the development agenda ppt.pptx

Development Studies
Dr. Manzoor Hussain Memon
Email: manzoorhmemon@yahoo.com
Cell: 0092 (0)321 6269667
The Development Agenda – MDGs and SDGs

History of Development Agenda
• Malthus and the Mass Starvation (the need of Green Revolution)? 1798
• Integrated Rural Development? IRD in 70s and 80s.
• Green Revolution? Mid 90s
• Millennium Development Agenda? MDGs?
• Post 2015 Development Agenda: Sustainable Development Goals? SDGs?
Development Studies

History of Development Agenda: MDGs
• 1995 – World Social Summit reached a new consensus on the need to put
people at the centre of development
• It pledged to make the conquest of poverty, the goal of full employment
and the fostering of social integration overriding objectives of
development
• In 2000, the global community adopted 15 years development agenda –
MDGs
• MDGs 8 goals and 18 targets and 47 indicators set for each country
Development Studies

Objectives of Development Agenda: MDGs
• Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
• Universal Primary Education
• Promote Gender Equality & Women’s Empowerment
• Reduce Child Mortality
• Improve Maternal Health
• Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases
• Ensure Environmental Sustainability
• Develop Global Partnership for Development
Development Studies

Achievements of Development Agenda: MDGs
• Extreme poverty decline by more than half
• Falling from 1.9 billion in 1990 to 836 million 2015
• Proportion of undernourished people in developing region dropped by almost
half;
• Number of out-of-school children from primary school age fell by almost half
• From 100 million in 2000 to 57 million in 2015
• Achieved in majority of the countries
• Maternal mortality fell by 45 percent;
• Mortality rate of children under-five cut more than half;
• New HIV infections fell by 40 percent
Development Studies

Achievements of Development Agenda: MDGs
• Tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis and treatment interventions saved an
estimated 37 million lives
• Globally, 147 countries have met the MDG drinking water target, 95
countries have met the MDG sanitation target, and 77 countries have met
both;
• Official development assistance from developed countries increased 66
percent in real terms from 2000 and 2014, reaching $135.2 billion
Development Studies

Achievements (MDGs): Education
Development Studies
0: Data not available
82
72
78
0
82
0 0 0
86
0
84
59
91 93 97
72
91
0
98
70
World Bangladesh India Pakistan
% of primary school age children
1990 1997 2002 2008 2013

Achievements (MDGs): Health
Development Studies
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
173
221
287
275
162
221
261
276
148
221 228
275
Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000
people)
1990 1997 2002 2008 2013
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
27
71
54
33
22
54
43
28
19
48
36
25
Tuberculosis death rate (per 100,000
people), including HIV
1990 1997 2002 2008 2013

Development Studies
65
58 58 60
67
63 61 62
68 66 63 63
70 69
66 65
71 71
68 66
Life expectancy at birth, total (years)
1990 1997 2002 2008 2013
65
100
89
106
58
74 74
94
50
58 62
84
40 43
50
76
33 33
39
68
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)
1990 1997 2002 2008 2013
93
144
126
139
84
103 103
121
72
78
85
108
56 56
65
95
45 41
50
84
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)
1990 1997 2002 2008 2013

Development Studies
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
15
18
20
26
12
16 16
21
11
16 15
21
Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)
1990 1997 2002 2008 2013

Achievements (MDGs): Access to Basic Facilities
Development Studies
53
34
17
24
57
42
23
31
60
48
28
41
64
54
34
51
67
59
39
60
Improved sanitation facilities (% of
population with access)
1990 1997 2002 2008 2013
76
68 71
86
81
74 78
88
84 78 83
89
87 82
88 90
90 86
93 91
Improved water source (% of population
with access)
1990 1997 2002 2008 2013

Achievements (MDGs): Gender Equality and Women Empowerment
Development Studies
13
10
5
10
12
9
7
2
15
2
9
21
18
6
9
23
22
20
11
21
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)
1990 1997 2002 2008 2013

Achievements of Development Agenda: MDGs (Pakistan)
• Pakistan was unable to achieve MDGs
• Underperformance on 25 out of 33 targets
• Improvement in some indicators:
• Proportion of seats held by women in National Assembly
• Maternal mortality rate
• Incidence of Diarrhea (children under 5)
• Sulfur content in High-Speed Diesel
Development Studies

History of Development Agenda: MDGs in Pakistan (reason to Failure)
• Lack of Political Will/Ownership – Top down development Agenda
• Lack of Understanding the importance of MDGs goals;
• War on Terror – Internal Conflicts;
• Vulnerable Economy;
• Lack of adequate human and financial resources;
• Transfer of Ministries particularly Education and Health under 18th
Constitutional Amendment;
Development Studies

Achievements of Development Agenda: MDGs (Pakistan)
Development Studies
Indicators Benchmark Actual 215 Target % achieved
Education
Net Primary Enrollment Ration (%) 46 57 100 20.4
Literacy Rate (%) 35 60 88 47.2
Gender Parity Index (GPI)
Primary Education 0.73 0.88 1 55.5
Secondary Education 0.76 0.87 0.94 61.1
Youth Literacy GPI 0.51 0.82 1 63.3
Health
% of children fully immunized 75 82  90 46.7
% of children immunized against measles 80 83  90 30.0
% of birth with skilled birth attendants 18 58  90 55.5
Water Supply & Sanitation
% of population with access to improved water source 53 86 93 82.5
% of population with access to sanitation 30 73 90 71.7

History of Development Agenda: MDGs in Pakistan (reason to Failure)
• Not having comprehensive methodological framework that define federal
and provincial governments roles and responsibilities ;
• No forward and backward linkages with federal and provincial government
department;
• No monitoring and oversight mechanisms.
Development Studies

History of Development Agenda: MDGs (Reasons for Failure in Pakistan)
Development Studies

What is Sustainable Development?
• Present development do not compromise the future resources;
• For instance;
• Natural Eco System is not disturbed;
• Use of renewable sources;
• Recycling;
• Conservation.
• In Essence, one can say that raising living standards without destroying
the earth’s ecosystems or causing social and environmental problems.
Development Studies
Sustainable Development

Components of Sustainable Development?
• The five P’s
• People;
• Partnership;
• Peace;
• Planet; &;
• Prosperity.
Development Studies

Four Pillars of Sustainability
• Human (development and quality of life);
• Social (equity and equality);
• Economic (economic viability); &;
• Environment (environmental protection).
Development Studies

Principles of Sustainable Development
• Human Resource;
• Population Management;
• Social Development;
• Biodiversity; &;
• Conservation of Eco System.
Development Studies

What is Sustainable Livelihood Approach?
• According to the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach, sustainable
livelihood is related to
• access to human, economic, natural, and social capital combined with livelihood
strategies such as migration, livelihood diversification, and agricultural
intensification (Scoones, 1998)
• One can say it is an integrated approach both vertical and horizontal integration;
• a concept that incorporates many aspects of human life and natural eco
systems.
• Leads to policies, the actions, and the strategies that incorporate
sustainability approach.
Development Studies

What is Sustainable Livelihood Approach?
• Three question addressed by Sustainable Livelihood Approach:
• Economic Sustainability;
• Social Sustainability; &;
• Environmental Sustainability.
• a concept that incorporates many aspects of human life and natural eco
systems.
• Leads to policies, the actions, and the strategies that incorporate
sustainability approach.
Development Studies

Sustainability as Concept in International Development Discourse
1987 United Nation World Commission on Environment and Development
(WCED) Report “Our Common Future” universally known as “Brundtland
Report” coined the term “Sustainable Development”
It defined Sustainable Development as “development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”.
Development Studies

SDGs Why So Late?
Industrial Revolution 1760
Ruthless Extraction and Use of Natural Resources
Unprecedented Development by the West in Modern Human History at the
expense of Environment
1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development re-emphasized on
“Sustainable Development ” that was viewed skeptically by leading developing
countries such China, India, Brazil, etc.
The consensus/agreement reached on “Sustainable Development” with
“common and differentiated responsibilities”
In Rio Plus 20 (2012), the global community agreed to adopt the ‘development
path’ that ensure sustainability
Development Studies

Post 2015 Development Agenda? Sustainable Development Goals;
• The consensus in the UN Conference on Sustainable Development 2012
(Rio Plus 20) paved the way of Post-2015 Agenda now termed as SDGs
• Representation of the South is ensured
• The theme of “Leave No One Behind” has powered by the three pillars
of SDGs i.e. Economic, Social and Environmental Sustainability;
• On September 25th, 2015, the global community adopted universal
development agenda for next 15 years (2015-2030) to end poverty,
protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all
• SDGs are comprehensive international development agenda with 17
Goals and 169 Targets and over 230 (now 247) Development Indicators
Development Studies

Post 2015 Development Agenda?
• Sustainable Development Goals;
Development Studies

Sustainable Development Goals;
• Development Agenda focusses on
• Inclusivity
• Equity
• Sustainability
• 17 Goals
• explaining people, prosperity, peace, planet
and partnerships
Development Studies

Sustainable Development Goals;
• Development Agenda focusses on
• Inclusivity
• Equity
• Sustainability
• 17 Goals
• explaining people, prosperity, peace, planet
and partnerships
• 169 Targets
• 247 Indicators
Development Studies

Development Studies
Post 2015 Development
Agenda? Sustainable
Development Goals;
• MDGs vs SDGs
• Quantity Vs Quality
• 21 Targets- 60
Indicators
• 169 Targets – 232
unique indicators

SDGs and Pakistan Vision 2025
7 pillars and 25 goals
Development Studies

SDGs and Pakistan Vision 2025: The Alignment
Development Studies

Pakistan: The Challenge and Issues in SDGs Implementation
• SDGs are an ambitious development agenda
• Mapping of roles and responsibilities
• Main responsibility lies with provincial governments – finances, capacity
• Inter-governmental coordination
• Regional inequalities
• Role of local government
• Monitoring and oversight mechanisms
• Transparency and Accountability
• Baseline Indicators
Development Studies

Key Progress- 2015 to 2020? Pakistan
Development Studies
60
27
45 41
47 43
69
56
48
43
57
74 76
50 47 48
71
53.11
75
63 63
56 57 55
67 63
58
47
73
82
71 68
44
74
64 63.49
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
No
Poverty
Zero
Hunger
Good
health
and
well-
being
Quality
education
Gender
equality
Clean
water
and
sanitation
Affordable
&
Clean
Energy
Decent
Work
And
Economic
Growth
Industry,
innovation
and
infrastructure
Reduced
Inequalities
Sustainable
cities
and
communities
Responsible
Consumption
&
…
Climate
Action
Life
below
water
Life
On
Land
Peace,
Justice
&
Strong
institutions
Partnerships
for
the
goals
Overall
2015 2020

Proposed Further Reading and Reference Material
• The Sustainable Development Goal Report (2022): United Nations
(https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/The-Sustainable-Development-
Goals-Report-2022.pdf )
• http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/news/communications-
material/
• SDGs Infographics (2022): United Nations
(https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/SDG_report_2022_infographics.
pdf )
The Age of Sustainable Development: Jefferey D. Sachs (2015)
• Hitting the targets : The case for ethical and empowering population
policies to accelerate progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals
(2020) Nina Jatana and Alistair Currie
Development Studies

the development agenda ppt.pptx

the development agenda ppt.pptx

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