Poverty, Child Labor, Graft and Corruption, Cyber Sex, Drug Abuse

1. SOCIAL PROBLEMS
AFFECTING SOCIETY
Ms. Sheila J. Echaluce
Discussant

2. WHAT ARE SOCIAL PROBLEMS?
• Are the general factors that affect
and damage society.
• Is normally a term used to
describe problems with a
particular area or group of people
in the world.
• Often involve problems that affect
real life.

3. EXAMPLE OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
• Poverty
• Child Labor
• Graft and Corruption
• Cyber Sex
• Drug abuse or Drug Addiction
• Sexual transmitted disease
• Anti social behaviour
• Alcohol abuse
• Economic Deprivation
• Unemployment
• Natural Disasters

4. POVERTY

5. POVERTY
• The world at its worst when people are deprived of
basic everyday things that we take for granted like
food, water, shelter, money, and clothes.
• Is general scarcity or dearth, or the state of one
who lacks a certain amount of material
possessions or money.
• A multifaceted concept, which includes social,
economic, and political elements.
• Seems to be chronic or temporary, and most of the
time it is closely related to inequality.

6. FACES OF POVERTY

7. FACES OF POVERTY

8. ETYMOLOGY
• Old French – poverté
• Modern French - pauvreté
• Latin paupertās - from pauper (poor)

9. CAUSES OF POVERTY
• Lack of education
• Natural disasters
• Lack of money
• Greed
• No opportunities provided
• Drugs and alcohol

10. FACTORS WHICH POOR PEOPLE
IDENTIFY AS PART OF POVERTY
• Abuse by those in power
• Dis-empowering institutions
• Excluded locations
• Gender relationships
• Lack of security
• Limited capabilities
• Physical limitations
• Precarious livelihoods
• Problems in social relationships
• Weak community organizations

11. 9 KINDS OF POVERTY ACCORDING
TO A. M. HENRY
1) The disadvantaged
2) The unfortunate and accident victims
3) The isolated
4) Those who have no future
5) The unwell.
6) The ignorant, the incompetent, the
inexperienced
7) The unloved
8) Those who hide or hate themselves
9) Those who lack willpower or love

12. The disadvantaged

13. The unfortunate and accident
victims

14. The isolated

15. Those who have no future

16. The unwell

17. The ignorant, the incompetent, the
inexperienced

18. The unloved

19. Those who hide or hate
themselves

20. Those who lack willpower or
love

21. AMOUNT OF POVERTY

22. THE HARSH TRUTH
• 1 in 2 children live in poverty
• Over 3 billon people live on less than $2.50 a
day
• 22000 children die each day because of poverty
• 1 percent of what the world spent every year on
weapons was needed to put every child into
school and yet didn’t happen.
POVERTY FACTS AROUND THE WORLD

23. THE HARSH TRUTH
POVERTY FACTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

24. SOLUTIONS TO POVERTY
• No war
• Ask the government to do a lot more about
poverty
• Donate things you don’t use to charity
• Donate food that won’t spoil to food banks
• Education
• Lots of opportunities

25. CHILD LABOR

26. CHILD LABOR
• Work that harms children or keeps them from attending
school
• work by children that harms them or exploits them in some
way (physically, mentally, morally, or by blocking their
access to education).
• It is the work that exceeds a minimum number of hour
depending on the age of the child and on the situation
• Is not only a social problem but also an economic one
• Has a predominant feature in Indian society
• carpet industry requires the fine little fingers to weave the
finest and tiniest of knots to create the most expensive of
carpets

27. CHILD LABOR
• Firecracker
Industry
• Household Labor

28. HOW MANY ARE THERE?
• According to certain experts
approximately 10 million
bonded children labourers
are working as dome In
South Asia.
• Beyond this there are
almost 55 million bonded
child labourers hired across
various other industries.
• Less than 5% of child
laborers make products for
export to other countries.

29. CHILD LABOR FACT SHEET
• 73 million working children are less
than 10 years old
• While buffaloes may cost up to 15,000
rupees , children are sold at prices
between 500 and 2,000 rupees.
• 47 out of 100 children in India enrolled
in class I reach class VIII, putting the
dropout rate at 52.79%.
• Approximately 16.64% of villages in the
country do not have facilities for
primary schooling. (UNICEF)
• 42 million children in the age-group 6-
14 years do not attend school in India.

30. CHILD LABOR IN INDIA
• INDIA accounts for the second highest
number where child labor in the world.
• Africa accounts for the highest number
of children employed and exploited.
• According to certain experts
approximately 10 million bonded
children laborers are working as
domestic servants in India
• Beyond this there are almost 55million
bonded child laborers hired across
various other industries.in India.

31. THE FACES OF CHILD LABOR

32. CHILD LABOR INDEX

33. CAUSES OF CHILD LABOR…
• Over population
• Illiteracy
• Urbanization
• Orphans
• Willingness to Exploit
• Unemployment of Elders

34. CONSEQUENCES FOR CHILDREN
• Physical injuries and mutilations
• Pesticide poisoning
• Growth deficiency
• Long-term health problems
• HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted
diseases
• Exhaustion and malnutrition

35. LAWS
National Policy on Child Labour was
formulated in 1987.
• Prohibition of children being employed in
hazardous occupations and processes.
• Poverty being the main root cause the gov’t
has decided to generate the employment
• Supplementary nutrition and regular health
check ups so as to prepare them to join
regular mainstream schools

36. INITIATIVES TOWARDS ELIMINATION
OF CHILD LABOUR
• The government has made efforts to prohibit child labor
by enacting Child labor laws in India including the 1986
Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation)
• Government has accordingly been taking proactive steps
to tackle this problem through strict enforcement of
legislative provisions along with simultaneous
rehabilitative measures
• State Governments, which are the appropriate
implementing authorities, have been conducting regular
inspections and raids to detect cases of violations
• Government has been laying a lot of emphasis on the
rehabilitation of these children and on improving the
economic conditions of their families

37. THE CHILD LABOUR
(Prohibition and Regulation) ACT, 1986
• OBJECT : To prohibit the engagement of children in certain
employment’s and to regulate the conditions of work or children
in certain other employment’s
• DEFINITION : Child: Child means a person who has not
completed his fourteen years of age.
• PPLICABILITY : In extends to the whole of India
• WEEKLY HOLIDAY : Every child shall be allowed in each week
a holiday of one whole day.
• HOURS AND PERIOD OF WORK : The period of work on each
day shall not exceed three hours and no child shall work for
more than three hours before he has had an interval for rest for
at least one hour. No child shall be permitted or required to work
between 7 p.m. and 8 a.m. No child shall be required or
permitted to work overtime.

38. PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN CERTAIN
OCCUPATIONS AND PROCESSES
1. Transport of passengers, goods; or mails by railway
2. Cinder picking, clearing of an ash pit or building
operation in the railway
3. Work in a catering establishment at a railway station,
involving the movement of vendor or any other
employee of the establishment from one platform to
4. Work relating to the construction of railway station or
with any other work where such work is done in
close proximity to or between the railway lines.

39. PROHIBITION OF EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN CERTAIN
OCCUPATIONS AND PROCESSES
5. The port authority within the limits of any port. 107
6. Work relating to selling of crackers and fireworks in
shops with temporary licenses
8. Automobile workshops and garages.
9. Founderies
10. Handling of taxies or inflammable substance or
explosives
11. Handlom and powerloom industry
12. Mines (Under ground and under water) and collieries
13. Plastic units and Fiber glass workship

40. THE CHILD LABOUR (Prohibition and
Regulation) ACT, 1986
PENALITIES
• Section 3 - shall be punishable with
imprisonment which shall not be less than
three months which may extend to one year
or with fine which shall not be less than ten
thousand rupees but which may extend to
twenty thousand rupees or with both .

41. THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF
CHILD WORKERS
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF
CHILD LABOR IN THE
PHILIPPINES

42. • R.A. 679 “An Act to Regulate the Employment of Women
and Children, to Provide Penalties for Violation Hereof, and
for Other Purposes".
• R.A. 7658 “An Act Prohibiting the Employment of Children
Below 15 Years of Age in Public and Private Undertakings“
• R. A. 3071 “An Act to Regulate the Employment of Women
and Children in Shops, Factories, Industrial, Agricultural
and Mercantile Establishments, and Other Place of Labour
in the Philippine Islands, to Provide Penalties for Violations
Hereof and for Other Purposes“
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 679, 7658
and 3071

43. • P.D. 442 - Labour Code
• P.D. 603 - Child and Youth
WelfareCodeU.N. Convention on the
Rights ofthe ChildR.A. 7610 - The
Child Protection Law
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE

44. CHILD LABOR
The Silent Killer…

45. "There is one dream that all Filipinos share: that
our children may have a better life than we
have had . . . there is one vision that is
distinctly Filipino: the vision to make this
country, our country, a nation for our children."
Jose W. Diokno

46. Children are remarkably
imaginative and resilient - but
also heartbreakingly fragile and
vulnerable.
“ So let us share
their
dreams And
shape their
future ” .

47. CYBERSEX
Mr. Bien Carlo Carlos
Discussant

48. CYBERSEX
• a form of a virtual
sexual activity
performed by two
persons directly or
indirectly through the
use of the world wide
web.
• also called as
pornography, computer
sex, internet sex, net
sex, tiny sex, mud sex,
conversex and
cybering.

49. WHY DO PEOPLE ENGAGE IN
CYBERSEX?
• It can satisfy some sexual desires without the risk of a
sexually transmitted disease (STD) or pregnancy,
• Allows real-life partners who are physically separated
to continue to be sexually intimate.
• Allows for sexual exploration.
• Takes less effort and fewer resources on the Internet
than in real life to connect to a person like oneself or
with whom a more meaningful relationship is possible.
• Demotes our sexual self

50. MORAL ISSUES OF CYBERSEX
• Demotes our sexual self
• Breaches human dignity
• Deteriorate our values
• Alters the essence of sexuality from being
sacred to just for pleasure
• Numbs consciousness and conscience
Sensitivity is disregarded

51. BIBLE’S TEACHINGS ABOUT
CYBERSEX
• “Deaden, therefore, your body members that are upon the
earth as respects fornication, uncleanness, sexual appetite.”
(Colossians 3:5)
• “Everyone that keeps on looking at a woman so as to have a
passion for her has already committed adultery with her in his
heart.” (Matthew 5:28)
• “Let fornication and uncleanness of every sort or greediness
not even be mentioned among you.” (Ephesians 5:3)
• “The works of the flesh are manifest, and they are fornication,
uncleanness, . . . and things like these. As to these things I
am forewarning you, the same way as I did forewarn you, that
those who practice such things will not inherit God’s
kingdom.” (Galatians 5:19-21)

52. DRUG ADDICTION

53. DRUG ADDICTION AND DRUG
ABUSE

54. DRUG ADDICTION AND DRUG
ABUSE
• Addiction: Compulsive nature of the drug
use despite physical and/or psychological
harm to the user and society and includes
both licit and illicit drugs.
• Substance abuse: Frequently used broad
range of substances (including alcohol and
inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile.

55. DRUG ADDICTION AND DRUG
ABUSE
Dependence:
• Psychological
dependence - Eg:
cocaine
• Physical
dependence
• addiction to morphine (reward pathway)
• dependence to morphine (thalamus and
brainstem)

56. DRUG USE TERMS AND
DESCRIPTIONS
• Drug: In medicine, it refers to any substance with
the potential to prevent or cure disease or enhance
physical or mental well-being. In pharmacology,
drug refers to any agent that alters the biochemical
or physiological processes of tissue or organism.
• Street drug: Drug that is taken for non-medicinal
reasons (usually for mind-altering effects); drug
abuse can lead to physical and mental damage
and (with some substances) dependence and
addiction. Eg: Alcohol, heroin, methamphetamine,
crack, cocaine and marijuana (Cannabis).

57. DRUG USE TERMS AND
DESCRIPTIONS
• Hard drug (lead to severe physical addiction): – Drug that is
generally considered to be more dangerous, with a higher risk of
dependence that soft drugs. Eg.: Heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine.
• Soft drug (do not cause physical addiction): – While they do not cause
physical addiction, some of them may still lead to psychological
dependency. Psychological dependency is a dependency of the mind.
This means that people feel better when they have the drug. Eg:
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), Cannabis

58. DRUG USE TERMS AND
DESCRIPTIONS
• Illicit drug: AN illegal drug, can’t prescribed. Eg.: Cocaine,
heroin, LSD, marijuana. • Designer drug: A synthetic drug
very similar in chemical makeup to an existing drug and
thus exerting similar.
• Club drug: A drug whose use primarily occurs in clubs,
bars and trance parities. E.g: Rohypnol, ketamine.
• Recreational drugs: – Recreational drugs are those used
for non medicinal purposes, in particular, for fun or leisure.
– Eg.: methamphetamine (potent psychostimulant of the
phenethylamine), that is used to treat attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), drive long distances and
obesity

59. DRUG USE TERMS AND
DESCRIPTIONS
• Adulterants: drugs that are added to mimic or
enhance the effects of the drug being offered.
Example, sometimes amphetamines have been cut
with caffeine or ephedrine
• Diluents: Compounds such as sugars or baking
soda that are used to increase the bulk of the drug
sample.

60. TYPES OF ABUSED SUBSTANCES
• Legal Substances
– Legal substances, approved by law for sale
over the counter or by doctor's prescription,
include caffeine, alcoholic beverages, nicotine,
and inhalants (nail polish, glue, inhalers,
gasoline).
– Prescription drugs such as tranquilizers,
amphetamines, benzodiazepines, barbiturates,
steroids, and analgesics can be knowingly or
unknowingly overprescribed or otherwise used
improperly.

61. MOTIVATIONS FOR DRUG USE
• People take drugs for many reasons, and they may take
stimulants to keep alert, or cocaine for the feeling of
excitement it produces.
– peer pressure
– relief of stress
– increased energy
– to relax
– to relieve pain
– to escape reality
– to feel more self-esteem, and for recreation.
• Athletes and bodybuilders may take anabolic steroids to
increase muscle mass

62. THE EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCE
USE
• It can be on many levels:
– on the individual,
– on friends and family,
– on society.

63. Effects of Substance Abuse –
on individual

64. Effects of Substance Abuse –
on friends and family

65. Effects of Substance Abuse –
on the society

66. Symptoms
• Recurrent drug use may result in a failure to fulfill major role
obligations at work, school, or home.
• Repeated absences, tardiness, poor performance, suspensions,
or neglect of duties in major life domains suggests drug abuse.
• Recurrent drug use in situations in which it is physically
hazardous is a sign of abuse.
• Operating machinery, driving a car, swimming, or walking in a
dangerous area while under the influence indicates drug abuse.
• Recurrent drug-related legal problems, such as arrests for
disorderly conduct or for driving under the influence, are indicative
of abuse.
• Recurrent use despite having persistent or recurrent social or
interpersonal problems, caused or exacerbated by the effects of
the drug, is indicative of abuse.

67. Treatment
• Pharmacological treatment
• Fighting Substance Abuse
• Supply Reduction
• Reduction of demand for drugs
• Legalization and decriminalization

68. Treatment
Pharmacotherapy
Both pharmacological and behavioral treatments are
used, often augmented by educational and vocational
services. Treatment may include detoxification, therapy,
and support groups, such as the 12-step groups
Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, and
Cocaine Anonymous.
– Disulfiram is a medicine used in the treatment of
alcoholism.
– methadone or buprenorphine maintenance
programs for heroin addiction.

69. The Main Drugs of Abuse

70. The Main Drugs of Abuse cont…

71. GRAFT AND
CORRUPTION
Mrs. Jovielyn D. Ramos
Discussant

72. GRAFT
• A form of political corruption, is the unscrupulous
use of a politician's authority for personal gain.
• The term has its origins in the medical procedure
whereby tissue is removed from one location and
attached to another for which it was not originally
intended.
• Similarly, political graft occurs when funds
intended for public projects are intentionally
misdirected in order to maximize the benefits to
private interests

73. MOST CORRUPT ASIAN
COUNTRIES
• Philippines
• Indonesia
• Malaysia
• India
• China
• Tajikistan
• Myanmar
• Syria
• North Korea
• Cambodia

74. GRAFT AND CORRUPTION IN
THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

75. • In 1988, graft and corruption in the Philippines was
considered as the “biggest problem of all” by Jaime
Cardinal Sin, the Archbishop of Manila.
• In 1989, public perception was that “corrupt government
officials are greater threat to the country” than the
communist guerrillas.
• In 1992, President V. Ramos considered graft and corruption
as the third major hindrance towards attaining his
development strategy for the country.
• In 1998, the country got good marks from Transparency
International and the Political and Economic Risk
Consultancy (PERC), LTD.
GRAFT AND CORRUPTION IN
THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

76. GRAFT AND CORRUPTION IN
THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
• The Philippines then placed 6th out of the 11 Asian countries
under the PERC corruption perception index (CPI), a
measure of lost development opportunities in terms of
investment.
• However, while the anti-corruption landscape in the
Philippines has improved, its low score of 6.5 still placed the
Philippines as highly prone to corruption.
• In general, national and international opinion depict the
Philippines as still corrupt and being unable to effectively fight
this problem.
• About 30 % of the national budget is reportedly lost to graft &
corruption every year.

77. GRAFT AND CORRUPTION IN
THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
• Thus; a budget of 80 billion pesos will stand to lose about 24
billion pesos….

78. Indeed, today, graft & corruption in the
Philippines……
REMAINS!!!

79. SPECIFIC TYPES OF CORRUPTION
IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Tax evasion
2. Ghost projects & payrolls
3. Evasion of public bidding in awarding
of contracts
4. Passing of contracts
5. Nepotism & favouritism
6. Extortion
7. Protection Money
8. Bribery

80. COSTS OF CORRUPTION
• On politics, administration, &
institutions
• Economic effects
• Environmental & Social effects
• Effects on Humanitarian Aid
• Other areas, health, public safety,
education, trade

81. MEASURES EMPLOYED TO CONTROL
GRAFT & CORRUPTION
LEGAL MEASURES
The 1987 Philippine Constitution Article XI of the
1987 Philippine constitution, titled
“Accountability of Public Officers”, states in
Section 1 that “public office is a public trust.” Public
Officers and employees must at all times be
accountable to the people, serve them with utmost
responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with
patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.

82. LAW
• Executive Order No. 292 of the Administrative Code
of 1987
• Republic Act No. 6713 also known as the Code of
Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials
and Employees of 1989
• Republic Act No. 7080 also known as the Act
Defining and Penalizing the Crime of Plunder
• Republic Act No. 8249 also known as the Act
Further Defining the Jurisdiction of the
Sandiganbayan
• Republic Act No. 3019 also known as the Anti-Graft
and Corrupt Practices Act of 1960

83. COSTS OF CORRUPTION
• Imprisonment (between 6- 15
years)
• perpetual disqualification from
public office
• confiscation of forfeiture of
unexplained wealth in favor of the
government

84. CONSTITUTIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION
BODIES
a. The office of the Ombudsman (OMB)
b. The Civil Service Commission (CSC)
c. The Commission on Audit (COA)
d. The Sandiganbayan

85. OTHER GOVERNMENT ANTI- CORRUPTION
BODIES
• The Department of Justice (DOJ
• The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
and the Philippine National Police (PNP)
• The Presidential Commission on Good
Government (PCGG)
• The Presidential Commission against Graft &
Corruption

86. OTHER GOVERNMENT ANTI- CORRUPTION
BODIES
1. Appointees with rank of or higher than
Assistant Regional Director,
2. At least one million pesos;
3. An Offense that may threaten grievous
harm to national interest; and
4. Cases specifically assigned by the
president.
5. The Inter-Agency Anti-Graft
Coordinating Council

87. IMPEDIMENTS TO THE ANTI- CORRUPTION
EFFORTS
• Specific culture of Filipinos is enhancing the proliferation of graft
and corruption.
• Transparency is not religiously observed particularly in
government transactions.
• Effective monitoring of government programs and projects as
well as expenditures are not being seriously undertaken by
those tasked to monitor them.
• The Filipino culture of gift giving justifies bribery and extortion
thereby making it hard for law enforcement and anti-corruption
agencies to arrest the problem.
• The statement of assets and liabilities, which is an effective
mechanism to curb graft and corruption is religiously submitted
yearly by all public officials.
• Other anti-corruption provisions may work against getting good
people in the government.

88. THANK YOU…