2. WHAT THE FECES IS???
Human feces is called as stool.
Faces/ Feces is plural of the latin form faex
means residue. It is the waste residue of
indigestible materials of an animals’ digestive
tract expelled through anus during defecation.
Meconium is new born first feces.
Scatology or caprology is the study of feces.
3. Collection of faeces
Stool should be collected in dry ,sterilized ,wide
mouthed container.
It should be in uncontaminated with urine are
any other body secretions.
Properly named and always a fresh sample
should be tasted.
Sample should be taken from a uncontaminated,
clean area.
Sample should be <200 gm/day.
5. Color of stool
Stool colour shows different variations i.e:
Bright red/maroon
Black streak
Yellow
Green
Black
White
6. Tests performed on feces
Blood:- bleeding lessions of upper intestinal tract,
in occult blood. Carcinoma, thrombosis, ulcer,
haemorrhage races arefound in stool.
Fats:- fat in stools indicates intestinal
malabsorption and the test is carried out to
estimate steatorrhea, iletis, pancreatitis, and
celiac disease
7. Contd...
Parasites:- examination of feces for parasites
is done to estimate the presence of worms/
parasites in body. i.e; helmenthis, round worms
or their eggs and types.
8. Misc tests:-
Radio iodine uptake:-
radioactive isotope of I121 is taken up by thyroid
in same manner as ordinary iodine. Its
breakdown emits gamma rays which is couted
by scintillation counter.
Value below normal indicate hypothyroidism
Value above normal indiate hyperthyroidism
9. Liver function test:- no single test can
detect the dysfunction of liver and this test is
important to correlate the clinical observation of
body and liver. Since, liver is the complex organ
that has various functions.
Following are the test are performed to assest
the condition of liver :-
10. Bilirubin:- Increased urobilinigen level in
urine and feces can bring about haemolytic
disease, liver impairment, and partial duct
obstruction.
Bilirubin in urine and serum and urobilinogen in
urine and feces is used to determine the
difference between obstructive and non-
obstructive jaundice.
11. Contd....
Alaklaline phosphatase:- this enzyme is
secreted by liver due to its senstivity to biliary
obstruction the the presence of alkaline
phosphatase in serum is important to determine
liver disease.
Increase in ratio associated with osteoblastic
activities.
12. Contd...
Bromosulphalein excretion test:- it is a
synthetic dye, which when injected measures the
excretory functions of liver.
Cholesterol and cholesterol esters:-
essentially all cholesterol is synthesized and
excreted by liver into bile. Its increase affects
more than total cholesterol content due to liver
damage.
13. Contd...
Serum protein:- albumin, fibrinogen, and
some alpha and beta globulins comprise the
plasma synthesized mostly by liver. Any change
in plasma or serum proteins form the important
laboratory test diagnosis of hepatic function by
urine and stool
