAssures John of God’s presence

Letters to ChurchesLetters to Churches
 22ndnd
& 3& 3rdrd
ChaptersChapters
 Unique letters speaking to each uniqueUnique letters speaking to each unique
situation found in these churchessituation found in these churches
 ““I Know” indicates God’s personalI Know” indicates God’s personal
knowledge of their situationknowledge of their situation
 Letters of hope and assurednessLetters of hope and assuredness
 God will “conquer” in the endGod will “conquer” in the end

EphesusEphesus
 22ndnd
generation of leadersgeneration of leaders
 False leaders have arisen & are leadingFalse leaders have arisen & are leading
believers astraybelievers astray
 Love for Christ & others had grown coldLove for Christ & others had grown cold
 Suspicions of unsound teachingsSuspicions of unsound teachings
 The presence of Christ departs when theyThe presence of Christ departs when they
depart from the ultimate way… LOVEdepart from the ultimate way… LOVE

SmyrnaSmyrna
 Shortest of all 7 lettersShortest of all 7 letters
 No condemnation, only commendationNo condemnation, only commendation
 A persecuted peopleA persecuted people
 Be faithful and be ready to die for the sakeBe faithful and be ready to die for the sake
of Christof Christ
 The faithful will not be harmed in the 2The faithful will not be harmed in the 2ndnd
deathdeath

PergamumPergamum
 A land of Temples & Altars to pagan godsA land of Temples & Altars to pagan gods
 God understood that it wasn’t easy forGod understood that it wasn’t easy for
Christians to live in this environmentChristians to live in this environment
 However, they couldn’t adopt these beliefs,However, they couldn’t adopt these beliefs,
which was starting to happenwhich was starting to happen
 Repent, otherwise they would be punishedRepent, otherwise they would be punished

ThyatiraThyatira
 Land of trade guilds, which requiredLand of trade guilds, which required
members to participate in pagan banquetsmembers to participate in pagan banquets
 Christians had to choose between being aChristians had to choose between being a
part of the guild (making a living) or beingpart of the guild (making a living) or being
faithful to Christfaithful to Christ
 Contemporary standards Vs faithfulness toContemporary standards Vs faithfulness to
God’s standardsGod’s standards

SardisSardis
 A land ruled by a rich and powerful kingA land ruled by a rich and powerful king
 The church was an example of merelyThe church was an example of merely
nominal Christianitynominal Christianity
 Wake up and repent, remember and obeyWake up and repent, remember and obey
 Faithful will be remembered by Christ andFaithful will be remembered by Christ and
unfaithful will be forgottenunfaithful will be forgotten

PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia
 Youngest of 7 citiesYoungest of 7 cities
 Members harassed by both pagans &Members harassed by both pagans &
synagogue but members have remainedsynagogue but members have remained
faithfulfaithful
 ““Testing” will continue so they will need toTesting” will continue so they will need to
remain faithfulremain faithful
 Like Smyrna, no condemnationLike Smyrna, no condemnation

LaodiceaLaodicea
 One of the richest commercial centers inOne of the richest commercial centers in
Asia MinorAsia Minor
 Receives the strongest condemnation ofReceives the strongest condemnation of
the 7 and no word of commendationthe 7 and no word of commendation
 Their faith is neither hot or cold, butTheir faith is neither hot or cold, but
lukewarmlukewarm
 Tepid religion is nauseating and they willTepid religion is nauseating and they will
be “spit… out of my mouth”be “spit… out of my mouth”

 While letters are to individual churches,While letters are to individual churches,
concluding formula refers to churchesconcluding formula refers to churches
 The message to each church is at the sameThe message to each church is at the same
time a message to all churches – and to ustime a message to all churches – and to us
 Examples of what can go wrong in anyExamples of what can go wrong in any
churchchurch

 Ephesus – Danger of losing the love they firstEphesus – Danger of losing the love they first
hadhad
 Smyrna – Fear of SufferingSmyrna – Fear of Suffering
 Pergamum – Doctrinal CompromisePergamum – Doctrinal Compromise
 Thyatira – Moral CompromiseThyatira – Moral Compromise
 Sardis – Spiritual DeadnessSardis – Spiritual Deadness
 Philadelphia - Failure to Hold FastPhiladelphia - Failure to Hold Fast
 Laodicea - LukewarmnessLaodicea - Lukewarmness

John’s Vision of God &John’s Vision of God &
the Lambthe Lamb
4:1 – 5:144:1 – 5:14
 The focus now shifts to HeavenThe focus now shifts to Heaven
 Words cannot describe heaven so earthlyWords cannot describe heaven so earthly
symbols must be used but can never equatesymbols must be used but can never equate
 Gemstones are used as descriptorsGemstones are used as descriptors
 Rainbow = God’s covenantRainbow = God’s covenant
 Assurance to the persecuted Christians to whomAssurance to the persecuted Christians to whom
John is writingJohn is writing

the Lambthe Lamb
4:1 – 5:144:1 – 5:14
 Thrones, Elders, Garments, CrownsThrones, Elders, Garments, Crowns
 Four CreaturesFour Creatures
 Lion = NoblestLion = Noblest
 Ox = StrongestOx = Strongest
 Human = WisestHuman = Wisest
 Flying Eagle = SwiftestFlying Eagle = Swiftest
 Full of eyes and full of adoration toward GodFull of eyes and full of adoration toward God

the Lambthe Lamb
4:1 – 5:144:1 – 5:14
 Scroll of the eternal decrees of God with 7 sealsScroll of the eternal decrees of God with 7 seals
 CompletenessCompleteness
 Totally hiddenTotally hidden
 The lamb with 7 horns (power) and 7 eyesThe lamb with 7 horns (power) and 7 eyes
(knowledge), not the Lion which would(knowledge), not the Lion which would
represent David’s triumph, can open the scrollrepresent David’s triumph, can open the scroll
 Lamb doesn’t change the plan but unfolds itLamb doesn’t change the plan but unfolds it

the Lambthe Lamb
4:1 – 5:144:1 – 5:14
 A new song of praise is sungA new song of praise is sung
 Infinite number join inInfinite number join in
 7 terms of praise7 terms of praise
 Despite terrors about to be let loose on theDespite terrors about to be let loose on the
world there should be praiseworld there should be praise
 Despite what the Christians in the 7 cities willDespite what the Christians in the 7 cities will
endure, God is still worthy to be praised, is withendure, God is still worthy to be praised, is with
them, and will “win” in the end.them, and will “win” in the end.

Opening the 7 SealsOpening the 7 Seals
6:1 – 8:26:1 – 8:2
 White horse with a bow = Warrior to battleWhite horse with a bow = Warrior to battle
 Red horse – War & BloodshedRed horse – War & Bloodshed
 Black horse – DeathBlack horse – Death
 Denarius buying little – Inflation & FamineDenarius buying little – Inflation & Famine
 Pale green horse – Decaying fleshPale green horse – Decaying flesh
 Hades followed – authority, murder, famine,Hades followed – authority, murder, famine,
pestilencepestilence
 Woes that come from not following GodWoes that come from not following God

6:1 – 8:26:1 – 8:2
 55thth
& 6& 6thth
seal the action shifts to heavenseal the action shifts to heaven
 Martyred souls are crying out for vengeanceMartyred souls are crying out for vengeance
 Assured of their place but persecution must runAssured of their place but persecution must run
its courseits course
 Two consolation visionTwo consolation vision
 144,000 saved144,000 saved
 12,000 from each tribe12,000 from each tribe
 CompletenessCompleteness
 Punishment of the wicked is resumedPunishment of the wicked is resumed

6:1 – 8:26:1 – 8:2
 Expectation of the final cataclysm with the 7Expectation of the final cataclysm with the 7thth
sealseal
 Instead there is silenceInstead there is silence
 Literary tool – dramatic pauseLiterary tool – dramatic pause
 Prayers of the Saints ascend to heavenPrayers of the Saints ascend to heaven
 God always takes time to hear the prayers ofGod always takes time to hear the prayers of
creationcreation

Sounding the 7 trumpetsSounding the 7 trumpets
8:3 – 11:198:3 – 11:19
 Catastrophic action begins anewCatastrophic action begins anew
 First 4 trumpets are elements of nature, which inFirst 4 trumpets are elements of nature, which in
turn indirectly affect humanityturn indirectly affect humanity
 Hail & FireHail & Fire
 Great mountain burning with fireGreat mountain burning with fire
 Sea became bloodSea became blood
 1/3 of sun, moon, stars (light) were darkened1/3 of sun, moon, stars (light) were darkened
 Plagues against Pharaoh & EgyptPlagues against Pharaoh & Egypt
 Eagle crying “Woe”Eagle crying “Woe”

8:3 – 11:198:3 – 11:19
 Last 3 trumpets call demonic forces that directly affectLast 3 trumpets call demonic forces that directly affect
humanityhumanity
 Locus to destroy those without the seal (Passover)Locus to destroy those without the seal (Passover)
 Vast host of horsemen to kill humankindVast host of horsemen to kill humankind
 SymbologySymbology
 Another interludeAnother interlude
 A small scroll for John to eatA small scroll for John to eat
 SweetSweet
 BitterBitter

8:3 – 11:198:3 – 11:19
 Measuring the TempleMeasuring the Temple
 Rebuild what had been destroyedRebuild what had been destroyed
 The “temple of humanity”The “temple of humanity”
 Prosecution and suffering will continueProsecution and suffering will continue
 Faithful churches will continue to give faithfulFaithful churches will continue to give faithful
witnesswitness
 The Temple and our physical being can beThe Temple and our physical being can be
destroyed, but if we remain faithful we willdestroyed, but if we remain faithful we will
never be out of God’s gracenever be out of God’s grace

8:3 – 11:198:3 – 11:19
 77thth
trumpet soundstrumpet sounds
 Praise to the Lord and MessiahPraise to the Lord and Messiah
 Seems to indicate that all is finished and it’s timeSeems to indicate that all is finished and it’s time
to celebrate and revel in God’s presenceto celebrate and revel in God’s presence
 The wicked are destroyed and victory isThe wicked are destroyed and victory is
achieved.achieved.
 However, there are still 11 more chaptersHowever, there are still 11 more chapters

Satanic Trinity: Dragon &Satanic Trinity: Dragon &
2 Beasts2 Beasts
12:1 – 14:2012:1 – 14:20
 Begins with a flashback of Jesus’ birthBegins with a flashback of Jesus’ birth
 Symbolic song of Michael’s triumphSymbolic song of Michael’s triumph
 Mark on right hand & foreheadMark on right hand & forehead
 666 (616)666 (616)
 Symbol of the greatest in imperfectionsSymbol of the greatest in imperfections
 NumerologyNumerology
 Worshiping a human god instead of the DivineWorshiping a human god instead of the Divine
 Fire & Brimstone (sulfur)Fire & Brimstone (sulfur)

7 Bowls of God’s Wrath7 Bowls of God’s Wrath
15:1 – 18:2415:1 – 18:24
 Struggle of the church in and with a hostileStruggle of the church in and with a hostile
worldworld
 Earth, Sea, Rivers, Fountains, Sun, Throne ofEarth, Sea, Rivers, Fountains, Sun, Throne of
the Beast, River Euphrates, Airthe Beast, River Euphrates, Air
 Battle of ArmageddonBattle of Armageddon
 Victory of God and fall of RomeVictory of God and fall of Rome
 Rome at the timeRome at the time
 Rome todayRome today

Final Victory & LastFinal Victory & Last
JudgmentJudgment
19:1 – 20:1519:1 – 20:15
 Songs of HallelujahSongs of Hallelujah
 More visions of horses & angelsMore visions of horses & angels
 Rapture & Left BehindRapture & Left Behind
 Return of ChristReturn of Christ
 Resurrection of the just & condemnation of theResurrection of the just & condemnation of the
damneddamned
 Establishment of a new heaven and a new earthEstablishment of a new heaven and a new earth

Non-Canonical WritingsNon-Canonical Writings
 Gospel of ThomasGospel of Thomas
 Other GospelsOther Gospels
 Sayings GospelsSayings Gospels
 Infancy GospelsInfancy Gospels
 Fragmentary GospelsFragmentary Gospels
 Jewish-Christian GospelsJewish-Christian Gospels
 ActsActs
 ApocalypsesApocalypses
 OthersOthers

 There is a deep sense of the reality of theThere is a deep sense of the reality of the
sacred. God is not only real, but knowable.sacred. God is not only real, but knowable.
Moreover, the sacred is known not in a setMoreover, the sacred is known not in a set
of statements about God, butof statements about God, but
experientially, as a Mystery beyond allexperientially, as a Mystery beyond all
language.language.
Marcus Borg
P 299

 There is a strong conviction that our livesThere is a strong conviction that our lives
are made “whole” and “right” by living in aare made “whole” and “right” by living in a
conscious relationship with the Mysteryconscious relationship with the Mystery
who is alone Lord. Life with God is notwho is alone Lord. Life with God is not
about believing certain teachings aboutabout believing certain teachings about
God. It is about a covenant – aGod. It is about a covenant – a
relationship.relationship.
Marcus Borg
P 299

 …… These voices [of the Biblical tradition]These voices [of the Biblical tradition]
are convinced that God is a God of justiceare convinced that God is a God of justice
and compassion… They speak of God’sand compassion… They speak of God’s
passion for life on earth – for the dream ofpassion for life on earth – for the dream of
God in the world of the everyday. God’sGod in the world of the everyday. God’s
passion is the ground of a biblical ethicpassion is the ground of a biblical ethic
centered in justice and compassion.centered in justice and compassion.
Marcus Borg
P 300

 So these three, I am suggesting, are at the coreSo these three, I am suggesting, are at the core
of the biblical vision of life with God: a sacredof the biblical vision of life with God: a sacred
Mystery at the center of life, with whom we areMystery at the center of life, with whom we are
to be in a conscious relationship and who isto be in a conscious relationship and who is
passionate about the well-being of the wholepassionate about the well-being of the whole
creation. We are called to participate in thecreation. We are called to participate in the
passion of God.passion of God.
Marcus Borg
P 301

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