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Schizophrenia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
- 1. Schizophrenia Presented by: Talha Saleem
- 2. STATSTICS 970 million people worldwide have a mental health or substance abuse disorder. Schizophrenia affects approximately 24 million people or 1 in 300 people (0.32%) worldwide. This rate is 1 in 222 people (0.45%) among adults.
- 3. SCHIZOPHRENIA Chronic Mental Health Disorder expresses emotions perceives reality person thinks, acts Psychosis
- 4. Schizophrenia causes psychosis and is associated with considerable disability and may affect all areas of life Stigma, discrimination, and violation of human rights At least one in three people with schizophrenia will be able to fully recover.
- 5. Morphology larger left caudate volumes smaller right and left prefrontal volumes smaller right and left amygdala complex volumes smaller right and left hippocampal complex volumes
- 6. What Are the Early Symptoms of Schizophrenia? The first signs in men in their late teens or early 20s. It mostly affects women in their early 20s and 30s 01 The period when symptoms first start and before full psychosis is called the prodromal period. 02 You might only notice subtle behavioral changes, especially in teens 03
- 7. SYMPTOMS IN ADULTS persistent delusions persistent hallucinations disorganized thinking experiences of influence, control or passivity highly disorganized behavior negative symptoms extreme agitation or slowing of movements, maintenance of unusual postures
- 8. SYMPTOMS IN TEENAGERS Withdrawal from friends and family 01 A drop in performance at school 02 Trouble sleeping 03 Irritability or depressed mood 04 Lack of motivation 05 Less likely to have delusions More likely to have visual hallucinations 06 Also, recreational substance use, such as marijuana, methamphetamines or LSD, can sometimes cause similar signs and symptoms
- 9. RISK FACTORS RISK FACTORS Your Text Here family history of the disorder a father who is older in age Your Text Here drug abuse during adolescence and early adulthood autoimmune system abnormalities
- 10. 1 2 3 4 Genetics (heredity) Brain chemistry and circuits Brain abnormality Environment CAUSES
- 11. GENETIC DEFECT In most cases, multiple genetic changes Genetic changes are related to schizophrenia are not well understood Deletions and Duplications small deletion (microdeletion) in a region of chromosome 22 called 22q11 Other features in addition to schizophrenia 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
- 12. When to see a doctor? Helping someone who may have schizophrenia lack awareness Suicidal thoughts and behavior
- 13. Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech Disorganized or catatonic behavior Negative symptoms DIAGNOSIS Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech One of the symptoms has to be A person is diagnosed with schizophrenia if they have at least two of these symptoms for at least 6 months:
- 14. Narcissistic Personality Disorder Medications The primary medications used to treat schizophrenia are called antipsychotics Coordinated specialty care (CSC) It combines medicine and therapy with social services, employment, and educational interventions Psychosocial therapy Rehabilitation, Cognitive remediation, Individual psychotherapy, Family therapy, Group therapy/support groups Hospitalization May be treated as outpatients Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Electrodes are attached to the person's scalp Research Deep brain stimulation TREATMENT
- 16. ANY QUESTION?
Hinweis der Redaktion
- It is not as common as many other mental disorders
- Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe mental disorder that affects the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, perceives reality, and relates to others. Though schizophrenia isn’t as common as other major mental illnesses, it can be the most chronic and disabling. Schizophrenia involves a psychosis, a type of mental illness in which a person can’t tell what’s real from what’s imagined
- Schizophrenia causes psychosis and is associated with considerable disability and may affect all areas of life including personal, family, social, educational, and occupational functioning. A range of effective care options for people with schizophrenia exist and at least one in three people with schizophrenia will be able to fully recover.
- The period when symptoms first start and before full psychosis is called the prodromal period. It can last days, weeks, or even years. It can be hard to spot because there’s usually no specific trigger
- persistent delusions: the person has fixed beliefs that something is true, despite evidence to the contrary persistent hallucinations: the person may hear, smell, see, touch, or feel things that are not there; experiences of influence, control or passivity: the experience that one’s feelings, impulses, actions, or thoughts are not generated by oneself, are being placed in one’s mind or withdrawn from one’s mind by others, or that one’s thoughts are being broadcast to others disorganized thinking, which is often observed as jumbled or irrelevant speech highly disorganised behaviour e.g. the person does things that appear bizarre or purposeless, or the person has unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses that interfere with their ability to organise their behavior “negative symptoms” such as very limited speech, restricted experience and expression of emotions, inability to experience interest or pleasure, and social withdrawal; and/o extreme agitation or slowing of movements, maintenance of unusual postures
- Schizophrenia symptoms in teenagers are similar to those in adults, but the condition may be more difficult to recognize. This may be in part because some of the early symptoms of schizophrenia in teenagers are common for typical development during teen years Compared with schizophrenia symptoms in adults, teens may be:Less likely to have delusions More likely to have visual hallucinations
- Genetics (heredity): Schizophrenia can run in families, which means a greater likelihood to have schizophrenia may be passed on from parents to their children. Brain chemistry and circuits: People with schizophrenia may not be able to regulate brain chemicals called neurotransmitters that control certain pathways, or "circuits," of nerve cells that affect thinking and behavior. Brain abnormality: Research has found abnormal brain structure in people with schizophrenia. But this doesn’t apply to all people with schizophrenia. It can affect people without the disease. Environment: Things like viral infections, exposure to toxins like marijuana, or highly stressful situations may trigger schizophrenia in people whose genes make them more likely to get the disorder. Schizophrenia more often surfaces when the body is having hormonal and physical changes, like those that happen during the teen and young adult years.
- Variations in many genes likely contribute to the risk of developing schizophrenia. In most cases, multiple genetic changes, each with a small effect, combine to increase the risk of developing the disorder. The ways that these genetic changes are related to schizophrenia are not well understood, and the genetics of this disease is an active area of research. The genetic changes can also interact with environmental factors that are associated with increased schizophrenia risk, such as exposure to infections before birth or severe stress during childhood. Deletions or duplications of genetic material in any of several chromosomes, which can affect multiple genes, are also thought to increase schizophrenia risk. In particular, a small deletion (microdeletion) in a region of chromosome 22 called 22q11 may be involved in a small percentage of cases of schizophrenia. Some individuals with this deletion have other features in addition to schizophrenia, such as heart abnormalities, immune system problems, and an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate), and are diagnosed with a condition called 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
- If you think someone you know may have symptoms of schizophrenia, talk to him or her about your concerns. Although you can't force someone to seek professional help, you can offer encouragement and support and help your loved one find a qualified doctor or mental health professional. If your loved one poses a danger to self or others or can't provide his or her own food, clothing, or shelter, you may need to call 911 or other emergency responders for help so that your loved one can be evaluated by a mental health professional. In some cases, emergency hospitalization may be needed. Laws on involuntary commitment for mental health treatment vary by state. You can contact community mental health agencies or police departments in your area for details. Suicidal thoughts and behavior are common among people with schizophrenia
- If symptoms of schizophrenia are present, the doctor will perform a complete medical history and sometimes a physical exam. While there are no laboratory tests to specifically diagnose schizophrenia, the doctor may use various tests, and possibly blood tests or brain imaging studies, to rule out another physical illness or intoxication (substance-induced psychosis) as the cause of the symptoms. If the doctor finds no other physical reason for the schizophrenia symptoms, they may refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist, mental health professionals trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interviews and assessment tools to evaluate a person for a psychotic disorder. The therapist bases their diagnosis on the person's and family's report of symptoms and their observation of the person's attitude and behavior.
- The primary medications used to treat schizophrenia are called antipsychotics. These drugs don’t cure schizophrenia but help relieve the most troubling symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, and thinking problems. Older (commonly referred to as "first-generation") antipsychotic medications used include: Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) Fluphenazine (Prolixin) Haloperidol (Haldol) Loxapine HCL (Loxapine) Perphenazine (Trilafon) Thiothixene (Navane) Trifluoperazine (Stelazine) Newer ("atypical" or second-generation) drugs used to treat schizophrenia include: Aripiprazole (Abilify) Aripiprazole Lauroxil (Aristada) Asenapine (Saphris) Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) Cariprazine (Vraylar) Clozapine (Clozaril) Iloperidone (Fanapt) Lumateperone (Caplyta) Lurasidone (Latuda) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Olanzapine/samidorphan (Lybalvi) Paliperidone (Invega Sustenna) Paliperidone (Invega Trinza) Quetiapine (Seroquel) Risperidone (Risperdal) Ziprasidone (Geodon) Note: Clozapine is the only FDA-approved medication for treating schizophrenia that is resistant to other treatments. It’s also used to lessen suicidal behaviors in those with schizophrenia who are at risk. Coordinated specialty care (CSC): This is a team approach toward treating schizophrenia when the first symptoms appear. It combines medicine and therapy with social services, employment, and educational interventions. The family is involved as much as possible. Early treatment is key to helping patients lead a normal life. Psychosocial therapy: While medication may help relieve symptoms of schizophrenia, various psychosocial treatments can help with the behavioral, psychological, social, and occupational problems that go with the illness. Through therapy, patients also can learn to manage their symptoms, identify early warning signs of relapse, and come up with a relapse prevention plan. Psychosocial therapies include: Rehabilitation, which focuses on social skills and job training to help people with schizophrenia function in the community and live as independently as possible Cognitive remediation, which involves learning techniques to make up for problems with information processing. It often uses drills, coaching, and computer-based exercises to strengthen mental skills that involve attention, memory, planning, and organization. Individual psychotherapy, which can help the person better understand their illness, and learn coping and problem-solving skills Family therapy, which can help families deal with a loved one who has schizophrenia, enabling them to better help their loved one Group therapy/support groups, which can provide continuing mutual support Hospitalization: Many people with schizophrenia may be treated as outpatients. But hospitalization may be the best option for people: With severe symptoms Who might harm themselves or others Who can’t take care of themselves at home Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): In this procedure, electrodes are attached to the person's scalp. While they’re asleep under general anesthesia, doctors send a small electric shock to the brain. A course of ECT therapy usually involves 2-3 treatments per week for several weeks. Each shock treatment causes a controlled seizure. A series of treatments over time leads to improvement in mood and thinking. Scientists don’t fully understand exactly how ECT and the controlled seizures it causes help, but some researchers think ECT-induced seizures may affect the release of neurotransmitters in the brain. ECT is less well-proven to help with schizophrenia than depression or bipolar disorder, so it isn’t used very often when mood symptoms are absent. It can help when medications no longer work, or if severe depression or catatonia makes treating the illness difficult. Research: Researchers are looking at a procedure called deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat schizophrenia. Doctors surgically implant electrodes that stimulate certain brain areas believed to control thinking and perception. DBS is an established treatment for severe Parkinson's disease and essential tremor, but it’s still experimental for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.