Keynote Extreme Modelling 2014

Putting Engineering into MDE
Components and contracts for models
and transformations
Steffen Zschaler
29 September, 2014
With (lots of) help by
Francisco Duran, Jeffrey Terrell, Jendrik Johannes,
Dimitris Kolovos, and many others
All errors my own!

Motivation
• MDE is beginning to see some use
– Automotive
– Telecommunications
– Enterprise systems (especially for quality prediction)
• Need for systematic engineering
– To deal with scale of models
– To deal with complexity of domains
– To ensure correctness so MDE techniques can be
relied on
29/09/2014 (c) Steffen Zschaler 2

Motivation (2)
• Elements of systematic MDE engineering
– Requirements
– Architectures
– (Reusable) Components
– Patterns and Architecture Styles
– Methods and Guidelines
A research agenda for the years to come

A framework for discussing
composition
Uwe Aßmann: Invasive Software Composition.

composition
Component Model
(incl. contracts)

composition
Composition Model
(composition technique)
Component Model
(incl. contracts)

composition
Composition Language
Composition Model
Component Model
(incl. contracts)

composition
Composition System
Composition Language
Composition Model
Component Model
(incl. contracts)

Outline
1. Motivation
2. Models
3. Transformations
4. Challenges

Outline
1. Motivation
2. Models
3. Transformations
4. Challenges
1. Composition techniques
2. Contracts

Model components
• Variety of approaches
– Model/Package Import
– AOM
• Package Merge
• Language-specific merges
– E.g., for sequence diagrams
– RAM, MATA, ...
• Generic merges
– E.g., GeKo, Reuseware, ...

Model components
Example 1
29/09/2014

Model components
Example 2

Model components
Contracts?
• Only syntactical, if any
– Meta-classes of elements expected
– Naming and signatures of operations
• Key exception: Rely-Guarantee
Specifications
– For temporal logic and state machines

Syntactic Contracts

Outline
1. Motivation
2. Models
3. Transformations
4. Challenges
1. Composition techniques
2. Contracts

Transformation Composition

External Internal

External Internal
Sequential
T1 M1 M2 M3 T2

External Internal
Sequential Rule Superimposition
(aka import with
replacement)

External Internal
Sequential Rule Superimposition
(aka import with
replacement)
M1
M2

External Internal
Sequential Parallel Rule Superimposition
(aka import with
replacement)
T1 M1
M2
M3
T2 M4
M5

External Internal
(aka import with
replacement)
Rule Weaving
(aka full aspect
orientation)

External Internal
(aka import with
replacement)
Rule Weaving
(aka full aspect
orientation)
M1
M2

Sequential
Class Model OO to Relational Table Model

Sequential
Table Model
Normalised
Table Model
Normalisation

Sequential
Normalised
Table Model
Normalisation

Parallel
:Table
*
<<hook>>
:Column
Based on Jendrik Johannes, Steffen Zschaler, Miguel A. Fernández, Antonio Castillo, Dimitrios S. Kolovos, Richard F. Paige:
Abstracting Complex Languages through Transformation and Composition. MODELS 2009, LNCS 5795, pp 546–550.

Parallel
:Table
:Class *
<<hook>>
:Column

Parallel
:Table
:Class *
<<hook>>
:Column
:Attribute

Parallel
:Table
:Class *
<<hook>>
:Column
<<anchor>>
:Column
:Attribute

Parallel
:Table
:Class
super
sub
:Class *
<<hook>>
:Column
<<anchor>>
:Column
:Attribute

Parallel
<<anchor>><<slot>>
:Table
*
<<hook>>
:Column
<<anchor>>
:Column
:Class
super
sub
:Class
:Attribute

Parallel
<<anchor>><<slot>>
:Table
*
<<hook>>
:Column
<<anchor>>
:Column
<<anchor>><<slot>>
:Table
*
<<hook>>
:Column
:Class
super
sub
:Class
:Attribute

Parallel
Weaving
<<anchor>><<slot>>
:Table
*
<<hook>>
:Column
<<anchor>>
:Column
<<anchor>><<slot>>
:Table
*
<<hook>>
:Column
:Class
super
sub
:Class
:Attribute
Weaving

Superimposition
module Class2Relational;
create OUT : Relational from IN : Class;
rule Class2Table {
Based on Lawley, M., Duddy, K., Gerber, A., Raymond, K. Language Features for Re-Use and Maintainability of MDA Transformations. OOPSLA &
GPCE Workshop, 2004
and: Jouault, F. and Kurtev, I. Transforming models with ATL. In: Satellite Events at the MoDELS 2005 Conference, Oct 2005, Montego Bay, Jamaica.
pp. 128-138, LNCS 3844 (long version from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.99.6117&rep=rep1&type=pdf )
from
c : Class!Class
to
out : Relational!Table (
name <- c.name,
col <- Sequence {key}
->union(c.attr)),
key : Relational!Column (
name <- 'objectId',
type <- objectIdType)
}
rule Attribute2Column {
from
a : Class!Attribute
to
out : Relational!Column (
name <- a.name,
type <- a.type)
}

Superimposition
rule Class2Table {
module Class2RelationalInheritance;
rule Class2Table {
GPCE Workshop, 2004
from
c : Class!Class
to
name <- c.name,
->union(c.attr)),
name <- 'objectId',
}
from
a : Class!Attribute
to
name <- a.name,
type <- a.type)
}
from
c : Class!Class (
c.parent.oclIsUndefined())
to
name <- c.name,
->union(c.flattenedFeatures)),
name <- 'objectId',
}
-- flattenedFeatures helper not shown.
-- It collects all features of a class
-- and all its sub-classes

Superimposition
rule Class2Table {
GPCE Workshop, 2004
from
c : Class!Class
to
name <- c.name,
->union(c.attr)),
name <- 'objectId',
}
from
a : Class!Attribute
to
name <- a.name,
type <- a.type)
}
(
c.parent.oclIsUndefined())
to
name <- c.name,
->union(c.flattenedFeatures)),
name 'objectId',
}
-- flattenedFeatures helper
-- not shown...

Weaving
29/09/2014 (c) Steffen Zschaler
16

Contracts
• Need both syntactical and semantic
contracts
• Goal:
– Be precise enough to enable reasoning and
give assurances
– Be lenient enough to maximise reusability

Contracts (2)
Will look at two types of contracts:
– Syntactic contracts for sequential composition
(aka model typing)
– Semantic contracts for rule weaving

Contracts for sequential
composition
• Contracts specify the kinds of models
read and written by a transformation
• Options:
1. Meta-models
2. Effective meta-models
3. Model types / Concepts
Normalised
Table Model
Normalisation

Model typing problems
mmo NewSM (s : Simple) {
s += new StateMachine ()
}
S. Zschaler: Towards Constraint-Based Model Types: A Generalised Formal Foundation for Model Genericity.
In VAO’14

}
StateMachine
initialState
0..1
State
name: String
Transition
event: String
containedState *
src
1
tgt
1
incoming
*
*
outgoing
In VAO’14

}
StateMachine
initialState
0..1
State
name: String
Transition
event: String
containedState *
src
1
tgt
1
incoming
*
*
outgoing
Difference between Mandatory-start <: Simple and Mandatory-start Steel Simple
In VAO’14

Mandatory-start <:Steel Simple
}
StateMachine
initialState
0..1
State
name: String
Transition
event: String
containedState *
src
1
tgt
1
incoming
*
*
outgoing
Difference between Simple and Mandatory-start
Error: Allows passing in
Mandatory-start instance, but breaks it.
In VAO’14

sm := new StateMachine () ;
sm.initialState += new State () ;
s += sm
}
StateMachine
initialState
0..1
State
name: String
Transition
event: String
containedState *
src
1
tgt
1
incoming
*
*
outgoing
Difference between Mandatory-start <: Simple and Mandatory-start Guy Simple
In VAO’14

Mandatory-start <:Guy Simple
sm := new StateMachine () ;
sm.initialState += new State () ;
s += sm
}
StateMachine
initialState
0..1
State
name: String
Transition
event: String
containedState *
src
1
tgt
1
incoming
*
*
outgoing
Difference between Simple and Mandatory-start
Over-restriction: Would work with
Mandatory-start instance, but cannot specify.
In VAO’14

Syntactic contracts:
Research challenges
• Type theory of transformations
– Including intrinsic and extrinsic contracts
• Static analysis of transformations
– Data flow analysis
• Tool support for managing and
checking transformation contracts

Contracts for rule weaving

Contracts for rule weaving
• Morphisms over transformation
systems
– Both for parameter and bindings
• Define Properties of morphisms to
ensure semantics of weaving
– Behaviour reflection and preservation
 Semantic contracts

Semantic contracts:
Research challenges
• Other semantic properties
– Allow some change of behaviour
– Express behaviour of base parametrised over
transformations to be woven

Semantic contracts:
Research challenges
M1 M2
τ

Semantic contracts:
Research challenges
M1 M2
τ
sem1 sem2
ζ
Γ1 Γ2

Semantic contracts:
Research challenges
M1 M2
τ(τ1, .. , τn)
f(ζ1, .. , ζn)
sem1 sem2
ζ
Γ1 Γ2

Outline
1. Motivation
2. Models
3. Transformations
4. Challenges

Research Agenda
• Need a calculus of transformation components
– What do they look like?
– What composition operations are there?
– What are contracts?
– What properties can we derive for composite transformations?
• Some work exists:
– See talk
– Megamodelling (e.g., MINNT for typing)
• But are still missing fundamental theory

http://xkcd.com/1343/
29/09/2014 (c) Steffen Zschaler

Keynote Extreme Modelling 2014

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