HISTORY OF COMPUTER, the evolution of computers, generation of the operating system.

1. Vasanta College for Women
ICT ASSIGNMENT-01
Development and characteristics of computer and
Operating System in different Generation
By – DIPTI YADAV (21240LFS002)
NEHA SINGH (21240LFS010)

2. CONTENTS
● Introduction of computer
● Father of computer
● Generation of computer
● Evolution of computer
● Introduction of operating system
● T
ypes of operating system
● Characteristics of operating system
● Function of operating system
● Operating system as a medium
● Operating system in different generation of computer
● Conclusion

3. Computer
A computer is a device that accepts information (in the
form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for some
result based on a program, software, or sequence of
instructions on how the data is to be processed.

4. Father of Computer
Charles Babbage is the Father of Computers. Charles
Babbage (1791-1871) was an extraordinarily talented
scientist, mathematician, economist and
engineer. Babbage, who was born in London in 1791,
was a great mathematical genius. He was a natural
inventor and invented all sorts of new products. He has
been known as the inventor of the Analytical Engine. The
Analytical Engine contained an ALU (arithmetic logic unit),
basic flow control, and integrated memory; hailed as the
first general-purpose computer concept.

5. Generations of Computer
There are Five Generations of
computers:-
1.First Generation(1946-1955)
2.Second Generation(1956-1965)
3.Third Generation(1966-1975)
4.Fourth Generation(1976-1985)
5.Fifth Generation(1986-onward)

6. First Generation Computer(1946-1955)
First generation computer uses Vacuum tubes,
Magnetic tape drives and magnetic core
memories were developed. ENIAC (Electronic
Numeric Integrator And Calculator ) was the
first electronic digital computer. It uses about
18,000 vacuum tubes. Its size was too much
large. This was very hard to read and write
programs by every person. The first generation
computer produces too much heat.

7. Material Used
• Vacuum Tubes
• Hard Wire Programs in computers
• Magnetic Drum
• 4,000 bits

8. Advantages
The advantages of the earliest computers are:-
• It is that they could perform thousands of calculations
each second, making it possible decode messages in a
useful time period (a few hours).
• The "father" of these computer had originally planned
these machines to try and prove mathematical
conjectures, but this type of application couldn't be
considered until after the war.

9. Disadvantages
The disadvantages are:-
• They were very expensive.
• They contained thousands of valves (vacuum tubes)
making them unreliable.
• The major limitations for early computers was that
memory was practically non-existant , only punched
tape, delay line memory and mercury memory were
available.

10. Second Generation Computer (1956-1965)
Second generation computer uses a new electronic
device called Transistor in the place of Vacuum tube.
Storage capacity of computer also increase during
this generation. Second generation computers also
started showing the characteristics of modern day
computers with utilities such as printers, disk storage
and operating systems. Many financial information
was processed using these computers.

11. Material Used
•Transistors
•Magnetic Cores
•32,000 bits
•Punch Cards

12. Second generation languages
(2GL)
Represent a step up from the
first generation languages.
Allow for the use of symbolic
names instead of just numbers.
are known as
Second generation languages
assembly
languages. Code written in an
assembly language is converted
into machine language (1GL).

13. Advantages
•Smaller in size as compared to first generation computers.
•More reliable.
•Less heat generated.
•These computers were able to reduce computational times from
milliseconds to microseconds.
•Less prone to hardware failures.
•Better portability.
•Wider commercial use.

14. Disadvantages
•Air-conditioning required.
•Frequent maintenance required.
•Manual assembly of individual components into a functioning
unit was required.
•Commercial production was difficult and costly.

15. Third Generation Computer(1966-1975)
In third generation computer transistor were replaced
with Integrated Circuit (IC) which is a combination of
number of transistor and other electronic components
fused together on single crystal. This generation
machine uses magnetic tape and magnetic disk as
secondary storage device.

16. Material Used
•Silicon Chips
•Cores, IC’s
•128,000 bits
•Keyboard Entry

17. Third generation languages (3GL)
With the languages introduced by the third
generation of computer programming,
words and commands (instead of just
symbols and numbers) were being used.
These languages therefore, had syntax that
was much easier to understand. Third
generation languages are known as "high
level languages" and include C, C++, Java,
and Javascript, among others.

18. Advantages
•Smaller in size as compared to previous generation
computers.
•Lower heat generated than second generation computers.
•These computers were able to reduce computational times
from microseconds to nanoseconds.
•Maintenance cost is low because hardware failures are rare.
•Easily portable.
•Less power requirement than previous generation computers.
•Human labour and cost involved reduced drastically.
•Commercial production was easier and cheaper.

19. Disadvantages
•Air-conditioning required in many cases.
•Highly sophisticated technology required for
the manufacture of IC chips.

20. Fourth generation computer(1976-1985)
In fourth generation computer IC were replaced with
Microprocessors .A microprocessor chip consist of
entire central processing unit in a single chip.
Computing speed increased . Due to the reduction of
cost and the availability of the computers power at a
small place allowed everyday user to benefit.

21. Material Used
•Microprocessors
•IC’s, LSI’s
•100 million bits
•Read programs off disks

22. Fourth generation languages (4GL)
The syntax used in 4GL is very
close to human language, an
improvement from the pervious
generation of languages. 4GL
languages are typically used to
and ColdFusion,
databases and include
among
access
SQL
others

23. Advantages
•Smallest in size because of high component density
•Heat generated is negligible.
•No air conditioning required in most cases.
•Much faster in computation than previous generations.
•Hardware failure is negligible and hence minimal maintenance is
required.
•Easily portable because of their small size.
•Cheapest among all generations.

24. Disadvantages
•Highly sophisticated technology required for
the manufacture of LSI chips.

25. Fifth generation computer(1986-onward)
In fifth generation computer VLSI technology were
replaced by Ultra large Scale Integration (ULSI)
technology. This technology helped to developed very
small but extremely powerful and fast computers which
come to be known as ROBOTS. The fifth generation
computers will be under Artificial-Intelligence. The idea of
fifth generation computer was introduced by Japan’s
Ministry of International Trade and Industry in 1982.

27. Fifth generation languages (5GL)
languages are
Fifth generation
currently being used for neural
networks. A nueral network is a form of
artifical intelligence that attempts to
imitate how the human mind works.

28. Advantages
•These computers are more reliable, works faster than other computers.
•They are easily portable.
•These computers are available in different sizes with different features,
with different affordable prices.
•Having extra high processing speed.
•Having capabilities of parallel processing.
•WIRELESS!!!

30. Operating system
● A program that acts as an intermediary between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware
● Operating system goals:
○ Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier
○ Make the computer system convenient to use
○ Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
What is an Operating System?

31. Types of Operating Systems
1. Batch Operating System
2. Multiprogramming Operating System
3. Time-Sharing OS
4. Multiprocessing OS
5. Distributed OS
6. Network OS
7. Real Time OS
8. Embedded OS

32. Functions of Operating System

33. History of Operating System
 The First Generation (1940's to early 1950's)
 No Operating System
 All programming was done in absolute machine language, often by wiring up plug-
boards to control the machine’s basic functions.
 The Second Generation (1955-1965)
 First operating system was introduced in the early 1950's.It was called GMOS
 Created by General Motors for IBM's machine the 701.
 Single-stream batch processing systems
 The Third Generation (1965-1980)
 Introduction of multiprogramming
 Development of Minicomputer
 The Fourth Generation (1980-Present Day)
 Development of PCs
 Birth of Windows/MaC OS

34. Fourth Generation : (1980 – 1990)
● Personal Computers
● Computer dedicated to a single user
● IO Devices now consist of keyboards, mice, CGA-VGA displays,
small printers
● User convenience and responsiveness
● Can adopt lessons from larger operating systems
● No need for some of the advanced options at the personal level

35. Key Events 4th Generation
● 1981 IBM PC (8086)
● 1981 Osborne 1
● 1981 Vic 20
● 1981 Xerox Star Workstation
● 1984 Apple macintosh
● 1984 SunOS
● 1985 C++
● 1985 MSWindows
● 1986 – 386 Chip

36. 5th Gen Parallel Systems
● Multiprocessor systems with more than one CPU in close
communication.
● Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and a clock;
communication usually takes place through the shared memory.
● Advantages of parallel system:
○ Increased throughput
○ Economical
○ Increased reliability
 graceful degradation
 fail-soft systems

37. Thank you