guide to processor

2. MICROPROCESSOR
Fabrication of ALU unit & control unit in a single IC package is known as
microprocessor and is known as the brain of computer.
Tells your computer what to do when to do something and also it decides
which task is more important and prioritizes them as the computer’s need.
Performs all arithmetical and logical operations and controls I/O functions.
It includes :-
Control unit
ALU
I/O unit
Register unit
Memory unit

3. SYSTEM BUS
Data part –use d to transport data
Address part -used to locate the destination to transmit data.
REGISTER
The ALU is the heart of the CPU performs all data processing
functionality and to assist the ALU there is an internal temporary
storage exist which hold the data before and after processing and is
known as register.

4. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
A CPU is a silicon chip embedded on ceramic plate. The silicon chip a
purified silicon doped with a metal oxide(cupper, aluminum)
This doping process creates millions of transistors and signal pathway
in the die.
PACKAGING
PGA
SEC
LGA

5. CACHE
The cache is the first block of RAM which interact between
the main memory and CPU using cache controller chip. This
memory helps processor to fetch instructions in quick routine
and is very faster than RAM.
MULTITASKING
Is the process or executing more than one application at a
time under a supporting OS such as windows 2000/xp.

6. MULTIPROCESSING
Means a system more than one CPU which can greatly increase system
performance.
Asymmetric
symmetric.
PREREQUISITE
The motherboard must be capable of handling multiple processor.
The processor must be compatible with a multiprocessing system.
The operating system must support multiprocessing.
THROTTLING
When heat generation is more than dissipation and the thermal
sensor in the CPU detects an unacceptable level of heat throttling
allows the CPU to reduce performance to create a balancing
temperature in the system.

7. FSB
The FSB connects the computer's processor to the system
memory (RAM) and other components on the motherboard
CLOCK SPEED
Clock speed is the rate at which a processor can complete a
processing cycle. It is typically measured in megahertz or
gigahertz. One megahertz is equal to one million cycles per
second, while one gigahertz equals one billion cycles per second
OVERCLOCKING
Increase the clock speed, improving performance.
Generally performed by hobbyist and game enthusiasts.
OEMs generally try to prevent over clocking by disabling custom
settings in the CMOS setup program.

8. SUPERSCALAR DESIGN
Superscalar architecture refers to the use of multiple execution units, to allow
the processing of more than one instruction at a time Providing multiple
instruction with multiple channels
HYPERTHREADING
Hyper-Threading enables different parts of the CPU to work on
different tasks concurrently. In this way, a CPU with Hyper-Threading
appears to be more than one CPU
Operating Systems which support Hyper-Threading include
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0, Microsoft Windows 2000, Microsoft XP
Professional, and most Unix variants
DUAL CORE
In the case of dual core processor, the entire chip has two independent
computer processors that can work together to increase total computer
performance.

9. MATH-CO-PROCESSOR
Is an optional processor used to allow a computer to perform
mathematical calculations more efficiently or fasterly.
PROCESSOR (INTEL)
PROCESSOR BIT YEAR
INTEL 4004 4 BIT 1971
INTEL 8085 8 BIT 1977-1980
INTEL 8086 8 BIT 1977-1980
INTEL 80186 16 BIT 1981-1982
INTEL 80286
INTEL 80286 32 BIT 1983
INTEL 80386 32 BIT 1987-1991

10. INTEL 80486 32 BIT 1987-1991
INTEL PENTIUM 1994
PENTIUM PRO 64 BIT 1995
PENTIUM II 1996
PENTIUM MMX 1996
PENTIUM III/CELERON 1998
PENTIM IV 64 BIT 2000
INTEL CORE 64 BIT 2005

11. INTEL CORE TECHNOLOGY
DESKTOP/:-
PENTIUM CORE
DUAL CORE
CORE 2 DUO
QUAD CORE
CORE 2 Quad
Core2 extreme
Core i3
Core i5
Core i7

12. LAPTOP:-
CORE SOLO
CORE MOBILE TECH
CORE CENTRINO DUO
SERVER:-
XEON
ITANIUM

13. AMD PROCESSOR FAMILY
AMD INTEL
AMD K6 INTEL PENTIUM MMX
AMD K6-2 INTEL PENTIUM II
AMD K6-3 PENTIUM III
AMD ATHLON PENTIUM IV
AMD DURON PENTIUM IV
AMD ATHLON 64 PENTIUM IV (HT)
AMD SEMPRON PENTIUM CORE
AMD OPTERON DUAL CORE
AMD-PHENOM CORE 2 DUO,QUAD CORE