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Chemistry, classification & properties of carbohydrates
- 1. CARBOHYDRATES PRESENTED BY PATTAN SOHAIL DEPT OF ANALYSIS BANGALORE
- 2. CONTENTS General introduction Classification Qualitative test for carbohydrates Digestion Absorption Metabolism Applications
- 3. INTRODUCTION Cabohydrates are basically polyhydroxy ketones and aldehydes. Carbohydrates are the precursors for Organic compouns,( fats & amino acids). Basic Molecular formula is CnH2nOn
- 5. Based on number of carbon atoms monsachrides are again classified in to following, Sugar Formula Aldoses Ketoses Trioses C3H6O3 Glyceraldehyde s Dehydroxy acetone Tetroses C4H8O4 Erythrose Erthrulose Pentoses C5H10O5 Xylose Ribose Ribulose Hexoses C6H12O6 Glucose Galactose Fructose Heptoses C7H14O7 Sedoheptulose
- 6. Poly sacchrides :- Starch Oligo sacchrides Disacchrides Ex: Sucrose Lactose Maltose Trisacchrides Ex: raffinose
- 7. S NO TEST INFERENCE OBSERVATION 1 MOLISH TEST Reddish violet or Purple ring at the junction of 2 liquids Precence of glucose 2 BENEDICTS TEST Brick red precipitate Precence of reducing sugars 3 BARFOEDS TEST Scanty brick red ppt Precence of reducing mono saccharides 4 SELIWANOFFS TEST Cherry red colour Precence of ketoses and aldoses 5 Hydrolysis test for sucrose Blue colour indicates neutralisation Sucrose is a non- reducing sugar 6 OSAZONE TEST Needle shaped crystal Fructose,glucose,mann ose forms similar crystal 7 BIALS TEST Bluish colour Determination of pentoses 8 IODINE REACTION Yellow-orange---negative Purple-black----positive Test for polysaccharides
- 8. DIGESTION 1. Digestion in mouth Large polysaccharide molecules (starch,glycogen,dextrins) Smaller polysaccharide molecules (glucose,maltose) Alpha amylase
- 9. 2. Digestion in stomach Sucrose Fructose + glucose 3. Digestion in duodenum Starch/glycogen maltose + dextrins and oligosaccharides Pancreatic amylase HCL
- 10. 3. Digestion in intestine Maltose Glucose + Glucose Sucrose Glucose + Fructose Lactose Glucose + Galactose Maltase Sucrase Lactase
- 11. ABSORPTION absorption involves mainly 3 mechanisms Facilitated /carrier mediated diffusion Active transportPassive diffusion
- 12. Features Passive diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport Concentration gradient Down the concentration gradient from high to low Down the concentration gradient from high to low against the concentration gradient from low to high Energy expenditure/used No energy required No energy required In the form of ATP Carrier protien/ transporter Not required Required Required Speed Slowest mode Fast mode Fast mode
- 13. METABOLISM It is defined as the entire spectrum of chemical reactions occuring in the living system are reffered as”METABOLISM” these are of 3 types 1. Catabaolic pathway 2. Anabolic pathway 3. Amphibolic pathway Food molecule→simpler molecules→Amphibolic pathway Protiens,lipids,nucleic acids CO2 + H2O
- 14. CATABOLISM : It is the set of metabolic process that breakdown large molecules to smaller molecules.It is a destructive process. ANABOLISM : It is set of constructive metabolic process where the energy released by catabolism is used to synthesis complex molecules. Major pathways for carbohydrate metabolism 1. Glycolysis 5. Glycogenolysis 2. Citric acid cycle 6. Galactose/fructose metabolism 3. Gluconeogenesis 7. Uronic acid pathway 4. Glycogenesis
- 15. APPLICATIONS Used in preparation of simple syrups As diluents for preparation of tablets. Cellulose is used in the preparation of surgical dressings As laxatives - mucilage, lactulose Antacid - sucralafate. Diuretics - Mannitol, Sorbitol. Dextrose is used in preparation of sterile IV solution. Pectin is used in the preparation of anti diarrheal drugs.
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