1. Comparison
of
Paper-­‐book
and
E-­‐book
by
the
scale
of
carbon
footprint
Dr. SHIMIZU, Hirokazu
President, SHIMIZU PRINTING INC.
Visiting Senior Researcher, Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
Expert, ISO130 (Graphic technology) WG11 (Environmental impact on printed matters)
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2. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
Today’s presentation
1.Motivation
of
the
study
2.System
boundary
of
the
study
3.Carbon
calculation
of
Paper-­‐book
(P-­‐book)
4.Carbon
calculation
of
E-­‐book
5.Sensitivity
analysis
6.Conclusion
and
discussion
7.Expected
role
for
ISO130
WG11
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3. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
1.Motivation of the study
3-­‐reason
to
start
discussion
about
E-­‐book
1.
To
find
real
environmental
impact
•Review
suspicious
look
at
commonly-­‐accepted
idea
that
E-­‐book
has
less
load
compared
to
P-­‐book
2.To
defend
ourselves
from
one-­‐sided
claim
•E-­‐organization
prepares
E-­‐book
quantification
method
which
might
have
negative
influence
on
our
industry
3.To
show
presence
of
printing
industry
•Many
LCA
experts
in
E-­‐industry
are
skilled
at
calculating
environmental
impact,
so
we
should
counteract
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4. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
2.System boundary of the study
Workflow
of
E-­‐book
and
P-­‐book
Raw material Disposal &
Production Distribution Use
acquisition Recycle
P-book
Deliver to Incineration
Raw material Data Book
Printing warehouse and NA (22%) and
Acquisition creation binding
stores recycle (78%)
Raw material Data Data management Server
Acquisition creation (E-book preparation) operation Elec. use
E-book
for down- E-book device is
loading partly recycled
and and wasted
reading
Material input, production and distribution for E-book
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5. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
3.Carbon calculation of P-book
127.0mm
14.0mm Specification
of
P-­‐book
1.Size:
B5
(127.0mm*188.0mm*14.0mm)
2.Pages:
4P+224P
3. Copy:
5000
copies,
3000
sold
in
188.0mm
6-­‐month
and
the
rest
returned
to
publisher’s
warehouse
4. Substrate:
Coated
paper
for
jacket,
Coated
cardboard
for
cover,
Fine
paper
for
text
5. Books
at
home
are
incinerated
(22%)
and
recycled
(78%)
at
the
end
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6. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
3.Carbon calculation of P-book (cont’d)
CO2e
from
“Raw
material
acquisition”
Substrate: 1691.181kg-CO2e
Ink: 63.396kg-CO2e Dampening: 3.597kg-CO2e
Plate: 101.577kg-CO2e
Glue: 10.697kg-CO2e
Polypropylene: 18.741kg-CO2e
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7. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
3.Carbon calculation of P-book (cont’d)
CO2e
from
“Data
creation”
Scenario created by TASHIRO, Masashi
Meeting: 3.928kg-CO2e
Writing: 53.456kg-CO2e
Transportation: 6.556kg-CO2e
Image editing: 2.419kg-CO2e Designing: 14.514kg-CO2e
Proofreading: 9.392kg-CO2e
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8. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
3.Carbon calculation of P-book (cont’d)
CO2e
from
“printing
&
book-­‐binding”
Press(jacket): 48.313kg-CO2e CtP: 9.728kg-CO2e
Press(cover): 45.439kg-CO2e
Press(text): 242.343kg-CO2e
Folding: 59.291kg-CO2e
Guillotine: 18.865-CO2e
Perfect-binding: 111.166kg-CO2e
PP lamination: 16.214kg-CO2e
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9. 3.Carbon calculation of P-book (cont’d)
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
CO2e
from
“Distribution”
Delivery: 243.599kg-CO2e Wrapping paper: 5.814kg-CO2e
Logistics of P-books (from printing factory to book stores)
Tokyo(50stores) Saitama(10stores) Chiba(10stores)
Agent-A
Sendai(10stores)
km
36.3 Utsunomiya(10stores) Fukushima(10stores)
Agent-B Tokyo(30stores) Saitama(15stores) Chiba(15stores)
2km
26.
67.3km m
Agent-C Nagoya(20stores) Osaka(15stores) Hakata(15stores)
.5k
21
Printing Publisher’s 18
.8
Factory Warehouse km
Agent-D Tokyo(15stores) Osaka(10stores)
24
.0k
m 7.4km
Agent-E Tokyo(5stores) Nagoya(5stores)
3
20-book are delivered to each
Agent-F ALL(1wholesale)
store, 100-book for a wholesale
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10. 3.Carbon calculation of P-book (cont’d)
Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
CO2e
from
“Disposal
&
Recycle”
Transportation (garbage): 18.354kg-CO2e Incineration: 7.079kg-CO2e
Transportation (paper recycle): 29.248kg-CO2e
Transportation (Al recycle): 0.880kg-CO2e
Transportation (paper recycle): 61.179kg-CO2e
Breakdown of 5000-book (sold/returned, incinerated/recycled)
660-book incinerated
3000-book sold 13.2%(22%), 158.346kg
5000-book 60%, 719.755kg 2340-book recycled
100%, 1199.592kg 46.8%(78%), 561.409kg
2000-book returned 2000-book recycled
40%, 479.837kg 40%, 479.837kg
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11. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
3.Carbon calculation of P-book (cont’d)
CO2e
summary
(2896.964kg-­‐CO2e,
579g-­‐CO2e/copy)
Material Data creation Printing/binding
Distribution Disp&Rec
P-book (5000) 65.2% 19.0%
3.1% 8.6% 4.0%
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
kg-CO2e
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12. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
4.Carbon calculation of E-book
Specification
of
E-­‐book
1.Size:
Device
dependable
2.Data
size:
1MB
3. Copy:
3000
downloads
in
6-­‐month
4. Substrate:
Digital
5. CO2e
from
Raw
material
acquisition
to
Disposal/Recycle
is
considered
by
the
case
of
i-­‐Pad
use
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13. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
4. Carbon calculation of E-book (cont’d)
CO2e
from
“Data
creation”
1.
“Data
creation”
process
is
the
same
as
P-­‐book
2.
90.264kg-­‐CO2e
÷
3000
DLs
=
0.030kg-­‐CO2e/copy
CO2e
from
“Data
management”
1.
Data
preparation
for
e-­‐book
2.
(0.110kW+0.320kw+0.500kW)×2h×0.479kg-­‐CO2e/
kWh
÷
3000
DLs
=
0.000297kg-­‐CO2e/copy
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14. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
4. Carbon calculation of E-book (cont’d)
CO2e
from
“Server
operation”
1. “ICT
hosting
service”
by
Nihon
Unisys
which
is
registered
as
CFP
service
is
utilized
2. Server
:
Intel
Xeon
2GHz
Single
Core+Memory
1GB
3. Storage:
50GB
4. 3420kg-­‐CO2e/yr.
÷
(6-­‐month/12-­‐month)
×
(1,048,576/53,687,091,200)
÷
3000DLs
=
0.0000111kg-­‐CO2e/copy
1MB=1,048,576 bytes
1GB=1,073,741,824 bytes
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15. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
4. Carbon calculation of E-book (cont’d)
CO2e
from
“E-­‐book
device”
1. “iPad2
(WiFi
&
4GB
model)”
is
utilized
2. 180kg-­‐CO2e
÷
3-­‐year
÷
730h/yr.×
3-­‐hour
(to
finish
reading)=
0.247kg-­‐CO2e/copy
Item CO2e (kg-CO2e)
Manufacturing 120.6 Recycle Manufacutring
2%
Transportation 67%
Use 45.0 6%
Transportation 10.8 Use
25%
Recycle 3.6
Reference: iPad Environmental Report, Apple
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16. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
4.Carbon calculation of E-book (cont’d)
CO2e
summary
(277g-­‐CO2e/copy)
Data creation Data management
Server operation E-book device
E-book (3000) 94.3%
5.7%
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
kg-CO2e/copy
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17. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
5.Sensitivity analysis
CO2e
summary
comparison
P-book (579g-CO2e/copy) vs E-book (277g-CO2e/copy)
Data creation Material/Device
Book production/Server Others
P-book (5000)
-52.2%
E-book (3000)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
kg-CO2e/copy
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18. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
5.Sensitivity analysis (cont’d)
Different
scenarios
for
iPad
user
behavior
iPad usage h./day 2.00h 1.00h 0.75h 0.50h
CO2e for iPad/yr. 60.0kg-CO2e 52.5kg-CO2e 50.6kg-CO2e 48.8kg-CO2e
iPad usage h./yr. 730.00h 365.00h 273.75h 182.50h
CO2e for iPad/h. 0.082kg-CO2e 0.144kg-CO2e 0.185kg-CO2e 0.267kg-CO2e
reading h. for reading 3 ho
our
CO2e from iPad 0.247kg-CO2e 0.432kg-CO2e 0.555kg-CO2e 0.802kg-CO2e
CO2e from others 0.030kg-CO2e 0.030kg-CO2e 0.030kg-CO2e 0.030kg-CO2e
CO2e of E-book 277g-CO2e 462g-CO2e 585g-CO2e 832g-CO2e
% to basic scenario 100% 166.8% 211.2% 300.4%
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19. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
5.Sensitivity analysis (cont’d)
Different
scenarios
for
iPad
user
behavior
E-book (g-CO2e) P-Book(g-CO2e)
900
832g-CO2e
750
600
585g-CO2e
579g-CO2e
450
462g-CO2e
300
277g-CO2e
150
0
iPad 2h/day iPad 1h/day iPad 0.75h/day iPad 0.5h/day
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20. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
6. Conclusions and Discussions
Conclusions
1.E-­‐book
is
not
superior
compared
to
P-­‐book
all
the
time
by
the
scale
of
CO2e
2.Key
element
is
the
calculation
of
the
load
from
E-­‐book
device
Discussions
1.How
to
average
usage
hours
of
E-­‐book
device?
2.How
to
average
reading
speed
of
E-­‐book?
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21. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
7. Expected role for ISO130 WG11
What
we
have
to
think
and
do
1. We
should
try
to
collect
information
periodically
from
IEC
(TA13?
is
tasked
to
set
E-­‐book
related
standard)
and
find
a
way
to
work
together
if
possible;
it
will
be
Nakamura’s
task
since
TA13
is
controlled
by
Japanese
manufacturers.
2.We
might
propose
calculation
scheme
for
E-­‐book;
it
means
that
we
suggest
calculation
framework,
such
as
scenario
setting
about
“How
to
compare
two
of
those?”,
not
detailed
assessment
methods
for
electronic
devices.
3.We
can
work
on
case-­‐study
for
different
printed
products
in
the
near
future
to
compare
Paper-­‐products
to
E-­‐products
and
publicize
in
appendix
of
16759
or
special
edition
of
the
report
at
the
very
least.
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22. Waseda University Environmental Research Institute
Thank you for your attention.
You can have a look at this presentation file:
http://www.slideshare.net/ShimizuHiro/edit_my_uploads
SHIMIZU PRINTING web site:
http://www.shzpp.co.jp
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