For B.PHARM, 5th Sem

1. Volatile Oils and Fixed
oils containing crude
drugs

2. Introduction
Definition of volatile oil:
• The odorous, volatile principle of
plant and animal source are known as
volatile oil.
• As they evaporate when exposed to
air at ordinary temperature, they are
also called ethereal oil. aetherolea,
or simply as the oil of the plant from
which they were extracted.
• Volatile oils are also called essential
oil because they produce essence.
• Examples of essential oil containing
crude drugs are clove, mentha,
citronella, etc

3. Definition of fixed oil.
•A non-volatile oil of animal or plant
origin.
•Not volatile, i.e., does not evaporate o
n warming; such oils consist of amixture
of FATTY ACIDS and their esters
•are classified as solid, semisolid
and liquid, or on
drying as a function of their tendency to
solidify on exposure to air.
•Examples of fixed oil are cotton
seed oil, linseed oil, sesame oil, hemp
seed oil, coconut oil castor oil, almond
oil, shark liver oil, etc

5. Volatile oils and fixed oils containing
Crude drugs
• Castor oil
• Shark liver oil
• Clove oil
• Mentha oil
• Cinnamom oil
• Coriander oil
• Citronella oil
• Cod-liver oil

6. Castor oil
• Synonym-Oleum ricini
• Biological source-It is a fixed oil obtained from
the seeds of Ricinis communis belonging to
the family-Euphorbiaceae.
• Geographical source- It is cultivated in India,
Brazil, China, Russia and Thailand.

8. PREPARATION & COLLECTION
• The seed coats of castor seeds are removed. This is done by
crushing the seeds in grooved roller, followed by fanning by a
current of air.
• The kernels are separated and expressed in oil expellers at
normal temperature.
• The oil is filtered, but this contains ricin, a poisonous
substance and lipase, an enzyme which makes the oil rancid.
• Steam is passed into the oil at 80-100 degree centigrade. This
coagulates ricin and inactivates lipase.
• The oil is filtered. The acidity of this oil should be is 1% and
it is suitable for medicinal purpose.

9. MORPHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERS
• Castor oil is a colourless or pale yellow viscous
liquid.
• The odour is slightly nauseating and taste is
acrid.
• It is soluble in alcohol and missible with all
organic solvents.

10. Morphology of castor seed

11. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
• Castor oil is a glyceride of
-Ricinoleic acid
-Isoricinoleic acid
-Stearic acid
-Dihydroxy-stearic acid

12. IDENTIFICATION TESTS
• A clear solution is produced when mixed with
equal volume of alcohol.
• With half its volume of petroleum ether,
castor oil mixed completely but it becomes
turbid with twice its volume of petroleum
ether.

13. USES
• As a purgatives
• Hydrogenated castor oil as an ointment base
• In hair oil and hair fixers
• In soap industry

14. Clove/clove oil
• Synonym- Caryophyllum, clove flower, clove bud.
• Biological Source-clove consists of dried flower buds of
Eugenia caryophyllus belonging to the family-
Myrtaceae. It should contain not less than 15% v/w of
clove oil.
• Geographical source- Indigenous to Amboyna &
penang molucca island-Indonesia, cultivated in
Zanzibar, Pemba, Madagascar, West Indies, Sri Lanka,
India.

16. CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION
• Deep rich loamy soil with high humus content
is suitable for clove cultivation.
• It is propagated by seed germination.
• The seeds are sown from Aug-Oct.
• Water logging of soil must be avoided.
• It needs warm humid climate and grows well
in the vicinity of sea.
• Annual rainfall ranges from 150-250cm for the
cultivation of clove.
• It can grow at an altitude-900m from sea level.

17. • The seeds are placed in nursery beds at a
distance of 10cm
• It takes from four to five weeks for seed
germination. After nine months, they are
transplanted to pots where they are allowed to
grow for a year
• Thereafter, they are again transferred to the
field and give shade in initial stages
• The plant are prvided with suitable fertilizerss
like-ammonium sulphate, super phosphate and
potash
• The plant starts bearing after 7-8 year

18. • Flower buds are collected when the colour is
crimson red
• After collection, the peduncles are removed
and marketed as clove stalks.
• Buds-dried on coconut mats under the sun.the
colour becomes dark brown. Also the buds
loose 70% of weight
• Clove is then graded according to size and
quality

19. Organoleptic characters
• Colour-crimson
• Odour-sightly aromatic
• Taste- pungent & aromatic
• Size- about 10-17.5mm length, 4mm in width
and 2mm thick
• Shape- hypanthium is surrounded with 4thck
acute divergent, sepals surrounded by dome
shape corolla.

20. Parts of a clove

21. Microscopic characters

22. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
• The drug contains about 15-20% of volatile oil; 10-
13% of tannin (Gallotannic acid), Resin, Chromone
and Eugenin
• The volatile oil contains eugenol (about 70-90%),
Eugenol acetate, methylamyl-ketone, Caryophyllenes
and small quantities of ester and alcohol.
• Eugenol

23. CHEMICAL TEST
• If the transverse section of clove is treated
with strong potassium hydroxide solution, the
needles shape crystals of potassium eugenate
are observed.
• Storage- stored in well, air closed containers.

24. USES
• It is used an dental anagesic, carminative,
stimulant, flavouring agent, an aromatic and
antiseptic.
• The oil is used in perfumery and also in
manufacture of vanillin.
• Adulterants/substitute
Mother clove, brown clove, clove stalks,
exhausted clove.

25. Shark liver oil
• Synonym-Oleum selachoids
• Biological source-It is a fixed oil obtained from
the fresh and preserved liver s of various
species of Shark-Hypoprion brevirostris
belonging to the family- Carcharhinidae. The
oil should not contain less than 6000 Int. Unit
of vit-A.

27. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE
• Large scale prouction-European countries, in
India-Tamil nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala.
Description:-
• Colour-pale yellow to brownish yellow
• Odour-characteristic fishy, but not rancid
• Taste-fishy
• Solubility-soluble in ether, chloroform & light
petroleum , slightly soluble in ethyl alcohol and
insoluble in water

28. STANDARD
• Specific gravity-0.912-0.916
• Refractive index-1.459-1.477
• Acid value-Not more than 2
• Iodine value-Not less than 90
Storage- well closed container protect
from sunlight.

29. Chemical constituents
• Contains Vit-A, 15000-30000 Int. Units
• Other constituents-glycerides of saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids and squalene &
teiterpenoid.
Vit-A

30. IDENTIFICATION TESTS
• Dissolved 1ml of oil + 1ml of chloroform+
0.5ml of dil. Sulphuric acid, gives violet
colour, changes to purple and finally brown
colour.
• Dissolved 1ml oil + 10ml of chloroform +
saturated solution of antimony trichloride and
shake, gives blue colour.

31. USES
• In the treatment of deficiency of Vit-A.
• In the preparation of dilute shark liver oil
& shark liver oil emulsion.
• Shark liver oil and Vit-D, used in burn &
sunburn ointments.

32. • Assignment on Mentha, Cinnamon and
coriander.