I created this on 16/8/2006. At that time, I lived in Reliance Greens Sector 22 1 E.

2. By: Soham Shah

3. THE PARTS OF SPEECH
1.NOUNS– A noun is the name of a
person ,animal ,place or thing; as, Hari,
Cow ,Chandigarh ,chair.
2. PRONOUNS– A pronoun is a word
used instead(in place) of noun; as,
Kamala did not attend school yesterday
because she was ill.

4. THE PARTS OF SPEECH
3. ADJECTIVES– A adjective is a
word which tells us about noun
or pronoun; as, Sita is a
beautiful girl.
4. VERB– A verb is a action word
of noun; as, The bell rang.

5. THE PARTS OF SPEECH
5. ADVERB– A adverb is a word which
tells us about verb; as, He answered
rudely.
6. PREPOSITION – A preposition is a
word placed after a noun or a pronoun ,
to show its relation to some other word
in the sentence; as, The book is on the
table.

6. THE PARTS OF SPEECH
7. CONJUNCTION – A conjunction is a
joining word. It joins two words
,phrases ,clauses, or sentence; as,
Soham and Om are intelligent.
8. INTERJECTION – A interjection is a
word which are sudden feelings of
mind; as, Hurrah!.

7. Divide the speech into parts
Sentence : Soham is intelligent boy.
Noun: Soham and boy
Verb: is
Adjective: intelligent

8. Divide the speech into parts
Sentence:
“Hurrah! We won the football match which was played in
Dha ground” said Om as he came back from school to
home.
Noun: Om , school , Dha ground , home , football.
Pronoun: we , he.
Verb: won , was played , said, came back.
Adjective: the, match.
Preposition: in, to, as.
Conjunction: from, which
Interjection: Hurrah.

9. Divide the speech into parts
Sentence :
He came back from Bombay after a month.

10. THE NOUN
1.ITS KINDS
Nouns are of five kinds:
i. Proper noun
ii. Common noun
iii. Collective noun
iv. Material noun
v. Abstract noun

11. TYPES OF NOUN
A Proper noun is the name of a particular
person, place, animal or thing; as, Ram,
Ambala, the Ramayana.
NOTE: A Proper noun always begins with
a Capital letter.
A collective noun denotes a group of persons,
animal, or thing of the same kind regarded
as one whole; as, class, army, herd, bunch.

12. TYPES OF NOUN
A common noun is the name that can be given to all
persons, places, or things of the same kind; as, girl,
country, pen.
Noun of Multitude
A noun of multitude denotes persons, animals or things
comprising the group and hence ,takes a plural verb
although the noun is singular; as , The committee are
divided this point.

13. TYPES OF NOUN
An Material noun denotes the matter or
substance of which things are made; as,
gold, stone, wood, milk.
An Abstract noun denotes some quality, state,
or action; as, humanity, poverty, theft.
NOTE: The names of Arts & Science are also Abstract Nouns;
as, music, chemistry, poetry, philosophy.

14. THE NOUN
2.GENDER
There are four Genders in English –
i. Masculine – MEN
ii. Feminine – WOMEN.
iii. Neuter.
iv. Common.

15. Gender
The names of males are of the Masculine
Gender; as, boy, dog, nephew, uncle.
The names of females are of the Feminine
Gender ; as, girl, bitch, niece, aunt.
The names of things without life are of the
Neuter Gender; as, chair, bench, box.
A noun that denotes either a male or a female,
is of the Common Gender; as, person,
servant, child, baby, pupil, friend.

16. THE NOUN
3.NUMBER
There are two numbers in English:
i. Singular – box.
ii. Plural – boxes.

17. THE NOUN
4. CASE
There are three cases:-
i. Nominative case
ii. Objective case
iii. Possessive case

18. Case
When a noun or a pronoun is used as the Subject of a verb, it is
said to be in Nominative case. The nominative case generally
comes before the verb.
When a noun or a pronoun is used as the Object of a verb, it is
said to in the Objective ( or Accusative ) Case. The Objective
case generally comes after the verb.
Compare:-
Rama gave a ball.
Rama gave Hari a ball.
The noun Hari is called a Indirect Object. The noun ball is
called Direct Object.
When ‘s is added to any noun or a pronoun it is a Possessive (
or Genitive ) Case.

19. Case
The window was broken.
It is a Nominative case.
Hari Broke the window.
It is a Objective case.
This is Ram’s umbrella.
It is a Possessive case.

20. Case
“Noun in Apposition”
When one noun follows another to describe it, the
noun which follows is to be in apposition to the
noun which comes before it.
Rama, our captain, made fifty runs.
We see that Rama and our captain are one and the
same person. The noun captain follows the noun
Rama simply to explain which Rama is referred to.

21. THE ADJECTIVES
Describing words are called adjectives.
There are seven kinds of adjectives:-
i. Adjective of Quantity
ii. Adjective of Quality
iii. Adjective of Number
iv. Demonstrative Adjective
v. Interrogative Adjective
vi. Emphasizing Adjective
vii. Exclamatory Adjective

22. THE ADJECTIVES
Adjectives of Quality( or Describing
Adjective ) shows the kind or quality of a
person or thing ; as, Calcutta is a large city.
Adjective of Quantity show how much of a
thing is meant as; I ate some rice.
Adjective of Number(or Numeral Adjective)
show how many persons or things are
meant, or in what order a person or thing
stands.

23. THE ADJECTIVES
There are the three types of Numeral Adjective:-
1. Definite Numeral Adjective – It denote an exact
number ; as,
One, Two, Three, etc… - Cardinals.
First, Second, Third etc… - Ordinals.
2. Indefinite Numeral Adjective – It do not denotes
an exact number; as, All, no, many, few, some,
any, certain, several, etc…
3. Distributive Numeral Adjective – It refers to each
one of a number; as, Each boy must take his turn.

24. THE ADJECTIVES
Demonstrative Adjective points out which person or
thing is meant: as, This boy is stronger than Hari.
What, which, and whose, they are used with nouns to
ask questions are called Interrogative Adjective; as,
What manner of man is he?
When own and very is used in a sentence it is known
as Emphasizing Adjective; as, I saw it with my own
eyes.
The word what is sometimes used as an Exclamatory
Adjective; as, What an idea!

25. THE ADJECTIVES
Comparison of Adjective
There are three degrees of comparison:-
i. Positive Degree
ii. Comparative Degree
iii. Superlative Degree

26. THE ADJECTIVES
A simple adjective is said to be in the Positive; as,
Rama’s mango is sweet.
A comparing adjective is said to be in the
Comparative; as, Hari’s mango is sweeter than
Rama’s. A Comparative adjective follows ‘than’
after it.
A ‘est’ ending adjective is said to be in the
Superlative; as, Om’s mango is the sweetest of
all. An Superlative adjective follows ‘the’ before
it.

27. THE ADJECTIVES
Articles
There are three types of article:-
i. A - Before a singular word beginning
from a consonant sound a is used.
ii. An – Before a singular word beginning
from a vowel sound an is used.
iii. The – Is used when we talk about a
particular person or thing; as, The Sun.

28. THE PRONOUN
A Pronoun is a word used instead of noun.
There are ten types of pronouns:-
i. Personal pronoun
ii. Reflexive pronoun
iii. Emphatic pronoun
iv. Demonstrative pronoun
v. Indefinite pronoun
vi. Distributive pronoun
vii. Relative pronoun
viii. Interrogative pronoun
ix. Possessive pronoun
x. Exclamatory pronoun

29. THE PRONOUN
Personal pronoun are used
when you refer to yourself,
the people you are talking
to, or the people or thing
you are talking about. I,
you, he, she, it, they, we,
me, him, her, us, and them
are examples of Personal
pronoun.
Personal pronoun can be
used as the subject or the
object of a sentence.
Subject
pronoun
Object
pronoun
I Me
He Him
She Her
It It
You You
We Us
They Them

30. THE PRONOUN
A reflexive pronoun shows that the action in a
sentence affects the person or things that does
the action( we can identify it if any pronoun
carries ‘self’ ); as, Mr. Smith cut himself while
shaving.
A possessive pronoun are used to show ownership,
that something belongs to someone(his, theirs,
hers, mine, ours, yours are some examples of
possessive pronoun); as, We have our dinner at six
o’clock while they have theirs at seven.

31. THE PRONOUN
Relative pronouns are used to join sentences.
They provide more information about the
subject of the sentence.
The women carried a baby .
She was my aunt.
The women who carried a baby was my aunt.

32. THE PRONOUN
Look:-
I will do it myself.
It will be seen that here Compound Personal
Pronoun are used for the sake of emphasis, and are
therefore called Emphatic pronoun.
The pronoun which points out the objects are called
Demonstrative Pronoun; as, That is the Red fort.
The pronoun which do not refer a person or a thing
in a particular way is called Indefinite pronoun; as,
Did you ask anybody to come?

33. THE PRONOUN
Each, either, neither are called
Distributive Pronouns; as, Each of the
boys gets a prize.
The pronoun which asks questions are
called Interrogative pronoun; as, What
do you want?
A pronoun used as an exclamation is
called an Exclamatory pronoun.

34. The verb
A Verb is a word used to tell or assert something about
noun( It is a action word of noun).
Following are the topics under verb:-
i. Transitive and Intransitive
ii. Active and Passive Voice
iii. Mood
iv. Tense
v. The Infinitive
vi. Participle
vii. Gerund
viii. Regular and Irregular verbs
ix. Auxiliaries and Modals

35. TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE VERB
Read these sentences : --
1. The boy kicks the football.
2. The boy laughs loudly.
In sentence 1 , the action denoted by the verb kicks
passes over from the doer or subject boy to some
Object football . The verb kicks is , therefore, called an
Transitive Verb.
In sentence 2 , the denotes by the verb laughs stops
with the doer or Subject boy and does not pass over to
an Object. The verb laughs is , therefore, called an
Intransitive Verb.

36. ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE
A verb is in the Active voice when its form shows
that the person or thing denoted by the Subject
does something ; or, in other words , is the doer
of the action.
Ex. – Rama helps Hari.
A verb is in the Passive voice when its form shows
that the something is done to the person or thing
denoted by the Subject.
Ex. – Hari is helped by Rama.

37. The verb
Tense Active voice Passive voice
Simple Present Take
takes
Am taken
Is taken
Are taken
Present Continuous Am taking
Is taking
Are taking
Am being taken
Is being taken
Are being taken
Present Prefect Has taken
Have taken
Has been taken
Have been taken
Simple Past took Was taken
Were taken
Past Continuous Was talking
Were talking
Was being taken
Were being taken
Past perfect Had taken Had been taken
Simple Future will take
Shall take
Will be taking
Shall be taken
Can/may/must,etc… + base Can take
Must take
Can be taken
Must be taken

38. MOOD
The Mood is the mode or manner in which the action denoted by the verb
is represented.
There are three moods in English:
i. Indicative: A verb which makes a statement of fact or asks a question
,or expresses a supposition which is assumed as a fact, is in a
Indicative Mood; as, Have you found your book?
ii. Imperative: A verb which expresses a command, an exhortations, an
entreaty or prayer, is in the Imperative mood; as, Wait there.
iii. Subjunctive: There are two forms of Subjunctive:
1. Present Subjunctive: It occurs in certain traditional phrases, where it
expresses a wish or hope and in formal English , is a noun clause
dependent on a verb expressing desire, intention, resolution, etc … ;
as, God bless you!
2. Past Subjunctive: It is used after the verb wish , to indicate a
situation which is unreal or contrary fact, It is also used after if , to
express improbability or unreality in the present, It is also used after
as, if , though to indicate improbability or unreality; as, He orders
me about as if I were his wife.( but I am not).

39. TENSE
Tense
It is divided into three parts:
1. Present Tense – Singular & plural number –
1st person : I love. We love.
2nd person: You love. You love.
3rd person: He loves. They love.
2. Past Tense - Singular & plural number –
1st person : I loved. We loved.
2nd person: You loved. You loved.
3rd person: He loved. They loved.
3. Future Tense - Singular & plural number –
1st person : I shall/ will love. We shall/ will love.
2nd person: You will love. You will love.
3rd person: He will love. They will love.

40. TENSE
1.
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
IMPLE TENSE I,YOU,THEY,WE
LOVE.
HE,SHE,LOVES.
I, YOU,HE,SHE
THEY,WE
LOVED .
I,WE
SHALL/WILL
LOVE.
YOU,HE,THEY
WILL LOVE.
ONTINUOUS
ENSE
I AM LOVING.
YOU,WE,THEY
ARE LOVING.
HE,SHE IS
LOVING.
I,HE,SHE WAS
LOVING.
YOU,WE,
THEY WERE
LOVING.
I ,WE
SHALL/WILL
BE LOVING.
YOU,HE,SHE,
THEY WILL BE
LOVEING.
PERFECT
ENSE
I,WE,YOU,
THEY HAVE I,YOU,HE,SHE
I,WE
SHALL/WILL

41. INFINITIVE
(not limited by person or number)
I want to go.
They tried to find fault with us.
The forms to go & to find are “infinitives”.
The infinitive is the base of a verb, often followed by
to.
For example:
1. I have come to see you.
2. Everybody wishes to enjoy life.

42. THE PARTICIPLE
(a word partly verb & partly
adjective)
 I saw the girl waiting for a train.
The above sentence is usually called the Present
Participle which ends in –ing and represents an
action is incomplete.
 Considering the facts, he received scant justice.
In this sentence we use Past Participle, which
represents a complete action.

43. The verb
A regular verb changes its form in the
same way as most verb(end with ‘ed’) ;
as, {open and opened}.
A irregular verb does not changes its
form in the usual way ; as, {eat & ate &
eaten} , {cut & cut & cut}.
A gerund is a present participle used as
noun; as, Fishing is my favorite hobby.

44. AUXILIARY AND MODELS
(helping, a small copy)
 The verbs be (am, is, was), have and do, when used
with ordinary verbs to make tenses, passive forms,
questions and negatives, are called auxiliary verbs.
 The verbs can, could, may, might, will, would,
shall, should, must, ought are called model verbs
or models. Need , dare can sometimes be used like
modal verbs.

45. BE
 In the formation of the continuous tenses; as,
He is working, I was writing.
 In the formation of the passive; as,
The gate was opened.
HAVE
 Have is used in the formation of perfect tense; as,
He has worked. He has been working.
 The past form had to used to express obligation in the past.
I had to be there by 5 p.m.
DO
 It is used to form the negative and interrogative of the simple
present and simple past tenses .
He doesn’t work. Did he work.

46. CAN,COULD,MAY,MIGHT
CAN usually expresses ability or capacity.
Can you lift this box? / He can solve this sum.
CAN is used in the corresponding interrogative and negative
sentences.
Can this be true?/It cannot be true.
CAN/MAY are used to express permission. MAY is formal.
MAY is used to express possibility affirmative sentences.
It may rain tomorrow./he may at home.
MAY is used to express a wish as, May you live happily!
COULD and MIGHT are used as the past equivalent of CAN
and MAY: as,
I could swim across the river when I was young.
I thought he might be at home.

47. SHALL, SHOULD, WILL, WOULD
SHALL is used in the first person and will in all persons to express
pure future.
I shall/will be 22 next birthday.
SHALL is used to ask question , Shall I open the door?
WILL is used to express,
Volition; as,
I will carry your books.
Characteristic habit ; as,
He will talk about nothing but films.
Assumption or probability ; as,
This will be book you want, I suppose.
WILL YOU? Indicates an invitation or a request ; as,
Will you have tea?
SHOULD is used in all persons to express duty or obligation,

48. MUST, OUGHT TO,NEED,DARE
MUST is used to express necessity or obligation.
You must improve your spelling.
MUST can also express logical certainty.
She must have left already.
OUGHT TO expresses moral desirability or probability ;as,
We ought to help him.
This book ought to be very useful.

49. THE ADVERBS
An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an
adjective , an adverb.
Kinds Of Adverb:-
1. Adverb of time
2. Adverb of Frequency
3. Adverb of Place
4. Adverb of Manner
5. Adverb of Degree or Quantity
6. Adverb of Affirmation and Negation
7. Adverb of Reason
8. Interrogative Adverbs
9. Relative Adverbs

50. THE ADVERBS
Adverb of time (which shows WHEN)
I have heard this before.
He comes here daily.
Adverb of Frequency(which shows HOW OFTEN)
I have told you twice.
He often makes mistakes.
Adverb of Place(which shows WHERE)
Stand here.
The little lamb followed Mary everywhere.
Adverb of Manner (which show HOW or in what MANNER)
Govind reads clearly.
This story is well written.
Relative Adverbs(Refers back)
This the reason why I left.
Do you know the time when the Punjab Mail arrives?

51. THE ADVERBS
Adverb of Degree or Quantity(which shows how much, or in what
degree or to what extent)
He was too careless.
These mangoes are almost ripe.
Adverb of Affirmation and Negation
Surely you are mistaken.
He certainly went.
Adverb of Reason
He is hence unable to refute the charge.
He therefore left school.
Interrogative Adverbs (asking question)
Where is Abdul?

52. THE PREPOSITION
A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to
show on what relation the person or thing denoted by it
stands in regard to something.
Following are the kinds of Preposition:-
1. Simple Preposition
2. Compound Preposition
3. Phrase Preposition
4. Participle Preposition

53. THE PREPOSITION
Simple Preposition:-
At, by, for, from, in, of, off, on, out, through, till, to, up, with are
examples of Simple Preposition.
Compound Preposition:-
They are generally formed by prefixing a preposition to a Noun, an
Adjective or an Adverb.
Above, about, across, along, amidst, amongst, around, before,
behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, inside, outside,
underneath, within, without are examples of Compound
Preposition.
Phrase Preposition:-( Groups of words used with the force of a
single preposition)
According to, agreeably to, along with, away from, because of etc…

54. THE CONJUNCTION
 A conjunction is a word which merely joins together
sentences, and sometimes words.
Barat and Vijay are good friends.
The man is poor, but he is honest.
This is the house that Jack built.(Relative pronoun)
This is the place where he was played.(Relative adverb)
 Some Conjunctions are used in pairs are called
Correlatives. Either-or, Neither-nor, both-and,
Whether-or, Not only-but also.
 We use many compound expressions as Conjunctions;
these are called Compound Conjunctions. In order
that, on condition that, even if, so that, provided that, as

55. CLASSES OF CONJUNCTIONS
 Conjunctions are divided into two classes :
Co-ordinating and Subordinating.
A Co-ordinating Conjunction joins together clauses of
equal rank. And, but, for, or, nor, also, either-or, neither-nor.
Co-ordinating conjunctions are of four kinds.
1.Cumulative or Copulative which merely add one
statement to another; as,
We craved not a line, and we raised nor a stone.
2.Adversative which express opposition or contrast between
two statements; as, I would come; only that I am engaged.
3.Disjunctive or Alternative which express a choice between
two alternatives; as, she must weep, or she will die.
4.Illative which express an inference; as,
something certainly fell in: for I heard a splash.

56. Subordinating conjunction:
 A Subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another on
which it depends for its full meaning.
After, because, if, that, though although, till, before, unless,
as, when, where, while, than.
 S.C. may be classified according to their meaning, as,
Time, cause or reason, purpose, result or consequence,
condition, concession, comparison.
 Some conjunctions and their uses:
Since –From and after the time when; as
I have been in such a pickle since I saw you last.
Seeing that inasmuch as; Since you wish it, it shall be done.
Or– 1) To introduce an alternative, as; your purse or your life.
2)