6. Four-item rule
Baddeley, Alan D. (1986). Working Memory.
Focus ???
HOW MANY ITEMS CAN WE REMEMBER?
18006927753
11 NUMBERS
1800-692-7753
3 CHUNKS OF 3-4 NUMBERS
1800-MY-
APPLE
2 CHUNKS OF 2 OBJECTS
10. Goal-gradient effect
Hull (1932), Kivetz et al. (2006)
Bias: The nearer to a completion of a goal player gets, the quicker she
completes it
Focus Goal Progress ???
11. Quota anchoring
Camerer et al. (1997)
Bias: People have a tendency to adhere to quotas they set themselves
or that are set for them
Focus Goal Progress ???
12. A good goal isâŠ
Specific
Challenging
âą Swimming: 3.86 km
âą Cycling: 180km
âą Marathon: 42.195 km
Focus Goal Progress ???
Intro:ChĂșng ta sáșœ khĂŽng cĂł agenda.Thay vĂ o ÄĂł, chĂșng ta sáșœ cĂł má»t thanh progress bar. MĂ u xanh cho biáșżt vá» trĂ hiá»n nay.Má»i pháș§n, chĂșng ta sáșœ cĂł 1-2 nhiá»m vỄ nhá».Next:ChĂșng ta sáșœ báșŻt Äáș§u vá»i pháș§n Äáș§u tiĂȘn: ChĂș Ăœ.Reference:100 Things Every Designer Needs to Know about People: http://www.amazon.com/Things-Designer-People-Voices-ebook/dp/B004X1V1CS/
Intro:Pháș§n thÆ°á»ng nĂ y tĂŽi sáșœ Äá» dĂ nh Äá» cĂĄc báșĄn Äá»c khi táșŁi bĂ i nĂ y trĂȘn OGDCNext:Giá» thĂŹ chĂșng ta sáșœ Äi Äáșżn slide cuá»i cĂčngâŠ
Next:But sometimes, you have to reward players to motivate them.How to do it right?Interval schedules.You provide a food pellet after a certain interval of time has passed, for example, five minutes. The rat gets a food pellet the first time he presses the bar after five minutes is up. Ratio schedules.Instead of basing the reinforcement on time, you base it on the number of bar presses. The rat gets a food pellet after every 10 bar presses. These schedules can be fixed or variable. So altogether there are four possible schedules: Reference:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement#Types_of_Operant_Conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement#Simple_schedules
Ratio vs. IntervalRatio schedules produce higher rates of responding than interval schedules, when the rates of reinforcement are otherwise similar.Variable vs. FixedVariable schedules produce higher rates and greater resistance to extinction than most fixed schedules. This is also known as the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE).Variable RatioThe variable ratio schedule produces both the highest rate of responding and the greatest resistance to extinction (for example, the behavior of gamblers at slot machines).Fixed interval. Reinforcement is based on time and the time interval is always the same. washing machine cycle Variable interval. Reinforcement is based on time. The amount of time varies, but it averages to a particular time. checking mail pop-upchecking Facebook, Twitterfishing Fixed ratio. Reinforcement is based on the number of bar presses, and the number is always the same. sale bonus: $1,000 for 10 cars sold buy 10, get 1 free Variable ratio. Reinforcement is based on the number of bar presses. The number varies, but it averages to a particular ratio. slots machine