Basic Civil Engineering first year Notes- Chapter 4 Building.pptx
Computer Fundamental
1. Unit 1. Fundamentals Of
Computers
By Shradha Kabra
Assistant Professor,
RCPET’s Institute of Management Research and
Devlopment, Shirpur (Maharashtra)
2. INTRODUCTION:
Computer
A computer is a programmable machine that receives
input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output
in a useful format.
Accepts input, processes data, stores data, and
produces output
Input refers to whatever is sent to a Computer system
Data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects,
and ideas
Processing is the way that a computer manipulates
data
A computer processes data in a device called the
central processing unit (CPU)
3. Computer
Computer can input "Data"
Computer can process "Data"
Computer can store "Data"
Computer can retrieve "Data"
Finally...
Computer can be term as "Data Processor"
8. INPUT UNIT
Computer receives data and instructions through
the Input Unit.
The input unit consists of one or more input
devices.
Input devices include:
Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick
Scanner
9. FUNCTIONS OF INPUT UNIT
Accept the data and instructions from the outside
world.
Convert it to a form that the computer can
understand.
Supply the converted data to the computer system
for further processing.
10. OUTPUT UNIT
Computer provides information and results of
computation to the outside world through the
Output Unit.
The output unit consists of one or more output
devices.
Output devices include:
Monitor
Printer
11. FUNCTIONS OF OUTPUT UNIT
Accept the results produced by the computer.
(These are in a coded form.)
Convert it to a form that the outside world can
understand. (OR, Converts it into human readable
form.)
Supply the converted results to the outside world.
12. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
CPU
It is the brain of the computer.
The ALU and the Control Unit (CU) of a
computer system are jointly known as the
central processing unit.
CPU performs actual processing of data,
according to instructions from programs.
13. 3 MAIN PARTS OF CPU
CONTROL UNIT (CU)
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
REGISTERS
( Registers are small high speed storage areas. )
Block Diagram
14. FUNCTIONS OF CPU
It performs all calculations.
It takes all decisions.
It controls all units of the computer.
15.
16. CONTROL UNIT
It controls all other units in the computer.
It is the central nervous system of the
computer that controls and synchronizes its
working.
17. FUNCTIONS OF CONTROL UNIT
It instructs the input unit, where to store the data after
receiving it from the user.
It controls the flow of data and instructions from the
storage unit to ALU.
It also controls the flow of results from the ALU to the
storage unit.
The control unit determines the sequence in which
computer programs and instructions are executed.
The control unit is also capable of shutting down the
computer when the power supply detects abnormal
conditions.
18. ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU) of the computer.
Whenever calculations are required, the control unit
transfers the data from memory to ALU. Once the
computations are done, the results are transferred to the
memory by the control unit and then it is send to the output
unit for displaying results.
19. FUNCTIONS OF ALU
It performs all arithmetic operations (addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division).
It performs all logic operations (Logic operations
test various conditions encountered during
processing and allow for different actions to be
taken based on the results. )
It does comparison and takes decision.
20. STORAGE UNIT
The storage unit of the computer holds data and
instructions that are entered through the input unit,
before they are processed.
21. Storage devices are divided into two
categories:
or Primary memory
or Main memory
or Secondary
memory
22. FUNCTIONS OF STORAGE UNIT
It received the data and instructions required for
processing from the input unit.
It stores the intermediate results.
It stores the final results before these results are
released to the output unit.
It saves data for later use.
25. HISTORY OF COMPUTER
As early as the seventeenth century, mathematicians
were trying to create a machine that could perform
basic mathematical functions such as, addition,
subtraction, division and multiplication.
1804 British inventor, Charles Babbage, designed an
all-purpose problem-solving machine, the difference
engine, which had a mechanical memory to store the
results of calculations.
26. GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
Based on the characteristics of various computers developed from time
to time, they are categorized as generation of computers.
Generation
of
Computers
First
Generation
Second
Generation
Third
Generation
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
27. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period : 1951 to 1959 Technology : Vacuum Tubes
Size : Very Large System Processing : Very Slow
Characterized By:-
Magnetic Drums
• Magnetic Tapes
• Difficult to program
• Used machine
language & assembly
language
First Generation Computers
28. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period : 1959 to 1963 Technology : Transistors
Size : Smaller Processing : Faster
Characterized By:-
• Magnetic Cores
• Magnetic Disk
• Used high level language
• Easier to program
Second Generation Computers
29. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period : 1963 to 1975
Technology : ICs (Integrated Circuits)
Incorporated many transistors & electronic
circuits on a single chip
Size : Small as compared to 2nd generation computers
Processing : Faster then 2nd generation computers
Characterized by:-
• Minicomputers accessible by
multiple users from remote
terminals.
IC (Integrated Circuit)
30. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period : 1975 to Today
Technology : VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
Incorporated many millions of transistors &
electronic circuits on a single chip
Size : Small as compared to first generation computer
Processing : Faster then first generation computer
Characterized by:
The personal computer and user
friendly micro-programs, very fast
processor chip high level
language, OOP (Object Oriented
Programming)
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
31. FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
Time Period : Future Technology
Technology : AI (Artificial Intelligence)
Fifth Generation Computer
AI (Artificial Intelligence)
32.
33. TYPES OF COMPUTER
Type of
computer
Digital
computer
Micro
Computer
Home PC
Main frame
Computer
Super
Computer
Mini
Computer
Analog
computer
Hybrid
Computer
34. ANALOG COMPUTER
Analog computer measures and answer the
questions by the method of “HOW MUCH”. The
input data is not a number infect a physical quantity
like tem, pressure, speed, velocity.
Signals are continuous of (0 to 10 V)
Accuracy 1% Approximately
High speed
Output is continuous
Time is wasted in transmission time
36. DIGITAL COMPUTERS
Digital computer counts and answer the
questions by the method of “HOW Many”.
The input data is represented by a number.
These are used for the logical and
arithmetic operations.
Signals are two level of (0 V or 5 V)
Accuracy unlimited
low speed sequential as well as parallel
processing
Output is continuous but obtain when
computation is completed.
37. MICRO COMPUTER
Micro computer are the smallest computer system.
There size range from calculator to desktop size. Its
CPU is microprocessor. It also known as Grand
child Computer.
Application : - personal computer, Multi user
system, offices.
38. MINI COMPUTER
These are also small general purpose system. They
are generally more powerful and most useful as
compared to micro computer. Mini computer are
also known as mid range computer or Child
computer.
Application :- Departmental systems, Network
Servers, work group system.
40. MAIN FRAME COMPUTER
Mainframe computers are those computers that offer
faster processing and grater storage area. The
word “main frame” comes from the metal frames. It
is also known as Father computer.
Application – Host computer, Central data base
server.
41. SUPER COMPUTER
Super computer are those computer which
are designed for scientific job like whether
forecasting and artificial intelligence etc.
They are fastest and expensive. A super
computer contains a number of CPU which
operate in parallel to make it faster. It also
known as grand father computer.
Application – whether forecasting, weapons
research and development.
43. HYBRID COMPUTER
The combination of features of analog and digital
computer is called Digital computer. The main
example are central national defense and
passenger flight radar system. They are also used
to control robots.
44. CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL COMPUTER
Desktop
Workstation
Notebook
Tablet PC
Handheld computer
Smart Phone
50. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
1. Speed
2. Accuracy
3. Diligence
4. Versatility
5. Power of remembering
6. No I.Q
7. No Feelings
51. ...CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER...
SPEED...
Fast device
Work done as enormous speed as compare
to human beings
Speed of Computer is measured in term
microseconds, nanoseconds, and ever
picoseconds
52. ...CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER...
ACCURACY...
Work with the highest Accuracy
Accuracy depends upon the
"Design of Computer"
Human Errors are like wrong
command, inaccurate data
input etc
55. ...CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER...
POWER OF REMEMBERING...
Unlike human being Computer can store huge amount of data
Doesn't differentiate "Important" & "Not Important"
Loss or Deletion of data is done by User
57. ...CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER...
NO FEELING...
Follow Human Instructions
Never decides at its own will
No taste
No emotions
No knowledge
58.
59. APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
Education
Business
Communication
Engineering
Entertainment
Banking
Health
Government
Etc…
60. EDUCATION
Computers are used in
schools for teaching
Computers are used for
mathematical
calculation
Students can do their
work by using
computer
61. BANK
Computers are used in
banks for storing
information about different
account holders.
Computers help in keeping
a record of the cash.
Computers help in giving
all kinds of information
regarding any account in
the bank
62. COMPUTER IN BUSINESS
Accounting
Customer Interaction
Scheduling
Communication
Web site and Many More…….
63. ENTERTAINMENT
Computers are used for
playing games,
listening to music and
watching movies.
Computers are used for
making cartoon movies
and animation films.
Computers are used for
making drawings.
64. RAILWAY STATIONS AND AIRPORTS
Computers help in giving
information about ticket
reservations and bookings.
Computers help in giving
information about the arrival
and departure timings of
trains and aeroplanes.
Computers help in keeping
records of all the passengers.
65. OFFICE
Computers are used
to type and print
documents, letters,
etc.
Computers help in
keeping records of
office employees.
Computers help in
sending e-mails
66. HOSPITALS
Computers help in
keeping records of all
the patients in a
hospital.
Computers help
doctors in controlling
operation theatre
machines.
Computers help in
doing a number of
medical tests.
67. They are used for doctors orders, charting notes,
documenting vital signs, So Many use……….
68. DEFENCE
Computers help in
launching of missiles in
defense.
Computers help in
keeping records of
criminals.
Computers help in
constructing weapons and
controlling their functions.
Computers help in
establishing
communication links
between the soldiers and
their commanders
through satellites.
69. DESIGNING
Computers help in
designing magazines,
newspapers, books,
advertisment, etc.
Computers help in
designing buildings,
houses, etc.
70. HARDWARE
Computer hardware is the collection of physical
elements that constitute a computer system.
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or
components of a computer such as monitor,
keyboard, Computer data storage, hard drive disk,
mouse, CPU (graphic cards, sound cards, memory,
motherboard and chips), etc.
All of which are physical objects that you can
actually touch. In contrast, software is untouchable
71.
72. SOFTWARE
Computer software, or just software, is any set of
machine-readable instructions (most often in the
form of a computer program) that directs a
computer's processor to perform specific
operations.
The term is used to contrast with computer
hardware, the physical objects (processor and
related devices) that carry out the instructions
73.
74. COMPILER
A compiler is a program that reads a program
written in one language –– the source language ––
and translates it into an equivalent program in
another language –– the target language
75. INTERPRETER
In computer science, an interpreter is a computer
program that directly executes, i.e. performs,
instructions written in a programming or scripting
language, without previously compiling them into a
machine language program
It Translate the code Line by line
76. QUESTIONS
Explain History and Generation of Computer
What is Computer? Write down the generation of
computer.
Explain the major components of Digital Computer.
Explain the block Diagram of Computer.
Enlist Types of Computer. Explain any two.
Explain Analog and Digital computer.
Write down the Characteristics of Computer .
Write down the Applications of Computer.
Define
Hardware
Software
Interpreter
Compiler