Presentation on Carbon sequestration

1. Carbon Capture and
Sequestration
Presented by
Shameem Ahmad Khan
Wildlife, AMU Aligarh

2. Addressing Climate Change

3. CARBON
CAPTURE &
SEQUESTRATION

4. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an approach to
mitigating global warming by capturing carbon dioxide
(CO2) from large point sources such as power plants
and subsequently storing it instead of releasing it into
the atmosphere. Technology for capturing of CO2 is
already commercially available for large CO2 emitters,
such as power plants; however, capture is
meaningless without storage. Storage of CO2, on the
other hand, is a relatively untried concept and as yet
(2007) no power plant operates with a full carbon
capture and storage system.
Introduction

5. Carbon dioxide is naturally captured from the
atmosphere through
 Biological processes
 Chemical processes
 physical processes.
Artificial processes have been devised to produce
similar effects, including large-scale, artificial
capture and sequestration of industrially produced
CO2 using subsurface salineaquifers, reservoirs,
ocean water,aging oil fields, or other carbon sinks.

6. CO2 storage
Various forms have been conceived for permanent
storage of CO2. These forms include gaseous storage
in various deep geological formations (including saline
formations and exhausted gas fields), liquid storage in
the ocean, and solid storage by reaction of CO2 with
metal oxides to produce stable carbonates .

7. CO2 transport
After capture, the CO2 must be transported to
suitable storage sites. This is done by pipeline,
which is generally the cheapest form of transport, or
by ship when no pipelines are available. Both
methods are currently used for transporting CO2 for
other applications.

8. Carbon Emission Reduction Technologies
Post
Combustion
Pre
Combustin
During
Combustion
CO2
Capture

9. Pre- combustion capture
Pre- combustion capture
Remove carbon before combustion. By gasifying the coal through the
reaction with more oxygen, it is possible to a mix of mostly CO2 and
hydrogen.

10. During combustion Process
Use pure oxygen to support the fossil fuel
combustion. The flue gas is then mostly CO2
and water making it to separate easily.

11. Post combustion Process
React the flue gas with chemicals that absorb CO2 and then
heat the chemicals to release CO2.

12. Biological Process
Phytosequestration: Carbon Biosequestration by Plants
 Photosynthetic assimilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide
by land plants offers the underpinnings for terrestrial carbon (C)
sequestration. A proportion of the C captured in plant biomass is
partitioned to roots, where it enters the pools of soil organic C
and soil inorganic C and can be sequestered for millennia.
 Bioenergy crops serve the dual role of providing biofuel that
offsets fossil-fuel greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and
sequestering C in the soil through extensive root systems.

13.  Global carbon cycling depends largely on the photosynthetic uptake of
atmospheric carbon dioxide . The total C stock (i.e., organic and inorganic
C) in terrestrial systems is estimated to be around 3170 gigatons .
Total 3170GT in terrestrial System
Soil 2500 GT
Plant biomass 560 GT
Microbial biomass 110 GT
Total 38000GT in Oceanic System

14.  The soil C pool, which is 3.3 times the size of the atmospheric C
pool of 760 GT, includes about 1550 GT of soil organic carbon
(SOC) and 950 GT of soil inorganic carbon (SIC). Of the C present
in the world’s biota, 99.9% is contributed by vegetation and
microbial biomass.
 animals constitute a negligible C reservoir. The annual fluxes of
C between the atmosphere, land, atmosphere and oceans, are 123
and 92 GT, respectively.
Therefore, 123 GT represents the photosynthetic C uptake, or
the gross primary productivity (GPP), of the global terrestrial
system.

15. Figure 1. The terrestrial carbon (C) cycle. Carbon
stocks (boxes) are shown as gigatons (GT), and
fluxes (arrows) are shown in GT per year. Current
net removal of atmospheric C by terrestrial systems
amounts to around 3 GT per year.
Biomass
A substantial amount
of C can be
sequestered in plant
biomass. As about
90% of the world’s
terrestrial C is stored
in forests, forest
plantations and the
preservation of old
forests are of chief
importance in
controlling the size of
the overall terrestrial
C sink.

16. Case Study of Metro Rails in Indian Cities
UNEP sponsored project on Promoting
Low Carbon Transport in India.

18. The Delhi Metro (DM) is an electric based mass rapid
transit system serving the National Capital Region of India. It
is also the world’s first rail project to earn carbon credits
under the Clean Development Mechanism of the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change for reductions in energy consumption and CO2
emissions.
Air pollution is measured in terms of three criteria
pollutants, namely:
nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
carbon monoxide (CO)
fine particulate matter.

19. According to the World Health Organization’s
(WHO) database, Ambient Air Pollution 2014, Delhi is the
most polluted city in the world in terms of PM2:5 levels.
In 2013, the annual mean concentration of PM2:5 in Delhi
was almost twenty times the guideline value prescribed by
the WHO.
Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the national authority
responsible for monitoring and managing air quality in India,
finds that pollution in Delhi is positively associated with lung
function deficits and with respiratory ailments.

20. UN Body Credits Delhi Metro- 6.3 Lakh Carbon Credits for Modal
Shift Project
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has been certified by
the United Nations(UN) as the First Metro Rail and Rail
based system in the world which will get carbon
Credits for reducing Green House Gas Emissions as it
has helped to reduce pollution levels in the city by 6.3 lakh
tons every year thus helping in reducing global warming.

21. Today about 18 lakh people travel in the city’s Metro Rail system which
is completely non-polluting and environment friendly and, but for the
Metro these people would have traveled by cars, busses, two/three
wheelers etc which would have resulted in emission of green House
Gases such as CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM and SO2. Thus, DMRC has
helped in reduction in emission of harmful gases into the city’s
atmosphere and the United Nations Body administering the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol has
certified that DMRC has reduced Emissions and thus earned carbon
credits worth about Rs.47 crore annually for the next seven years and
with the increase in number of passengers, this figure shall increase.

23. “Every passenger who chooses to use Metro instead of
car/bus contributes in reduction in emissions to the
extent of approx. 100 gm of carbon-di-oxide for every trip
of 10 km and therefore, becomes party to the reduction
in global warming.”
Think It ?

24. World CO2 emissions
The quantity has steadily
increased since the start of
the industrial revolution
(1800's) and peaked late in
the last century. Worldwide,
emissions are still rising.

25. How does CO2 affect climate ?
The average temperature of the Earth is rising,
especially when measured at the poles.
Note that the average Earth surface temperature
correlates well with the amount of CO2 in the
atmosphere (i.e. as the CO2 levels in the
atmosphere have increased, the surface
temperature has gone up at the same time).

26. 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
+1.4°F
INDUSTRILISATION
Source UNEP 2006

27. Ice caps are melting

28. Extreme weather conditions are increasing

29. Damage Ecosystem are endangering the livelihood of millions of people

30. Energy Sector CO2 Emissions report of IEA 2006
40%
22%
24%
14%

31. On current energy trends, carbon-dioxide emissions will accelerate
Global energy-related carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions
increase by 55% between 2004 and 2030, or 1.7% per year,
in the Reference Scenario.
They reach 40 gigatonnes in 2030, an increase of 14 Gt over
the 2004 level.

32. Power generation contributes half of the increase in global
emissions over the projection period.
Emissions are projected to grow slightly faster than primary
energy demand – reversing the trend of the last two-and-a-
half decades – because the average carbon content of
primary energy consumption increases.
Developing countries account for over three-quarters of the
increase in global CO2 emissions between 2004 and 2030
in this scenario.

33. There are three primary methods for reducing the amount
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere:
Employing energy efficiency and conservation practices;
Using carbon-free or reduced-carbon energy resources;
Capturing and storing carbon either from fossil fuels or from
the atmosphere.

34. Efficiency and Conservation-
There are many energy efficiency and conservation practices that
reduce the consumption of carbon-based fuels (e.g., natural gas, oil,
coal, or gasoline), decreasing carbon dioxide emissions.
Carbon-Free and Reduced-Carbon Energy Sources-
Another way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions is to use carbon-
free or reduced-carbon sources of energy. Carbon-free sources of
energy have their own associated impacts, but in general, these
technologies generate energy without producing and emitting carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere. Carbon-free energy sources include solar
power, wind power, geothermal energy, low-head hydropower,
hydrokinetics (e.g., wave and tidal power), and nuclear power.

35. Carbon Capture and Sequestration-
A third option for reducing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is carbon
sequestration. Carbon sequestration involves the capture and storage
of carbon dioxide that would otherwise be present in the atmosphere,
contributing to the greenhouse effect. As described on the Carbon
Sequestration Approaches and Technologies page, carbon dioxide can
be removed from the atmosphere and retained (stored) within plants
and soil supporting the plants. Alternatively, carbon dioxide can be
captured (either before or after fossil fuel is burned) and then be stored
(sequestered) within the earth.

36. Reduce. Reuse. Recycle.
You’ve heard it before, but it’s still great advice. Manufacturing
products produces an average 4-8 pounds of CO2 for every pound
of manufactured product.
Buy locally if possible.
Shipping burns fuel. A 5-pound package shipped by air across the
country creates 12 pounds of CO2 (3 ½ pounds if shipped by truck).

37. Lighting –
Compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) have that cool curly shape
and save more than 2/3rds of the energy of a regular
incandescent.
Heating and Cooling -
Keep your heating and cooling system(s) tuned. When it’s time to
replace, do your research and ask for ENERGY STAR.
Appliances –
Always pay attention to the total lifetime cost, including energy—
not just the price tag. Look for the ENERGY STAR label.

38. Dr Satish Kumar (sir)
Associate Professor
Department of Wildlife Science
Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh
Thanks to All