The document describes theories about the origin and evolution of the universe. It discusses the Divine Creation theory, the Big Bang theory, and other theories such as the Steady State theory, the Big Crunch theory, and the Oscillating theory. It also covers different types of universes including open, closed, and finite universes. Modern tools for observing the universe are also outlined, such as telescopes, spectroscopes, and space shuttles.

1. The Universe
Instruments Used to Observe the
Universe
Theories about the Universe
Prepared by:
Shirley P. Valera

2. Objectives
• Describe the universe.
• Identify modern space facilities, tools and
equipments used to study our universe.
• Explain the theories about the universe.

3. Questions
• Can you describe the universe?
• What are found in the universe?
• Have you ever wondered when
and how it was formed?
• Is Earth a part of the universe?

4. What do you know about the universe? Test your knowledge on the
following easy questions. Put a check (/) on the appropriate column.
• Are there galaxies in the universe? YES NO
• Are there planets in the universe? YES NO
• Are there stars in the universe? YES NO
• Are there constellations in the universe? YES NO
• Is there energy in the universe? YES NO
• Is the solar system a part of the universe? YES NO
• Is the sun at the center of the universe? YES NO
• Is the universe expanding? YES NO

5. Observe the picture of the universe,
describe how it looks.

6. Different Instruments were invented and
used to study and observe the Universe

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8. Instruments Used to Observe the Universe
Invention of the
simple
telescope by
Galileo Galilei
which
improved by
Isaac Newton
that gave way
to inventions of
more powerful
telescopes in
order to
observe the
universe
It is an
observatory
that carried a
telescope and
traveled in
space in April
1990.
It
communicated
through the
Tracking and
data Relay
satellite
System.
Hubble Space telescope

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10. • It is a device for
collecting radio
signals from objects
which are too far
away to be seen by
optical telescopes.
• The Parkers
Observatory
contains radio
telescope in the
southern
hemisphere.
Radio telescope

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12. Radio interferometer • Is a kind of radio
telescope that allows
radio astronomers to
pick up very weak
signals from space.
• Made up of dishes
called array.
• Each part of the array
covers a different
portion of space.
• World’s largest is at
Socorro, New Mexico,
in the United States of
America, containing
27 large dishes or
array. It is called large
array

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14. Spectroscope
• Is use to get information
about stars, galaxies
and nebulae
• Used for breaking down
light into a spectrum
• spectrum is a band of
colors recorded by the
help of camera .spectra
taken can be used to
find out details,
including temperature,
movement and
chemical make-up
• Spectroshelioscope a
kind of spectroscope
used to study the sun. It
takes the image at one
particular wavelength.

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16. NASA Space Shuttle- Columbia
• Was launched into
space in 1981
• It was launched as
rocket, flies like a
space craft and lands
like a plane
• It is a space truck
taking astronauts
cargo and
equipments into
space and returning
facilities and
equipment to Earth

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18. Space Shuttle Orbiter
• It is a shape like an aircraft
and carries the crew to
and from space.
• It has tails and wings, a tail
for its landing phase of its
mission.
• High above the earth ,the
orbiter releases a large
satellite into space, it
reveals the impressive
roominess of its cargo bay

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20. Hale Telescope
• Found in Palomar ,
California with its
16/12 feet mirror, has
been used immense
distances into space,
to reveal galaxies and
other luminous
objects.(objects are so
faraway that their light
has taken thousands
of millions years to
reach us.)

21. Questions
• How have improved giant telescopes have
helped in the study of space?
• Describe the Hubble Space telescope.
Compare it with the Hale Telescope
• How does space shuttles help in the study
of space?
• If you were an astronaut, where in space
would you like to work? Explain your
reason.

23. The Birth of the Universe

24. 1.Divine Creation Theory
• Religion and mythology have for long
time proposed the “Creation Theory”.
Creation refers to the act or acts by
which the world came into existence
out of nothing.

25. 1.Divine Creation Theory
• Generally, all stories of creation
emphasize the power of a Creator,
Deity or God. It is brought the
universe or cosmos itself into
existence.

26. 1.Divine Creation Theory
• As such it is the power
within and behind all the
discrete forms of the world.

27. 1.Divine Creation Theory
• It is furthermore the divine
power that is able to bring forth
new beings.

28. 2. The Big bang Theory
• Georges Lemaittre
used Albert Einstein’s
formula for relativity to
explain the Big Bang
Theory. States that the
universe is expanding
from an explosive
moment of creation.

29. 2. The Big bang Theory
• This theory proposes
that the universe
started as a big ball of
pure energy , matter,
forces of nature and
space were all
wrapped up. Then,
about 15 billion to 20
billion years ago this
ball exploded.

30. 2. The Big bang Theory
• The explosion was the
formation of matter
hurtling away from each
other. Formation of of
first nuclei of hydrogen
and helium was sudden.
Other elements were
formed very quickly that
formations of stars and
the galaxies also
happened so soon,
other celestial bodies
are still being formed.

31. 2. The Big bang Theory
• This theory is the most
accepted scientific theory on
the origin of the universe.
Remnants of the echo of the
first explosion had been
detected through the radio
telescope in the
1970’s.Additional evidences
that support the theory are
the discovery of the
background radiation of the
first explosion, and the red
shift of stars and galaxies.
Red shift proves that the
universe and the stars are
moving away from each other

32. Big Bang

33. 3.The Steady State Theory
• It was proposed by Sir Fred Hoyle. He stated that the
universe is infinite in time, with the same condition
before and now.
• It is spreading and new galaxies being formed between
the existing galaxies. As the galaxies move away from
each other, no new galaxy is formed to take place their
place.
• Therefore, the density of the universe is the same all
through eternity.
• However this theory has many loopholes. Example:
while it says that the universe has not changed in time,
evidences gathered prove that the universe is expanding
and new stars are being born.

34. 3.The Big Crunch Theory
• Scientist think that universe would stop expanding
or grow bigger. Instead it would shrink and
become smaller until all materials in it come
together and bump one another producing a very
big collision.
• There is no possibility that another Big Bang
Theory may take place after the Big Crunch.

35. The Oscillating Theory
• States the universe
continues to expand
and to collapse. It
means that the
galaxies started to
be moving away
from each other.
However, after they
reach a certain
space or distance,
they start to collapse
back again.

36. The Oscillating Theory
Another information that
is needed to prove
this theory is the
presence of the blue
shift as well as the red
shift. The blue shift
will prove that the
galaxies once
collapsed, while red
shift proves that the
galaxies had moved
and are moving away.

37. Open Universe
• According to Einstein’s theory an open
universe has an infinite number of
hydrogen atoms occupying an infinite
volume.

38. Open Universe
• If the universe were to continue to
expand indefinitely there would come a
time when the density of the universe
would approach zero.

39. Open Universe
• In the far future galaxies would have moved
back to great distances that only galaxies in
the local super cluster would still be nearby.
Eventually, all the stars would stop shining
because they have exhausted all their fuel
and energy. They would all be dark

40. Closed Universe
• In the closed universe
theory, large amounts of
matter may exist in
space, more than what
the scientist have
assumed there is. This
matter can be in the form
of dark matter. If the
average density of matter
in the universe would
approach one atom of
hydrogen in 7.8 cubic
meters, the universe
would be closed

41. Closed Universe
• According to
Einstein's
theory, a closed
universe has a
finite number of
hydrogen atoms
occupying a finite
volume of space.

42. Closed Universe
• If there were enough
amount of matter in the
universe, at some time, in
about 20 billion to 40 million
years, the expansion of the
universe would stop. The
universe would contract
again. It means that the
galaxies would start to
come together again until it
collapses. This collapse
might be followed by
another period of
expansion.

43. •The whole of all the
space, matter, and solar
radiation, that exist is
what we
called_________________
•The area of the universe is
measured as far as the
distance the starlight from
galaxies has been to

44. •Galaxies continue to
move away from space
so the starlight also
continue to travel
farther and farther
away.
•It only shows that the

45. •It is getting wider and
wider which shows
that it is
immeasurable.
•The universe is a _i_ i_
_ e_ _ space.

46. THE END