3. Wheat Milling Wheat straw
Chaffs, sticks
Wheat bran
Fine wheat feed
Wheat germ
Wheat middlings,
short
By-products of wheat milling
(Wheat-feed)
4. Utilization of by-products of wheat milling
• Wheat straw is utilized for different purposes for example fuel for heating, animal
feed, and bedding for domestic animals. It is also used in production of biofuels as
well as ethanol. Wheat straw is also used as cattle feed. It is also used in production
of papers.
• Wheat bran is good source of fibers and so it is used to replace the flour used in
breads, muffins, cookies, etc. It is also used in biorefineries to produce biofuels and
bioethanol.
• Wheat germ is added to some granolas, cereals, and cornbread, and it's also
available raw. It is a popular topping for fruit pies, yogurt, ice cream, and hot or cold
cereal.
• Wheat germ oil contains valuable fat-soluble substances, such as tocopherols,
sterols, carotenoids, and steryl ferulates, and is reported to have several beneficial
health effects, such as reducing plasma and liver cholesterol levels, improving
physical endurance, and possibly helping to delay the effects of aging.
• Wheat middlings are used to produce foods like pasta, breakfast cereals, puddings,
and couscous for humans, as well as fodder for livestock and pets. Also, they can be
used in biofuel production.
5. • Pulses are defined as dried edible seeds of cultivated legumes.
• Bengal gram/Chickpea (chana), pigeon pea (tur/arhar), cow pea
(lobia), black gram (urad), green gram (moong), lentils (masur),
peas (matar) are some of the major pulses grown in India.
• Pulses are mostly consumed in the form of dehusked splits,
commonly known as dal. The outer layer of the grain (husk) is
attached to the protein and starch bearing cotyledons of the
pulse grains.
• Pulse milling is the third largest food processing industry after
rice and flour milling.
• Pulse milling (dal milling) is accomplished in three major steps
namely: loosening of husk, dehusking and splitting of pulses.
• Processing of pulses involves two basic steps: (i) seed coat/husk
loosening and its removal and (ii) conversion of seed grain into
splits and grinding into flour depending upon its end-use.
PULSE MILLING
6.
7. Utilization of by-products of pulse milling
• By products of pulse milling are husk, chaff, germ meal, chuni (dust) or powder and broken
grains.
• Husk is utilized as source for fuel, fertilizer and animal feed also as it has high number of
nutritional components. It is also used as a medium for solid state fermentation. It is also
used in production of tannin acyl hydrolase (tannase).
• Hull fibre is used in the preparation of cookies and brownies, baked goods, health and
nutrition bars, pet foods, etc.
• Chuni or dust from pulse milling contains germ meal. This germ meal is mainly used in
preparation of cattle feeds and bird feeds.
• Pods and broken grains of beans have been used as fibre source for animal feed purpose.
• Seed coats are also used in various formulations such as bakery products, dairy products
and gluten free foods as they are rich in phenolic compounds showing antioxidant activity.
8. MANAGEMENT OF WASTE
Different methods for management of waste generated by wheat and pulse milling
process:
1. On-farm management
2. Off-farm management
1.On-farm management
• Straw mulching
• Composting or vermicomposting
• Biogas production
2.Off-farm management
• Pyrolysis - thermal decomposition to cause partial oxidation with insufficient O2
• Gasification - partial oxidation with lower oxygen supply than required for combustion
• Combustion - rapid oxidation accompanied by production of heat
• Pelletization - compressing or moulding waste into pellets as animal feed
• Production of bioethanol
• Production of paper and cardboard
