Based on the revolutionary technology that is 3D printing.

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2. WHAT IS 3D PRINTING
 3D Printing , as the name suggests prints
the object in 3D format.
 It is a revolutionary advanced fabrication
using additive processes whereby a real
object is created layer-by-layer from a
three dimensional digital design saving a
lot of efforts and money

3.  This groundbreaking technology was first developed
by Chuck Hull , who is now associated with 3D
SYSTEMS and will be inducted into the NATIONAL
INVENTORS HALL OF FAME (NIHF) for his immense
contribution to this field.

4. STEPS INVOLVED IN 3D PRINTING
STEP 1
• Scan the object to be printed on
the computer system.
STEP 2
• Making the 3D object from the scanned
data digitally , clearly showing different
components of it and selecting the materials
needed for each of the mentioned
component.
STEP 3
• Slicing it digitally layer-
by-layer showing the
different components.
STEP 4
• Printing the layers one above the
other.

5. CAD PROGRAM
 The Process of 3D printing begins with a design or
blueprint or a model on the basis of which the object can
be printed .
 This is usually made in a 3D drawing software program and
is otherwise called a CAD (Computer Assisted Drawing )
software.
 The computer then takes the 3D prototype object and slices
it into a number layers to make it into stereolithography
file format (STL).
 Each layer can be considered as one 2 -dimensional layer,
which must be printed by the 3D printer .
 Each successive layer is printed one above the other making
layer by layer in an additive manner to make a solid 3D
object.

6. 1. Metal Extrusion or FDM
(Fused Deposition
Modeling) or FFF ( Fused
Filament Fabrication)
2. Stereolithography
3. Selective Laser
Sintering

7. FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING
 In FDM the base material heated above its melting
temperature to make it liquid and is forced to pass
through a desired nozzle size to print the liquid layer
by layer.
 Materials used for printing are Acrylonitrile
Butadiene Styrene ABS, Polylactic acid PLA,
Polycarbonate PC, Polyamide PA, Polystyrene PS,
lignin, rubber, among many others, with different
trade-offs between strength and temperature
properties.
 As per the 3D prototype , the successive layer size ,
dimension, and printing path is decided by a
computerized motor to get the 3D object at the end.
 Stepper motors or servo motors are typically
employed to move the extrusion head.
 The liquid solidifies when it comes to normal room
temperature after it is extruded.
 However materials such as ceramics and metal
cannot be printed.

9. STEREOLITHOGRAHY
 Stereolithography is an additive manufacturing process which
employs a vat of liquid ultraviolet curable photopolymer "resin"
and an ultraviolet laser to build parts' layers one at a time.
 For each layer, the laser beam traces a cross-section of the part
pattern on the surface of the liquid resin.
 Exposure to the ultraviolet laser light cures and solidifies the
pattern traced on the resin and joins it to the layer below.
 After the pattern has been traced, the SLA's elevator platform
descends by a distance equal to the thickness of a single layer,
typically 0.05 mm to 0.15 mm (0.002 in to 0.006 in).
 On this new liquid surface, the subsequent layer pattern is traced,
joining the previous layer. A complete 3-D part is formed by this
process.
 After being built, parts are immersed in a chemical bath in order
to be cleaned of excess resin and are subsequently cured in an
ultraviolet oven.
 Although stereolithography can produce a wide variety of shapes,
it has often been expensive; the cost of photo-curable resin has
long ranged from $80 to $210 per liter, and the cost of
stereolithography machines has ranged from $100,000 to more
than $500,000.

11. SELECTIVE LASER SENTERING
 An additive manufacturing layer technology, SLS
involves the use of a high power laser (for example,
a carbon dioxide laser) to fuse small particles of
plastic, metal , ceramic or glass powder into a mass
that has a desired three-dimensional shape.
 The laser selectively fuses powdered material by
scanning cross-sections generated from a 3-D digital
description of the part (for example from a CAD file
or scan data) on the surface of a powder bed.
 After each cross-section is scanned, the powder bed
is lowered by one layer thickness, a new layer of
material is applied on top, and the process is
repeated until the part is completed.
 Compared with other methods of additive
manufacturing, SLS can produce parts from a
relatively wide range of commercially available
powder materials. These include polymers such
as nylon (neat, glass-filled, or with other fillers)
or polystyrene, metals including steel, titanium,
alloy mixtures, and composites and green sand.

14. FOOD OR CULINARY PRODUCTS
 A number of culinary
products can be
manufactured according to
the need with the help of 3D
printer , especially one by
extrusion process. It is easier
to produce one composition
food such as chocolates.
 However , with culturing
proper type of cells it is
possible to produce even
non-vegetarian food.
 In unfamiliar territory a 3D
printer would amazing for a
person where it could
produce the food one desires.

15. Aircraft ,Engines and Automobiles
 In aircrafts and automobiles
there are many different
components which are made by
assembling or welding smaller
parts.
 This decreases the strength and
durability of the components.
 A 3D component on the other
hand is cheaper , quicker to
produce and much stronger.
 In the future printed cars will
soon replace those made by
conventional methods.

16. 3D PRINTED DRONE !! On 21 July 2015, the Royal Navy ship
HMS Mersey launched something
unusual from its gun deck off England’s
southern coast—a cheap drone made
using a 3-D printer.
 The three-kilogram craft with an
airplane-style design was launched by a
three-meter catapult and autonomously
flew between a few preprogrammed
waypoints for five minutes before being
piloted to a safe belly landing on a pebbly
beach.
 The cheap drone had been printed on
shore and then assembled on the ship.
The test was meant to demonstrate how
more-or-less disposable drones that
could, in a pinch, be printed onboard
might cut costs and let a crew adapt
quickly to a new mission, for example
after a natural disaster.

17. BIOMEDICAL
 The use of 3D printing technology
in biomedical field is vast and highly
interesting.
 The 3D printing technology could be
used in dental implants , hearing aids
and precise replicas of human organs
to replace failing organs.
 In the future , a person needing a
heart or liver transplant could supply
a small part of bone marrow or fat
tissue , which could harvest the
required mesenchymal stem cells .
 These cells could be grown multifold
and differentiated to the required
tissue-specific cells.
 Later the cells along with extra
cellular matrix could be exactly
printed to revive a persons failing
organ.

18. ORGANOVO The company bioprints and markets
human tissues as a means of
accelerating the preclinical drug
testing and discovery process,
enabling treatments to be created
more quickly and at lower cost, and
without immediate risks to living test
subjects.
 The living test tissues provide
researchers the opportunity to test
drugs before administering the drug to
a living person; this bridges the gap
between preclinical testing and
clinical trials.
 Organovo is actively developing its
technology with the intention of
eventually being able to replicate
entire human organs for transplant.

19. AVAILABILITY of 3D Printers
 A common question arises, whether
these printers are a research level
concept or whether they are already
available .
 It may surprise us but a good number
of them are available in the market
and good collection can be found on “
AMAZON”.
 In addition , we may need already
planned STL file of the object we
want to print. To meet our need a
number of these files are available in a
number websites.
 A number of firms are printing any
object of desire to persons at a
nominal fee, though most of them are
mainly in US.

20. ADVANTAGES OF 3D PRINTING
 The advantages of 3D printing technology are many. First of all it
reduces wastage of material which takes place in traditional
manufacturing practices in which the bulk material is broken down to
get the desired product.
 In comparison a specific amount of material is utilized in 3D Printing
and the unused material can be used again in 3D printing.
 It can be used to print interlocking parts , complex geometric shapes,
highly bent structures with ease. Hence they don't require further
assembling in which errors are introduced in the final product.
 As only the printer and the material is required, the consumers need
not wait for the shipment of the final product, rather the product can be
printed cheaply in the local market with local raw materials.

21. FUTURE OF 3D PRINTING
 As we now know the versatility and broad application of this novel
technology, this could be the starting of a new era in manufacturing
technology.
 Even the Forbes website predicts that by the end of 2016 , the 3D
Printing market could be more than 3 billion dollars worldwide.
 It will be really affordable to print common products directly at our
homes. However it is predicted that this technology might disrupt the
economy in the future.
 There have been cases where people have been able to successfully
print guns and other weapons. So there is a fear that this technology
might be used in carrying out criminal activities. So a system has to be
created in order to prevent the printing of any item which might be
used to cause harm to human lives.