This document discusses gender inequality and the various forms it takes. It begins by defining gender and explaining that gender roles vary between societies. It then examines different types of gender inequality such as inequalities in family structures, employment opportunities, property ownership, household responsibilities, and access to higher education. Specific examples of gender disparities in India are provided, such as preferences for male children leading to female foeticide and the practice of dowry. The document also outlines some steps the Indian government has taken to promote gender equality, including reserving political seats for women and enacting laws to protect women's rights.

1. PRESENTATION ON GENDER
INEQUALITY
• SUPMITIED BY :

2. What Is Gender?
• Gender describes the role ,rights and
responsibilities that society consider s
appropriate for men and women .
• It refers to social ,economic and cultural
attributes and opportunities associates with
being a male or female.
• Gender roles ,responsibilities inequalities and
differences are not the same in various
societies .

3. Gender Inequality
Gender inequality refers to disparity
between individuals due to gender.
Gender is constructed both socially
through social interactions as well as
biologically through chromosomes,
brain structure, and hormonal
differences.

5. Gender Inequality
 Gender inequality has been prevalent in all societies
for centuries and continues to exist even today .
 An example of gender prejudice is female foeticide
. The widespread practice of aborting female
foeticide happens every day: the reality of gender
inequality in India, origin of gender inequality and
how to deactivate it.
 One of the most evil forms of discrimination faced
by a girl after marriage is the practice of dowry .

7. Some of the factors responsible for gender
inequality
• Illiteracy : Itinerancy is one of the factors responsible for gender
inequality. According to 2001 census of India., the literacy level
in India is 65.38% in which the male literacy level is 75.85% and
female literacy level is only 54.16%.
• Child Marriage : Children specially the girls are married at a very
young age. This proves fatal for their overall development and
have a negative impact on their health, too.
• Social evils : Social evils like dowry system, sati system, are also
responsible for the low status of women.
• Discrimination against the girl child : The girl child is not treated
properly in the family. People still prefer the birth of a boy rather
than a girl. The girl child is basically trained for household work
only. Even today, female infanticide is a common social evil.

8. Types Of Gender Inequalities
There are many kinds of gender inequality or
gender disparity which are as follows:
• Inequality in Family
• Natality inequality
• Professional or Employment inequality
• Ownership inequality
• Household inequality
• Special opportunity inequality

9. Inequality in Family
Gender roles in parenting and marriage
• Sigmund Freud suggested that biology determines gender identity
through identification with either the mother or father. While some
people agree with Freud, others argue that the development of the
gendered self is not completely determined by biology based around
one's relationship to the penis, but rather the interactions that one has
with the primary caregiver(s).
• According to the non-Freudian view, gender roles develop through
internalization and identification during childhood. From birth, parents
interact differently with children depending on their sex, and through
this interaction parents can instill different values or traits in their
children on the basis of what is normative for their sex. This
internalization of gender norms can be seen through the example of
which types of toys parents typically give to their children (“feminine”
toys often reinforce interaction, nurturing, and closeness, “masculine”
toys often reinforce independence and competitiveness).[1] Education
also plays an integral role in the creation of gender norms.[19]
• Gender roles permeate throughout life and help to structure parenting
and marriage, especially in relation to work in and outside the home.

10. Inequality in Family
• Polygamy is legal for Muslims and it also exists to some extent among
Hindus, particularly in cases where the first wife has not given birth to any
sons.
• Repudiation is also legal for Muslims. For persons of other religious
beliefs, the divorce proceedings have been equal for men and women
since 1976. Divorce by mutual consent is legal but in reality, any woman
who initiates a divorce is condemned by the public opinion. For that
reason, divorces are very rare.
• The father alone detains parental authority in Hindu and Muslim families.
His authority is partially limited only in educated and urban families. In
the event of divorce, the law assures some equality with regards to child
custody, but any advantages granted to the mother in this aspect are
rarely exercised as divorces are not common practice.
• The old Hindu traditions favored men in matters of inheritance: only sons
– not daughters - could inherit their parents. After independence,
however, these traditions were abolished by law. But in the North,
nothing has really changed and women are still deprived of inheritance.

12. Inequality in Family
Progress in making gender roles more equal
• Despite the increase in women in the labor force since the mid-
1900s, women are still responsible for the majority of the domestic
chores and childcare. While women are splitting their time between
work and care of the home, men are pressured into being the
primary economic supporter of the home.[20] Despite the fact that
different households may divide chores more evenly, there is
evidence that supports that women have retained the primary
caregiver role within familial life despite contributions economically.
This evidence suggest that women who work outside the home
often put an extra 18 hours a week doing household or childcare
related chores as opposed to men who average 12 minutes a day in
childcare activities.[21] In addition to a lack of interest in the home
on the part of some men, some women may bar men from equal
participation in the home which may contribute to this disparity.

13. Sex ratio (for making gender roles more equal)
• Sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in
a population. The primary sex ratio is the ratio
at the time of conception, secondary sex ratio
is the ratio at time of birth, and tertiary sex
ratio is the ratio of mature organisms.
Current Sex Ratio of India 2012 940 females for every 1,000 males
Total Male Population in India 2012 628,800,000 (628.8 million)
Total Female Population in India 2012 591,400,000 (591.4 million)
Currently, there are about 51 births in India in 1 minute.

14. Natality inequality
• In this type of inequality a preference is given for
boys over girls that many male-dominated societies
have, gender inequality can manifest itself in the
form of the parents wanting the newborn to be a boy
rather than a girl. There was a time when this could
be no more than a wish (a daydream or a nightmare,
depending on one's perspective), but with the
availability of modern techniques to determine the
gender of the foetus, sex-selective abortion has
become common in many countries. It is particularly
prevalent in East Asia, in China and South Korea in
particular, but also in Singapore and Taiwan, and it is
beginning to emerge as a statistically significant
phenomenon in India and South Asia as well.

16. Professional or Employment inequality
• In terms of employment as well as promotion in work and
occupation, women often face greater handicap than men. A
country like Japan and India may be quite egalitarian in matters
of demography or basic facilities, and even, to a great extent, in
higher education, and yet progress to elevated levels of
employment and occupation seems to be much more problematic
for women than for men. The example of employment inequality
can be explained by saying that men get priority in seeking job
than women.

17. Ownership inequality
• In many societies the ownership of
property can also be very unequal. Even
basic assets such as homes and land may
be very asymmetrically shared. The
absence of claims to property can not only
reduce the voice of women, but also make
it harder for women to enter and flourish in
commercial, economic and even some
social activities. This type of inequality has
existed in most parts of the world, though
there are also local variations. For
example, even though traditional property

18. Household Inequality
• There are often enough, basic inequalities in gender relations within the family or the household,
which can take many different forms. Even in cases in which there are no overt signs of anti-female
bias in, say, survival or son-preference or education, or even in promotion to higher executive
positions, the family arrangements can be quite unequal in terms of sharing the burden of
housework and child care. It is, for example, quite common in many societies to take it for granted
that while men will naturally work outside the home, women could do it if and only if they could
combine it with various inescapable and unequally shared household duties. This is sometimes
called "division of labour," though women could be forgiven for seeing it as "accumulation of
labour." The reach of this inequality includes not only unequal relations within the family, but also
derivative inequalities in employment and recognition in the outside world. Also, the established
fixity of this type of "division" or "accumulation" of labour can also have far-reaching effects on the
knowledge and understanding of different types of work in professional circles.

19. Special opportunity inequality
• Even when there is relatively little
difference in basic facilities including
schooling, the opportunities of higher
education may be far fewer for young
women than for young men. Indeed,
gender bias in higher education and
professional training can be observed
even in some of the richest countries in
the world, in India too. Sometimes this
type of division has been based on the

20. Steps taken by Government :
•Equal Rights
•Women education
•Support for Training and
Employment Programme
(step)
•Rashtriya Mahila kosh
(RMK)
•Protection from Domestic
Violence Bill, 2002
•Participation in local

21. Equal Rights :
Before independence, women were not given
any political rights but at present all women
who are of the age of 18 years or above have
been given the right to vote like those of
men. The Government of India has passed
the Hindu Code Bill and Kamla Act to give
equal share to the women in the property of
their parents.

22. Women education :
• Illiteracy among the women is the basic cause
of gender inequality. So the Government of
India is emphasizing on women education. For
this, many new schools and colleges have
been opened exclusively for women. To
promote education among women two most
important schemes i.e. Sarva Shiksha
Abhiyan” and “Mhila Samkhya” have been
implemented.

23. Support for Training and Employment
Programme (STEP) :
• Under the programme of Supoort for Training
and Employment government is providing
training especially to woment in new
technologies in agriculture, dairying,
horticulture, fisheries, handicrafts etc.

25. Rashtriya Mahila kosh (RMK) :
RASHTRIYAMAHILAKOSHWASESTABLISHEDTO
SANCTIONCREDITTOWOMEN.SINCEITS
INCEPTIONIN1993,THERMKHASSANCTIONED
CREDITWORTHRS.113.50CRORE.

26. Protection from Domestic Violence
Bill, 2002 :
• The incidents of domestic violence are higher
among the low Socio- Economic Classes
(SECs). There are various instances of an
inebriated husband beating up the wife often
leading to severe injuries. Domestic violence is
also seen in the form of physical abuse. The
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence
Act, 2005 came into force on October, 26,
2006.

27. Participation in local bodies :
• By the 73rd and 74 th. Constitutional
Amendments, one-third of seats have been
reserved for women in local bodies. There is
also a proposal to provide one-third sealts
reservation for women in the House of People
and state Legislative Assemblies has been
passed by the Parliament. This is indeed a
great step towards the upliftment of women
in India.