what is protected area,biosphere reserve,wildlife sanctuary,national park of India, environmental legislation,sacred grove

1. BY:
SRUTISUDHAMOHANTY
M.Sc. Environmental Science
1st semester

2. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
The worst sin towards our fellow creatures is not to
hate them,but to be indifferent to them.
:George Bernard Shaw
Due to continuous increase in the number of
endangered species of flora & fauna,major steps
have been taken to protect and manage the
wildlife

3. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
IN SITU EX SITU
NATIONAL
PARK
&
SANCTUARIES
BIOSPHERE
RESERVESSACRED
GROVES
MARI
-NE
TERR
ES-
-TRIAL
SACRED PLANT
HOME GARDENS
SEED BANKS,
FIELD GENE BANK
CRYOPRESERVES
BOTANICAL
GARDENS,ZOO,
AQUARIA

4. PROTECTED AREA
A clearly defined geographical space, recognised,
dedicated and managed through local or other
effective means,to achieve the long term
conservation of nature with associated ecosystem
series and cultural values.
:(IUCN World Commission,2008)
It is supported by
World Commission ON Protected Areas
Convention on Biological Diversity

6. IUCN CATEGORIES OF PROTECTED AREAS
Category Ia — Strict Nature Reserve:PROTECTED AREAS MANAGED MAINLY
FOR SCIENCE AND RECIEVE LEAST AMOUNT OF HUMAN PROJECTION
Category Ib — Wilderness Area:WILDERNESS PROTECTION
Category II — National Park:PROTECTED AREAS MANAGED MAINLY FORECOSYSTEM
CONSERVATION AND RECREATION
Category III — Natural Monument or Feature:TO PROTECT MONUMENTS &
ITS SORROUNDING HABITATS
Category IV — Habitat/Species Management Area:CONSERVATION OF
SPECIFIC SPECIES WHICH REQUIRES PROTECTION
Category V — Protected Landscape/Seascape:CONSERVATION OF ENTIRE
AREA,PERMITS SORROUNDING COMMUNITY TO INTERACT
Category VI – Protected Area with sustainable use of natural
resources:MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL CORRELATION BETWEEN NATURAL CONSERVATION AND
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT

7. PROTECTED AREA OF INDIA
 India is one of the 17 mega diverse countries of the
world.India is home to World's largest wild tiger population
and has got unique assemblage of globally important
endangered species like Asiatic lion,asian elephant,one
horned rhinoceros,gangetic river dolphin,snow
leopard,kashmir stag,gharial,great indian bustard etc.
 A National Board for Wildlife(NBWL),chaired by the PM of
India provides for policy frameworkfor wildlife conservation
in the country.the National Wildlife Action Plan(2002-2016)
has been adopted;emphasizing the peoples' participation
& their support for wildlife conservation.

8. Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972
Citation : Act no. 53 of 1972
Enacted By : Parliament of India
Date enacted: 9 Sept. 1972

9. PM is the chairperson of National Board for Wildlife
& the Minister in charge for Forest and Wildlife is the
Vice-Chairperson.
Similarly
CM is the chairperson of State Board for Wildlife
& the Minister in charge for Forest and Wildlife is the
Vice-Chairperson.
All the power has been given to Chief Wildlife Warden .

10.  An area dedicated by statute for all times to conserve
the scenery, natural or historical objects of national
importance & wildlife is called as NATIONAL PARKS.
 A National Park is created or abolished by the
legislature of a province or by the Parliament .
 Worldwide 6555 national parks (2006)
 First national park of the world- Yellowstone national
park,1872
 Largest National Park-Northeast Greenland National
park,1979

11. NATIONAL PARKS OF INDIA
IUCN category II
There are 112
National Parks of
India(April;2002).
India's first National Park-
Jim Corbett National Park,Uttarakhand,1936
(formerly known as Hailey National Park)

13. A national park consists of a core zone and a buffer zone, each with
specific characteristics.
Core zone
Regulated access for the public
Tight restrictions on production operations and human activities (construction of
infrastructure, agriculture, etc.)
Hunting prohibited, except in cases where a health risk is demonstrated for
wildlife
Tight restrictions on production operations and human activities (construction of
infrastructure, agriculture, etc.)
Hunting prohibited, except in cases where a health risk is demonstrated for
wildlife
BUFFER ZONE
Its function is to form a buffer around the core zone.
The buffer zone is an area for the local population to live and work in.
In the buffer zone, the principles of sustainability are to be implemented.

14. Specific objectives
•Promotion of environmental education and discovery of the natural and
cultural heritage, and awareness raising with regard to sustainability
•Support for and coordination of research projects
•Cooperation between park communes on spatial planning activities in the
area
For the Core Zone
• Conservation of natural processes and prevention of interventions
detrimental to these processes
•Coordination and monitoring of the human activities permitted in the core
zone
For the buffer zone:
•Preservation of natural and landscape values and enhancement of the
buffer function
•Promotion of sustainable use of natural resources (sustainable tourism,
renewable energy sources, sustainable mobility, regional products)

15. WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
 Typically, a sanctuary is created through a
government mandate that sets the space aside for the
use of animal protection, and rangers or other
government employees may patrol the area to ensure
that no one hunts or otherwise harasses the animals.
 These are the forest area where killing and capturing
of any species of animal is prohibited except under
the orders of competent authority .

16. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES OF INDIA
 IUCN category IV
 There are 515 wildlife sanctuaries in india
 41 tiger reserves ,governed by Project Tiger
 Largest sanctuary: Nagarjun sagar - srisailam tiger
reserve(A.P,Telengana)

18.  These are special category of protected areas of land or
coastal environment where people are an integral component
of the system.
 It promotes conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable
use.
 The concept of biosphere was launched in 1971 as a part of
UNESCO's Man & Biosphere program(MAB).
 The first biosphere reserve of the world established in
1979.
 562 reserves in 109 countries

19.  It serves in some ways living laboratories for
testing out and demonstrating integrated
management of land, water & biodiversity.
 A biosphere reserve is divided into 3 zones
i.e,
1.CORE AONE
2.BUFFER ZONE
3.TRANSITION ZONE

20. Zones of Biosphere
1.Core zone:
Which is strongly protected for the
conservation of biological diversity — to make
sure that different types of plants and animals
are safe from human impact.
2. Buffer zone:
Surrounds the core zones and provide a space for
environmental research, recreation, and tourism.
3.Transition zone:
This area is for local communities that have a hand in managing
the resources of the area through farming, fisheries, and other
non-governmental activities.

21. Role of biosphere reserves
A biosphere reserve preserves
a) wild population
b) life style of tribes
c) genetic resources of domesticated plants and
animals.
It helps in
1) conservation
2) promotes economic development
3) Scientific research, monitoring and education

22. Biosphere reserves of india

25. SACRED GROVES
Sacred grove is a grove of trees of special religious
importance to a particular culture.
Sacred groves of India are forest fragments of varying
sizes, which are communally protected, and which
usually have a significant religious connotation for the
protecting community.
The decline of sacred groves can be attributed to the
change in social values & religious beliefs as a result of
modernization & urbanization.
For most villagers,economics is easier to understand
than ecology.
Hunting and logging are usually strictly prohibited
within these patches.

26. • In India 13,270 sacred groves are documented
• Experts estimate is in the range of 100,000 – 150,000
• Himachal Pradesh --- 5000
• Karnataka --- 1424
• Kerala --- 2000
• Odisha --- 322
• Rajasthan --- 9

27. • Names of sacred State
groves
• Devara kadu Karnataka
• Deo Bhumi Himachal Pradesh
• Kovil Kadu Pondcherry and TamilNadu
• Kavus Kerala
• Devrais Maharashtra
• Mausmai Megalaya
• Bugyal Uttaranchal
• Machhiyal Uttaranchal & H.P.
• Mangar bani Rajasthan
• (sacred water bodies)

28.  Sacred groves occur in a variety of places – from scrub forests in
the Thar Desert of Rajasthan maintained by the Bishnois.
 The Gurjjar people of Rajasthan have a unique practice of neem
(Azadirachta indica) planting and worshipping as abode of
God Devnarayan.Thus, a Gurjjar settlement appears like a human-
inhabited sacred grove.
 Similarly Mangar Bani, last surviving natural forest of Delhi is
protected by Gurjjars of nearby area.
Sacred groves of Rajasthan
Oran (Jaiselmer,Jodhpur,Bikaner),
Kenkri (Ajmer),
Vani (Mewar),
Shamlat deh,
Devbani(Alwar),
Jogmaya

29. Traditional uses: One of the most important
traditional uses of sacred groves was that it acted as a
repository for various Ayurvedic medicines. Other
uses involved a source of replenishable resources like
fruits and honey. However, in most sacred groves it
was taboo to hunt or chop wood. The vegetation
cover helps reduce soil erosion and prevents
desertification, as in Rajasthan. The groves are often
associated with ponds and streams, and meet water
requirements of local communities.

30. However, the introduction of protected area category
community reserves under the Wildlife(Protection)
Ammendment Act;2002 has introduced legislation for
providing government protection to community held
lands,which could include sacred groves.
Hunting and logging are usually strictly prohibited within these
patches.
The extent groves are proof that the forests exist not only
because there are regulations but also because there are
traditions.

31. Examples
Sacred groves occur in a variety of places – from scrub
forests in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan maintained by
the Bishnois, to rain forests in the Western Ghats of
Kerala.
Himachal Pradesh in the north and Kerala in the south are
specifically known for their large numbers of sacred
groves.
The Kodavas of Karnataka alone maintained over 1000
sacred groves in their region.