Research & its importance

RESEARCH & ITS
IMPORTANCE
By
Dr. Shazia Abdul Hamid Khalfe, PT
1/13/2021 by Dr. Shazia Khalfe 1

WHAT IS RESEARCH?

What is Research?
• A careful consideration of study
regarding a particular concern or
problem using scientific methods.

Definition of Research
• According to the American sociologist Earl
Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic
inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and
control the observed phenomenon. Research
involves inductive and deductive methods.”
• “A careful, systematic , patient study and
investigation in some field of knowledge,
undertaken to establish facts or principles”
(Grinnell, 1993:4)

• According to Rusk
“Research is a point of view, an attitude of
inquiry or a frame of mind. It asks questions
which have hitherto not been asked, and it
seeks to answer them by following a fairly
definite procedure. It is not a mere theorising,
but rather an attempt to elicit facts and to face
them once they have been assembled.

• Research is likewise not an attempt to
bolster up pre-conceived opinions, and it
implies a readiness to accept the
conclusions to which an inquiry leads, no
matter how unwelcome they may prove.
When successful, research adds to the
scientific knowledge of the subject.

• According to George J. Mouly
• He defines research as, “The systematic and
scholarly application of the scientific method
interpreted in its broader sense, to the
solution of social studiesal problems;
conversely, any systematic study designed to
promote the development of social studies as
a science can be considered research.”

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

7 Reasons Why Research Is
Important
• The main purpose of research is
to inform action, to prove a
theory, and contribute to
developing knowledge in a field
or study.

1. A Tool for Building Knowledge and for Facilitating
Learning
2. Means to Understand Various Issues and
Increase Public Awareness
3. An Aid to Business Success
4. A Way to Prove Lies and to Support Truths
5. Means to Find, Gauge, and Seize Opportunities
6. A Seed to Love Reading, Writing, Analyzing, and
Sharing Valuable Information
7. Nourishment and Exercise for the Mind
7 Reasons Why Research Is
Important

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

Purpose
• Research is conducted with a purpose to
understand:
 What do organizations or businesses really
want to find out?
 What are the processes that need to be
followed to chase the idea?
 What are the arguments that need to be built
around a concept?
 What is the evidence that will be required for
people to believe in the idea or concept?

Purpose
• There are three purposes of research:
Exploratory: As the name suggests, exploratory
research is conducted to explore a group of
questions. The answers and analytics may not offer
a final conclusion to the perceived problem. It is
conducted to handle new problem areas which
haven’t been explored before. This exploratory
process lays the foundation for more conclusive
research and data collection.

Purpose
Descriptive: Descriptive research focuses on expanding
knowledge on current issues through a process of data
collection. Descriptive studies are used to describe the
behavior of a sample population. In a descriptive study,
only one variable is required to conduct the study. The
three main purposes of descriptive research are
describing, explaining, and validating the findings. For
example, a study conducted to know if top-level
management leaders in the 21st century possess the
moral right to receive a huge sum of money from the
company profit.

Purpose
• Explanatory: Explanatory research or
causal research is conducted to
understand the impact of certain changes
in existing standard procedures.
Conducting experiments is the most
popular form of casual research. For
example, a study conducted to
understand the effect of rebranding on
customer loyalty.

Exploratory Research Descriptive Research Explanatory Research
Research approach
used
Unstructured Structured Highly structured
Research conducted
through
Asking research
questions
Asking research
questions
By using research
hypotheses.
When is it conducted?
Early stages of decision
making
Later stages of decision
making
Later stages of decision
making

MOTIVATION FOR RESEARCH

MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
• What makes people to undertake
research? This is a question of
fundamental importance. The possible
motives for doing research may be either
one or more of the following:

1. Desire to get a research degree along with
its consequential benefits;
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the
unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical
problems initiates research;
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some
creative work;
4. Desire to be of service to society;
5. Desire to get respectability.

• However, this is not an exhaustive list of
factors motivating people to undertake
research studies. Many more factors such as
directives of government, employment
conditions, curiosity about new things, desire
to understand causal relationships, social
thinking and awakening, and the like may as
well motivate (or at times compel) people to
perform research operations.

Significance of Research

Significance
• In writing the introduction of a thesis, a
section is devoted to the significance of
the study.

Significance
2 Tips in Writing the Significance of
the Study

Significance
1. Refer to the statement of the problem
Your problem statement can guide you in
identifying the specific contribution of your
study. You can do this by observing a one-
to-one correspondence between the
statement of the problem and the
significance of the study.

Significance
2. Write from general to specific contribution
Write the significance of the study by looking into
the general contribution of your study, such as its
importance to society as a whole, then proceed
downwards—towards its contribution to individuals
and that may include yourself as a researcher.
You start off broadly then taper off gradually to a
specific group or person.

RIGHT QUESTION
• Research begins by asking the right
questions and choosing an
appropriate method to investigate
the problem. After collecting
answers to your questions, you can
analyze the findings or observations
to draw appropriate conclusions.

CHARACTERISTICS
OF RESEARCH

Characteristics Of Research
• A systematic approach must be followed for
accurate data. Rules and procedures are an
integral part of the process that set the objective.
Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of
conduct while making observations or drawing
conclusions.
• Research is based on logical reasoning and
involves both inductive and deductive methods.
• The data or knowledge that is derived is in real
time from actual observations in natural settings.

• There is an in-depth analysis of all data
collected so that there are no anomalies
associated with it.
• Research creates a path for generating new
questions. Existing data helps create more
opportunities for research.
• Research is analytical in nature. It makes use
of all the available data so that there is no
ambiguity in inference.

• Accuracy is one of the most important
aspects of research. The information that is
obtained should be accurate and true to its
nature. For example, laboratories provide a
controlled environment to collect data.
Accuracy is measured in the instruments
used, the calibrations of instruments or
tools, and the final result of the experiment.

1. It gathers new knowledge or data from primary or
first-hand sources.
2. It places emphasis upon the discovery of general
principles.
3. It is an exact systematic and accurate investigation.
4. It uses certain valid data gathering devices.
5. It is logical and objective.
6. The researcher resists the temptation to seek only
the data that support his hypotheses.

7. The researcher eliminates personal feelings and
preferences.
8. It endeavours to organise data in quantitative terms.
9. Research is patient and unhurried activity.
10. The researcher is willing to follow his procedures to
the conclusions that may be unpopular
and bring social disapproval.
11. Research is carefully recorded and reported.
12. Conclusions and generalisations are arrived at
carefully and cautiously.

HIGH-QUALITY RESEARCH

• Good research requires:
– The scope and limitations of the work to be clearly
defined.
– The process to be clearly explained so that it can be
reproduced and verified by other researchers.
– A thoroughly planned design that is as objective as
possible.

• Good research requires:
– Highly ethical standards be applied.
– All limitations be documented.
– Data be adequately analyzed and explained.
– All findings be presented unambiguously and all
conclusions be justified by sufficient evidence.

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
The research has the following three
objectives:
• 1. Theoretical objective
• 2. Factual objective and
• 3. Application objective.

1. Theoretical Objective
• Those researches whose objectives are
theoretical formulate the new theories,
principles or laws. Such type of research is
explanatory because it explains the
relationships of certain variables. These
researches contribute some basic knowledge
to the human knowledge. The researches in
different disciplines i.e., Physics, Chemistry,
Mathematics etc. have the theoretical
objective.

2. Factual Objective
• Those researches whose objective is
factual find out new facts. This objective is
by nature descriptive. These researches
describe facts or events which happened
previously. Such type of research is done
in history.

3. Application Objective
• The research having application objective
does not contribute a new knowledge in
the fund of human knowledge but
suggests new applications. By application
we mean improvement and modification in
practice. For example if anyone gives a
new application of electricity then such
type of research has application objective.

TYPES OF RESEARCH

TYPES OF RESEARCH
• ACTION RESEARCH
• APPLIED RESEARCH
• BASIC RESEARCH
• CLINICAL TRIALS
• EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
• EVALUATION RESEARCH
• LITERATURE REVIEW
• QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• SERVICE OR PROGRAM MONITORING AND
EVALUATION

WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN?

RESEARCH DESIGN
• A research design provides the framework for the collection
and analysis of data.
• A choice of research design reflects decisions about the
priority being given to a range of dimensions of the research
process.
• Involves research method.
– Research method is simply a technique for collecting data.
It can involve a specific instrument such as a self-
completion questionnaire or a structured interview etc.

• CONCEPTUALISATION i.e. you must
specify the meanings of the concepts and
variables to be studied.
• OPERATIONALISATION how will we
actually measure the variables under
study?
• RELIABILITY are the results repeatable?
– relevant to quantitative social research.

• REPLICATION can others
replicate the results?
• VALIDITY will examine later
but are the results a true
reflection of the world? Internal
(are they measuring the
underlying pheonomen) /
external (generalise to the
population)

TOOLS OF RESEARCH
• The library and its resources
• The computer and its software
• Techniques of measurement
• Statistics
• Facility with language
• Tools are not research methods – e.g. library
research and statistical research are meaningless
terms.
• Tools help your research methods

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
• One of the most important schemes for
classifying a variable involves its scale of
• measurement.

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
• Data generally fall within four
different scales of measurement:
• Nominal
• Ordinal
• Ratio
• Interval

RESEARCH PROCESS

Research Process
• Step 1: Identify the Problem
• Step 2: Review the Literature
• Step 3: Clarify the Problem
• Step 4: Clearly Define Terms and Concepts
• Step 5: Define the Population
• Step 6: Develop the Instrumentation Plan
• Step 7: Collect Data
• Step 8: Analyze the Data

Rehabilitation Research

The aims of rehabilitation research at the Unit are
to:
• Investigate normal processes, particularly
attention, memory and executive function.
• To share research findings with the public,
clinicians and other researchers.

• Investigate how these processes break down
following brain injury and how individuals
recover.
• Improve assessment of cognitive and
emotional functioning and our understanding of
how difficulties in these areas affect people’s
everyday lives.

• Apply ideas from our own and others’ basic
research to improving and evaluating
cognitive rehabilitation.
• Use results from rehabilitation and recovery
studies – as well as behavioural and
functional imaging work – to tell us more
about the basic functions and recovery
processes of the brain.

RESEARCH ETHICS

ETHICAL ISSUES
• Informed Consent.
• Respect for privacy.
• Confidentiality and anonymity of data.
• What is permissible to ask?
• No harm to researchers or subjects.
• No deceit or lying in the course of research.

REFERENCES
• C.R.Kothari, Research Methodology, Methods &
Techniques, 2nd Edition.
• Richard P. DiFabio, Essentials of Rehabilitation
Research, A Statistical Guide to Clinical Practice.
• W.R.Hurley, C.R.Denegar, J,Hertel, Research
Methods: A Framework for Evidence Based
Clinical Practice.
• Yougesh Kumar Singh, Fundamental of Research
Methodology & Statistics.

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