Engineers are leading the push to create greener products that will help us meet current and future sustainability challenges. Stanford Engineering Professor Mike Lepech discusses the impact of green engineering on our planet and on our daily lives.
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Green Engineering 101: Building a Sustainable Planet, Michael Lepech, Stanford Engineering
1. Green Engineering 101
Michael Lepech
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Stanford University
2011 Stanford Engineering eDay
16 July 2011
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
12. What does it take to make
chocolate chip cookies?
⢠Flour ⢠Eggs
⢠Baking Soda ⢠Chocolate Chips
⢠Salt ?
⢠Butter
⢠Sugar (and Brown Sugar)
⢠Vanilla
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
13. What does it take to make
chocolate chip cookies?
⢠Flour ⢠Eggs
⢠Baking Soda ⢠Chocolate Chips
⢠Salt
⢠Butter
⢠Sugar (and Brown Sugar)
⢠Vanilla
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
14. Sugar Production
Energy and
Sugar Production Video
Materials
Fields & Harvest Sugar Cane Transportation
Bagging Refining Pressing Grinding
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
15. ISO 14040 Life Cycle Modeling
Raw Material
Acquisition
Air pollutants
(e.g., Hg)
Primary T
Materials Water
(e.g., ores, biotic
Material
T Manufacture
resources) pollutants
Processing & Assembly (e.g., BOD)
Recycled Recycling Remanufacture
Materials T Solid waste
(e.g., MSW)
(open loop recycling)
Primary Retirement
Use
& Recovery T
Energy Products
(e.g., coal) (e.g., goods, services)
T T Reuse
Disposal Service
Co-products
(e.g., recyclables, energy)
Center for Sustainable Systems (2003)
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
16. Bill of Materials (Batch Recipe)
⢠Flour 2.25 cups
⢠Baking Soda 1 teaspoon
⢠Salt 1 teaspoon
⢠Butter 1 cup (2 sticks)
⢠Sugar (and Brown Sugar) 1.5 cups
⢠Vanilla 1 teaspoon
⢠Eggs 2
⢠Chocolate Chips 2 cups
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
17. US Electricity Life Cycle Inventory
Kim. S. and Dale, B. (2005)
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
18. Environmental Footprint of a Batch (24)
Baking Soda, Salt, Vanilla
EcoPoints
Butter
Chocolate
Eggs
Flour Sugar
Greenhouse Gases Eutrophication Summer Smog
Ozone Depletion Heavy Metals Winter Smog
Acidification Carcinogens
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
19. Carbon Footprint of a Batch of Cookies
78g CO2-eq per cookie
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
22. ISO 14040 Life Cycle Modeling
Raw Material
Acquisition
Air pollutants
(e.g., Hg)
Primary T
Materials Water
(e.g., ores, biotic
Material
T Manufacture
resources) pollutants
Processing & Assembly (e.g., BOD)
Recycled Recycling Remanufacture
Materials T Solid waste
(e.g., MSW)
(open loop recycling)
Primary Retirement
Use
& Recovery T
Energy Products
(e.g., coal) (e.g., goods, services)
T T Reuse
Disposal Service
Co-products
(e.g., recyclables, energy)
Center for Sustainable Systems (2003)
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
28. Design Challenge
⢠Designing a âgreenâ no bake dessertâŚ
â Design constraint
CO2-eq < 78g
â Must use one graham cracker and one spoon of
frosting!
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
29. Design Challenge
⢠Designing a âgreenâ no bake dessertâŚ
â Parts listâŚ.
Item Impact (g CO2-eq)
Graham Cracker 25
Chocolate Frosting (1 spoon) 15
Vanilla Frosting (1 spoon) 13
Marshmallow 6
Chocolate Chips 1
Sprinkles (1 spoon) 5
Hershey Kiss 8
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
30. How do we use this at Stanford?
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
31. Advanced Materials for Green Infrastructure
ECC (Engineered Cementitious Composite)
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
32. Ductile Cement-based Materials
HPFRCC (ECC)
Normal Fiber
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete
w or
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
33. Nanotailoring of Green ECC
⢠Increasing Stress vs. Crack Opening Relation
carbon content
decreases 7
interfacial 6
friction
Stress, s(MPa)
5
â˘
Stress, (MPa)
40% reduction M45
in 4 21%
complimentary 3 ` 13%
energy 8%
2
Stress vs. Crack Opening Relation
1 Increasing Carbon Content
7
0
6 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Stress, s(MPa)
Stress, (%)
5
Crack Opening, m )(mm)
Crack Opening, d (m
M45
4 8%
3 14%
21%
2
1
0
L f / 2 cos
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Vf 1
Crack Opening, d (mm)
( ) P( , Le ) g ( ) p( ) p( z )dzd
Af 0 z 0
Virgin PVA Fiber Nanocoated PVA
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
34. ECC Link Slab Concept
ďŽ Links two adjacent bridge
spans through continuous
deck
ďŽ ECC material accommodates
adjacent span deformations
ďŽ Combined flexural, axial, and
environmental loads
Shear Stud Deck Interface
Continuous Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Shear Stud ECC Link Slab
ECC Link Slab Deck Interface Concrete DeckDeck
Concrete
Concrete Railing Steel Beam
Steel Beam Debonding PaperPaper
Debonding Concrete Sidewalk
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
35. Life Cycle Model
MOBILE6.2 NONROAD KyUCP
Emissions Emissions Traffic Flow
Model Model Model
Environmental
Model Parameters Sustainability Indicators
- Resource Depletion
User Input and System Life Cycle Assessment Model - Energy Use
Definition
- Global Warming Potential
Life Cycle Cost Model
Agency Cost Factors Social Cost Factors
- Construction Material - Agency Activity Emissions
- Distribution - Vehicle Emissoins
Agency Costs Social Costs
- Construction (Labor & Equip) - Vehicle Operating Costs
- End of Life Costs - User Delay
Keoleian et al, Journal of Infrastructure Systems March 2005 51-60
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
36. Detailed Impact Flow (CO2-eq)
⢠Full life cycle model is comprehensive and detailed
â 203 nodes visible of 36 908
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
37. Infrastructure Sustainability Indicators
Total Primary Energy Consumption ⢠Total primary
by Life Cycle Stage energy
90000 consumption is
dominated by
80000 traffic-related
energy
70000
60000
Gigajoules (GJ)
EOL
50000 Distribution
Materials
40000 Construction
ÎTraffic
30000
20000
10000
0
Keoleian et al, Journal of
ECC Conventional Infrastructure Systems
March 2005 51-60
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
39. OFU Gimsøystraumen Bridge
Total span: 839 meters Maximum clearance to the sea: 30 meters
Spans: 9 Opened in 1981
Main span: 148 meters
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
40. Management Results
CO2 Accrual
CO2 Impact Budget
Environmental Impact
Budgets
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
41. Targeting âSustainabilityâ
⢠Target reductions to achieve a stabilized atmospheric carbon-
equivalent concentration of 490ppm -535ppm (Scenario II) by
Year 2050 (Year 2000 baseline).
IPCC AR4
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
42. Design Challenge
⢠Designing a âgreenâ no bake dessertâŚ
â Design constraint
CO2-eq < 78g
â Must use one graham cracker and
one spoon of frosting!
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
43. Final ThoughtsâŚ
⢠We need to take better care of our
planet.
⢠Engineers are a big part of that!
â Green design is a big part of Stanford
Engineering
â Lots of ways to design âgreenâ that respect
the choices and values of many people
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011
44. Thanks!
Questions?
Michael D. Lepech
mlepech@stanford.edu
stanford.edu/~mlepech
2011 Stanford eDay 16 July 2011 Š 2011