ADS-B: A pilot's guide to understanding the system and avionics

ADS-B: A Pilot’s Guide
Understanding the system and the avionics
John Zimmerman
Sporty’s Pilot Shop

John Zimmerman
• Active GA Pilot
Comm/Multi/Inst/Heli

• Vice President
• Publisher
iPad Pilot News

iPadPilotNews.com
Additional resources
Sit back, relax and learn!
•  How-to articles
•  ADS-B Reviews
•  iPad Tips & News
•  Biweekly Newsletter

• What is ADS-B?
• Key terms
• How does it work?
• Panel-mount avionics
• Portable receivers
• Tips and advice
presentation overview

Poll #1
Do you use ADS-B today?

Big Picture
Key ADS-B Takeaways
You are required to have an ADS-B
out transponder to fly in airspace
that currently requires Mode C
transponder by 2020
The ADS-B network broadcasts
free datalink weather and traffic
This ADS-B In equipment is
optional.
1
2
3

Big Picture
Key ADS-B Takeaways
The ground
station network
is complete
(650 stations)
4

Quick History
Where did ADS-B come from?
• Capstone Program launched in
Alaska in the late 1990s
• Can we use new technology to
improve safety?
- Accurate position with GPS/WAAS
-  Transmit to ground and airplanes
-  Ground station network
-  New aircraft transponders
-  Datalink weather
Answer: yes

Where are we now?
Quick History
• Current system built on success of
Capstone program
• Final ADS-B Out rules finalized in
2011 – nothing is changing now
• Ground station network is complete
• Lots of options for hardware
Pretty mature system now.

What does it all mean?
Key Terms
• NextGen
• ADS-B
- ADS-B Out and ADS-B In
• ADS-B transponder options
-1090ES and 978 (UAT)
• ADS-B datalink terms
- FIS-B and TIS-B

NextGen: Next Generation Air Transportation System
Key Terms
• Transforms America’s air traffic control system from an aging,
ground-based system to a satellite-based system
• The goals of NextGen are to:
- Shorten routes
- Save time and fuel
-  Reduce traffic delays
-  Increase capacity
- Increase safety
- World peace, free beer…

NextGen: Next Generation Air Transportation System
Key Terms
NextGen
ADS-B
NextGen has 5 major elements – only one of them is ADS-B

ADS-B
Key Terms
• Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast
- Automatic: it works in the background
- Dependent: depends on other aircraft being equipped
-  Surveillance: it’s a technology to track aircraft
-  Broadcast: each aircraft broadcasts its position and velocity

ADS-B In and Out
Key Terms
NextGen
ADS-B
ADS-B Out ADS-B In

ADS-B In and Out
Key Terms
• ADS-B Out: a surveillance technology for tracking aircraft
- Aircraft report position, velocity and altitude once per second
- Aircraft will be required to equip with ADS-B Out by the start of
2020 if operating in class A, B, C airspace and above 10,000 ft.

ADS-B In and Out
Key Terms
• ADS-B In: an aircraft’s ability to receive transmissions from ground
stations and other aircraft
- Allows pilots to receive weather and traffic
- ADS-B In equipage is optional

978 vs. 1090
Key Terms
NextGen
ADS-B
ADS-B Out ADS-B In
978 1090 978 1090

978 vs. 1090
Key Terms
• ADS-B in the US supports two different datalinks:
- 1090 MHz Extended Squitter (ES)
- 978 MHz Universal Access Transceiver (UAT)

Key Terms
1090ES – ADS-B Out
-  ES is based on 1090 MHz just like Mode A/Cs transponders
-  Mode S transponders can be upgraded to ES transponders by
adding a WAAS GPS and upgrading software (e.g. Garmin
GTX330)
-  ES is the only ADS-B transmitter accepted outside the US and
above 18,000 ft.
Must be certiﬁed and installed

978 UAT
Key Terms
• 978 UAT – ADS-B Out
- Only allowed in the US, and only below 18,000 ft.
- If you use 978 UAT you still need to have a Mode C transponder
Must be certiﬁed and installed

1090ES
Key Terms
• 1090ES – ADS-B In
- Can detect other aircraft equipped with 1090ES transmitters
- Receives other traffic from ground stations
- Does NOT receive weather
Can be portable or installed

978 UAT
Key Terms
• 978 UAT – ADS-B In
- Can detect other aircraft with 978 MHz transmitters (air-to-air)
- Receives information about other traffic from ground stations
- 978 receivers are capable of receiving ADS-B weather
Can be installed
or portable

NextGen, ADS-B, In/Out, 978/1090
Key Terms
Confused yet?

NextGen, ADS-B, In/Out, 978/1090
Key Terms
• 1090ES (Out)
- Above 18,000 ft.
US and Int’l
-  Transponder
replacement
• 1090ES (In)
- Traffic only
- No weather
• 978 (Out)
- Below 18,000
ft. in US only
- Remote mount
• 978 (In)
- Traffic
- Weather

FIS-B
Key Terms
• Flight Information Services – Broadcast
• Text weather (METARs, TAFs, PIREPs)
• Graphical weather (radar)
• Airspace status (TFRs, NOTAMs)
• Constantly broadcast

TIS-B
Key Terms
• Traffic Information Services – Broadcast
- A custom traffic report sent only to
aircraft equipped with ADS-B Out
- Not the same as Mode S or TIS traffic

5 things to know before you upgrade
ADS-B Facts
1.  ADS-B Out will be required in
most airspace where a Mode C
transponder is today.
2.  A WAAS GPS must be included
in your install.
3.  ADS-B Out transponder must be
permanently mounted.
4.  ADS-B In equipage is optional.
5.  You still need your Mode C transponder if you
use 978 ADS-B Out.

Where do you need it?
ADS-B Facts
1.  Class A airspace (above 18,000 ft) –
must be 1090
2.  Class C and B airspace (and above
them)
3.  Inside the Class B Mode C veil
(within 30 miles up to 10,000 ft.)
4.  Above 10,000 ft. in the lower 48

What about experimental aircraft?
ADS-B Facts
1.  FAA: “Non-TSO ADS-B Out avionics
may be installed on amateur-built
and light sport aircraft with
experimental airworthiness certificates.”
2.  S-LSA upgrades must be approved
by the manufacturer. Harder to do.
3.  Glass cockpits are in the same
situation – part of the TC so it’s not automatic.
Pay attention

What about portables for ADS-B Out?
ADS-B Facts
• Technically feasible, but don’t count on it.
• Would be like an IFR approach-approved
portable GPS – doesn’t exist.
• FAA: “Portable ADS-B Out systems, also known as ‘suitcase’
units, should not be operated (transmitting) aboard any
aircraft. While marketing associated with these units may
imply approval for use by way of an FCC license, the FAA
prohibits their use.”
http://1.usa.gov/1E0vadh

Questions to consider
ADS-B Facts
• Lots of options: In, Out, In and Out;
1090 ES vs. 978 UAT
• 1090 vs. 978
• Do you ever fly above 18,000 ft.
or outside US? Need 1090.
• Age of current transponder: 978
relies on your old transponder
• 978 usually more expensive to
install than 1090 (additional
structure, control head, etc)

UAT or Extended Squitter (ES)?
ADS-B Out Trends
1090 ES
978 UAT
FAA Equipage Statistics as of 3/1/2016
Category
Equipped Aircraft
1090 ES
14,504 72%
978 UAT
5,055 25%
Both
694 3%
US General Aviation
17,508
US Air Carrier
499
US Military and Special Use
72
International General Aviation
1,915
International Air Carrier
261

Why are 1090 ES Installs Trending Almost 3X 978 UAT?
ADS-B Out Trends
• UAT leaves old tube-based transponder in the aircraft
• 1090 ES gives your instrument panel a visible upgrade
• Time required to install a panel avionic in a piston single can be
up to ½ the time to install a remote box

ADS-B Facts
•  Out vs. In and Out
•  Do you already have ADS-B In
(portable)? Might only need to
buy Out for the panel.
•  Do you have XM weather in the
panel already?
•  What’s your budget (Out and In
is more expensive)

ADS-B Facts
Most important question: What is the total installed cost of my solution?

New installation policy
ADS-B Facts
•  Now easier to install ADS-B Out
avionics on airplanes that are not
listed on manufacturer’s STC
•  “After initial approval, ADS-B OUT
systems that have previously
received FAA approval and meet
all of the following conditions may
be installed and returned to
service on other aircraft without
further data approval.”

ADS-B Facts
•  Lots of installation errors
•  Look in ForeFlight with ownship
•  Send email to FAA:
9-AWA-AFS-300-ADSB-AvionicsCheck@faa.gov
N536SPICAO: Last Flight Id:A6C855 (51544125) N536SPTail Number:
Period:
ADS-B Aircraft Operation Compliance Report
Operation Analysis Overview
Surface UAT
Airborne UAT
Surface 1090
Airborne 1090
Prepared By
Surveillance and Broadcast Services (SBS) Program
ADS-B Compliance Monitor
January 05, 2016
01-04-2016 19:24:12 to 01-04-2016 20:20:02
U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Aviation Administration
ADS-B Compliance Monitor
Analysis
Surface RWY/Taxi 1090
Surface RWY/Taxi UAT
Note: Items high-lighted in red within this report indicate the ADS-B Out system installed on this
aircraft failed to meet the corresponding performance requirement as specified in § 91.227. The
owner/operator must take action to correct the ADS-B system deficiency identified.
For more information on this report, reference the User's Guide.

Garmin GTX 335/345
ADS-B Facts
• 1090ES Out transponder
• Panel or remote-mounted
• WAAS GPS option for both models
• GTX 345 model adds ADS-B In and has an
integrated FlightStream to send weather
to an iPad
• Price range with built in WAAS GPS
$3,795 to $5,795
• Without GPS prices start at $2,995

Garmin GTX 345
ADS-B Facts
Bluetooth

L-3 Lynx
ADS-B Facts
• Big family of ADS-B Out avionics:
• 1090 Out and In with GPS
• 1090 models include screen
• Slightly taller than standard
transponder
• Price range from $5,490 to $8,615

Appareo Stratus ESG
ADS-B Facts
• All-in-one box: 1090ES ADS-B Out
and WAAS GPS built-in
• Integrates with Stratus 2/2S for
enhanced ADS-B In
• $2,995 includes GPS antenna
• Certified and shipping now

Garmin GDL 88
ADS-B Facts
• 978 (UAT) with lots of options:
• Out/In/Both
• With or without GPS
• With or without dual antennas
• Works with GTN and GNS series
• Integration with new Connext system
• Remote mounted
• Ranges from $3,995 to $5,700

FreeFlight RANGR Lite
ADS-B Facts
• Lots of options. Most popular are:
• FDL-978-TXL – Out only, with GPS
• FDL-978-XVRL – In/Out, with GPS
• Remote mounted 978 UATs
• Requires separate control head
• $1,995 and $3,695

L-3 Lynx
ADS-B Facts
• Big family of ADS-B Out avionics:
• 978 Out with GPS
• 978 Out and In with GPS
• Some require separate control head
• Range from around $2,189 to $3,389

The FAA is offering a $500 incentive
ADS-B Out Rebate
•  Install a certified (TSO’d) ADS-B out
transponder in a single-engine piston
airplane and receive a $500 rebate from the
FAA
•  FINE PRINT:
-  Installation must occur starting in the fall
-  Rebates issued first-come/first-served
-  Not applicable to existing installations
-  Reserve the rebate in the fall, install the
transponder, fly with the system within 60
days of install, request Public Compliance
Report from FAA, claim rebate.

ADS-B Traffic
ADS-B In – how does it work?
• Weather is broadcast continuously – AM radio
• Traffic is different. Ground stations only broadcast in response
to ADS-B Out aircraft – text messaging
-  FAA sends a customized traffic product
to each Out aircraft
-  30nm in diameter around the Out aircraft
and within +/-3500 ft.
- If you’re close to an ADS-B Out aircraft (in the “hockey puck”)
you could see traffic. But it’s for the other aircraft.
- Since many airplanes do not have ADS-B Out yet, this is rare.

ADS-B Traffic
• Except – you will always receive
air-to-air traffic
- Doesn’t depend on ground stations
- Single band receives only 978 air-to-air;
dual band receives both

ADS-B Traffic

ADS-B Traffic
Key takeaway:
Unless you are squawking ADS-B Out and creating your own
customized hockey puck of information, you are not getting an
accurate picture of surrounding traffic.

ADS-B weather products
Factoid:
Four types of ADS-B ground
stations, arranged in this pattern.
Station Type
Weather Products and Range
Surface

(Only at select airports)
500 NM winds and temperature aloft,
100 NM METAR, TAF, SIGMET, NOTAM,
150 NM Regional NEXRAD
Low altitude

(67% of airborne stations)
500 NM winds and temperature aloft
250 NM METARs, TAFs, AIRMET, SIGMET,
PIREP, SUA
150 NM regional NEXRAD
100 NM NOTAM (no CONUS NEXRAD)
Medium altitude


Entire CONUS NEXRAD,
750 NM winds and temperatures aloft,
375 NM METARs, TAFs, AIRMET, SIGMET,
PIREP, SUA,
100 NM NOTAM
High altitude


Entire CONUS NEXRAD,
1000 NM winds and temperature aloft,
all 158 CONUS Class B/C airport METAR/TAF
500 NM AIRMET, SIGMET, PIREP, SUA
100 NM NOTAM

ADS-B weather timing
Product
Range *
Transmission Interval
CONUS NEXRAD composite
reﬂectivity (low resolution)
Contiguous US
15 minutes
Regional NEXRAD composite
reﬂectivity (medium resolution)
150 to 250 nm
2.5 minutes (5 minute update)
AIRMETs / SIGMETs
100 to 500 nm
5 minutes
METARs
100 to 500 nm, all class B and C
airports
5 minutes
NOTAM(D), FDC NOTAM,
TFRs
100 nm
5 minutes
PIREPS
250 to 500 nm
10 minutes
Special use airspace
500 nm
10 minutes
TAFs
100 to 500 nm, all class B and C
airports
10 minutes
Winds and Temps aloft
500 to 1000 nm
10 minutes
Sportys.com/Stratus

ADS-B vs. XM Weather
Data
ADS-B
XM
METARS
Small airports within 250 – 500 nm and all
class B and C airports
Nationwide
TAFS
Within 250-500 nm
Nationwide
Winds / Temps Aloft
Within 500-1,000 nm
Nationwide
PIREPS
Within 250-500 nm
Nationwide
Radar
Low-resolution CONUS (lower 48)
Medium-resolution regional within 250 nm
High-resolution nationwide
AIRMETS / SIGMETS
Within 250-500 nm
Nationwide
Coverage
US, Puerto Rico, and Guam
US and Canada
Cloud satellite image
None
Yes
NOTAMs
Within 100 nm
None
TFRs
Within 100 nm
Nationwide
Special use airspace
status
Within 250-500 nm
None
Cost
Free (your tax dollars at work)
$35-$55 monthly subscription
fee

ADS-B vs. XM Weather
XM ADS-B National ADS-B Regional

ADS-B National vs. Regional Radar

ADS-B coverage
FAA estimate
at 1,500 ft.

ADS-B coverage
FAA estimate
at 5,000 ft.

Portables
ADS-B In Action
• Many of the benefits of installed ADS-B, for less money
• iPad has been the game changer
• Great for renters, clubs
• Portable devices are ADS-B In only
• Lots of options to choose from

Poll #2
What iPad app are you flying with?

SkyRadar D and DX
• ADS-B weather and GPS
• Dual band traffic
• Optional AHRS
• WiFi connection
• Works with WingX, Avilution, iFly
• Requires external power
• $699 or $849 (with AHRS)

iLevil SW and AW
• Single-band traffic
• Built-in AHRS
• Works with WingX, FlyQ, Xavion
• Internal battery and solar panel (SW)
• $1195 for SW
• $1395 for AW (adds pitot/static)

Dual XGPS190
• Dual-band traffic
• AHRS for backup attitude
• Built-in battery
• Works with WingX Pro7, FlyQ, FltPlan
• $849.99

Garmin GDL 39 and GDL 39 3D
• Dual band traffic
• Optional AHRS model
• Optional battery
• Works with Garmin Pilot app
• Also works with Garmin GPSs
• $549 to $899 (AHRS with battery)

Appareo Stratus 1S and 2S
• Single or dual band traffic models
• Optional AHRS model
• Built-in 8-hour battery
• No wires or antennas (WiFi)
• Works with ForeFlight app
• $549 or $899 (dual band + AHRS)

Stratux
• Do it yourself kit
• Single or dual band
• No AHRS
• No battery
• WiFi connection
• Works with most apps
• Roughly $150 cost

Choosing a Receiver
• ForeFlight Mobile à Stratus 1S or Stratus 2S
• Garmin Pilot à Garmin GDL 39 or GDL 39 3D
• WingX Pro 7 à SkyRadar, Dual XGPS190, iLevil
• FltPlan Goà Dual XGPS190, iLevil
First choose an app

Choosing a Receiver
• ADS-B reception is comparable among all (good enough).
• Consider battery life – if you don’t want to plug in, it’s nice to
have; if you’re going to hardwire it’s not important.
• Decide if traffic is an important factor – if it’s low priority or
you’re ADS-B Out, single band is fine.
Buying tips

Choosing a Receiver
• Do you fly IFR? If yes, the AHRS is a nice backup; if not you
can save some money.
• Consider the hardware/app integration – how do features
work, how do you complete firmware upgrades?
• All receivers include a GPS, so you don’t need a separate one.
Buying tips

Turn on weather with map layers
ForeFlight and Stratus

Use different chart layers

METARs and TAFs

AIRMETs and SIGMETs

Pilot Reports

Winds Aloft

Traffic – tap for more info

Also includes GPS

AHRS – split screen attitude

AHRS – synthetic vision

Tips and Tricks
• Take some time to find the right spot –
in your airplane
• Line of sight for ADS-B (ground based)
• View of the sky for GPS (satellite based)
• Keep it steady for AHRS (if applicable)
• Direct sunlight?
Location, location, location!

Tips and Tricks
• Use external antennas if needed
• Heated windshields can have an effect –
experiment (DV window, suction cup)
• Don’t worry about low vs. high towers –
practically speaking, you’ll get lots
Reception issues

Tips and Tricks
• Make it a habit to check ADS-B status
• Battery life
• Age of weather products
• GPS reception
• LED dimming
Checking status

Tips and Tricks
Checking status with ADS-B Out

Tips and Tricks
Show ADS-B ground stations

Tips and Tricks
Connect to multiple devices

Tips and Tricks
Rubber band flight planning

Tips and Tricks
Remember the delay

Tips and Tricks
Use your eyeballs!!!

John Zimmerman

ADS-B: A pilot's guide to understanding the system and avionics

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ADS-B: A pilot's guide to understanding the system and avionics